NCSU STS 323 Final Exam

22. Self (auto financing program) 2. contains about 40% protein 4. Harambee spirit 6. Green Revolution 8. Legume root nodule 9. Keep the back fences low 11. Mexico/Guattemala 13. Mesopootamia 12. China 16. Low night temperatures 15. Sub-Saharan Afirca 20. Loss of cognitive potential 18. Young, tender edible leaves

1. peanut seed 2. soybean seed 3. taking control in those work areas you feel superior, and therefore denying another person an opportunity to mature/develop emotionally 4. sharing tasks even when you feel more competent 5. initiative requiring only modest inputs of chemicals/pesticides 6. initiative requiring a rather heavy investment of chemicals/pesticides 7. a sign of a serious root disease 8. home of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation 9. good outreach (extension) strategy for distributing plants to people 10. a good idea when trying to save on building materials 11. Center of Origin of many kinds of beans 12. Center of Origin of soybeans 13. Center of Origin of wheat 14. Center of Origin of corn 15. Center of Origin of grain sorghum 16. Can be the cause of relatively high cereal grain yields 17. can be the cause of relatively low cereal grain yields 18. relatively high in most important dietary essential amino acids 19. relatively low in most important dietary essential amino acids 20. can be the result of poor soil quality, leading to reduced quantity & quality of nutrients in food supply 21. vaccination (preventative) program 22. curative program

More bolded stuff on study guide

In general terms, what is required for responsible human development to be achieved? How can we know when genuine, sustainable human development is happening? How important is it for both partners to genuinely believe that it is happening? What is the great danger of our presuming to know a priori what our development partners want/value? Given that innovation is the application of invention, and that a key to global food security is the strengthening of the capacity of "smallholder"* farmers in rural areas (i.e., family farmers who are trying to survive while farming a very small tract of land, sometimes including very poor quality soil), what role should we play in building smallholder* innovation capacity, the goal being the economic security of the families of such smallholder farmers? Finally, what is the relevance of the thought "You don't need sugar to make lemonade" to our course goals? So that all families may have hope. Ownership The idea of shared ownership in effective development activities is related to the perception of all the beneficiaries of the activities. If people feel that something belongs to them, then they will work toward the continuation (and conclusion) of the expressed goal(s). Ways that people's (or a community's) ownership of development activities is achieved, and ultimately expressed, are through both (all) partner's full participation in decision-making at all points in the activity, the resource and time commitment of all the beneficiaries to the activity, the degree to which the activity "fits" the needs and interests of all the people, the people's understanding the background of why the particular activity was undertaken, and both partner's participation in asking the questions about the progress and success of the activity. Process Development is a process and not a product. The process is the "journey" being undertaken to reach a life situation different from the existing one. Activities or projects become the tools used to achieve the intended goals. Several ideas serve to facilitate an effective development process. Timing—start small, start slowly, and be the very best observer and listener you can be Learning—developing skills and increasing capacities, especially learning how to listen sensitively Achieving good continuity—between program and beneficiaries, needs and goals, actions and goals, goals and resources, and resources and the overall program. Critical reflection—examining attitudes and beliefs about development and how they interplay with the activities. Transformation The idea of transformation relates to the interactions of people as individuals, as a group, as a community, and as part of a larger society (their nation, and ultimately their/our world). Aspects of transformation include: Group—where collective action & working together for the good of the larger community are valued. Organizational structure—following the idea that socio-economic systems being created by humankind are inherently flawed, and may require change to reflect values of justice and equality. Individual—recognizing that each of us enters our world with talents and gifts to offer, and that the greater part of "getting along" has to do with acknowledging and respecting the talents and gifts of others, and especially sincerely embracing the belief that your neighbor has something of value that will benefit you, and approaching that neighbor in an earnest manner, asking for her/his help in some important part of your life's journey. Is elevated individual freedom of choice a clear and transforming outcome of the development process? Sustainability Community sustainability has to do with whether the outcome can keep going, and if it can, whether it is improving or compromising our environment in the process. Considering size/extent, stability, and complexity of the activity, "sustainability" relates to the human/cultural, economic, and environmental resources that are "reasonable" to be invested in its conduct. Are they sensibly available, and will they continue to be available? Intended and unintended consequences? What is the prospect that the children—and their children—of the beneficiaries also may enjoy the benefits of the project? All beneficiaries must feel a strong sense of ownership in the activity for that activity to be sustainable. How participatory are the children and the women of the village in the project? They must be fully involved...

Regardless of where one is farming, if no one is willing or able to give the food producer something the food producer and her/his family values for their product, they will not produce beyond the subsistence level. a) True b) False

a) True

Tensions between Egypt and her neighbor _________ have increased dramatically in recent years as Nile River water flowing through this country is funneled away from the main channel going toward Egypt, and is being used for irrigating crops in the desert of this increasingly unhappy neighbor. a) Sudan b) Somalia c) Ethiopia d) Democratic Republic of Congo e) Chad

a) Sudan

The Ghanat system of irrigation (practiced in _________), after it has been established & is functioning, can be used to provide a(n) ____________ of irrigation water for sustaining crops that are in need of a continuing supply of water. a) The Middle East; a modest amount b) The Middle East; a very large quantity c) Latin America; a little bit d) Latin America; a very large quantity

a) The Middle East; a modest amount

A key point Alex Martin made during his presentation is that empowerment of women is a key to global sustainable human development, and that if the initiative reaches the women, then that initiative just might reach the children. a) True b) False

a) True

Dr. Holland mentioned that recent field data from research designed to investigate the impact of transgenes on corn drought tolerance is encouraging, in that there is the hint of increased drought tolerance in corn plants experiencing dry weather during growth stages when the crop is quite sensitive to drought. a) True b) False

a) True

Food production/availability problems globally appear to be localized, for the most part at the in-country level, and these complex and interrelated problems cannot be addressed using just one approach; moreover, the focus that will make a positive difference is one that targets low-input agriculture, with reasonably low risk for the food producer, because so many farmers in hungry parts of our world cannot afford a crop loss (i.e., they of necessity must be risk-averse). a) True b) False

a) True

For a given child, the first onset of childbirth (i.e., the average age of that girl/woman's first birth) increases if that girl/woman has access to a school lunch feeding program. a) True b) False

a) True

Generally speaking, at least one-half of the grain yield improvement observed during the interval from the end of WWII to the present has been the result of plant breeding and genetics achievements. a) True b) False

a) True

Norman Borlaug lobbied the Indian government to subsidize fertilizer purchases to assure that the new (in the 1960s...) so-called Green Revolution wheat varieties would perform as he and his colleagues predicted, based on their research at facilities such as CIMMYT. a) True b) False

a) True

One of the challenges Dr. Jordan mentioned regarding the USAID/Cuttington University initiative had to do with a "top-down directive" approach, meaning that the expatriate partner (RTI) did not properly include (in the planning phase) the university people who would be playing a major role in the implementation of the project. a) True b) False

a) True

Overgrazing of pasture land, or allowing the salt content of the soil to increase too much—leading to elevated desertification in the Sahel of Africa—may lead to alteration of albedo (i.e., increase in reflectivity of incident radiation), and eventually changes in weather patterns, leading to less rainfall in that area. a) True b) False

a) True

The Bedouin sheepherding families with whom your teacher interacted in the Sinai told me that they were very comfortable with their circumstances where they were living, and that they just wanted to be left alone, and to be free to live their lives in the desert just as they had been doing---"Please just leave us alone, and we will be fine..." Wonderful people! a) True b) False

a) True

The Technoserve initiative to establish a functional and well-received banking system for loaning money to dairy farmers in southern Poland became successful because this non-profit organization was able to identify talented loan officers who turned out to be so proficient in their decision-making ability that they were kept in their positions as a functioning "loan committee" for many years, thus allowing the committee's membership to benefit from that committee's collective wisdom acquired throughout a long period of time. a) True b) False

a) True

The more times the money earned from the farmer's toil "turns over at the community level," (i.e., cycles throughout the local community where the produce is grown), the more fully will the local community benefit from the local farming enterprise. a) True b) False

a) True

When a relief-type response is applied to a chronically underdeveloped situation, the consequence could be a rise in dependency, or paternalism, in the poverty-stricken society. a) True b) False

a) True

While pests & pathogens, in general, have the ability to adapt, through natural selection, to new situations, & to evolve resistance to threats and adverse circumstances, the GR kinds of plants (i.e., those initially developed by Borlaug and his associates have maintained a high level of pest resistance since their introduction in the 1960s. a) True b) False

a) True

Deforestation oftentimes leads to ____ in soil nutrient loss, _____ in food quality, and ____ in susceptibility to human disease. a) D;D;I b) I;D;D c) I;I;I d) I;D;I e) D;D;D

a) decrease; decrease; increase

Reflecting on the shape of the "Corn-grain-yield-in-response-to-time" curve (beginning with ~1900), yield (in the U. S.) clearly has increased over time (in response to genetic and environmental adjustments), and the variation in yield has ______________ over time. a) decreased b) increased c) not changed much

a) decreased

The two lines (representing relatively more- and less-industrialized countries) that describe the changes in the "Physical quality of life" index-as-a-function-of-time (since the end of WWII) are _____________. a) diverging b) not changing much c) converging

a) diverging

While humankind has been purposefully genetically modifying organisms (especially crops) throughout human history, genetic engineering is different, and our "greatest mistake of all" would be to blindly _______ this new technology {according to scientists & National Geographic...}. a) endorse b) rejects c) reject or endorse

a) endorse

A worthy food crop improvement objective for any respectable plant breeding/genetics research program having the goal of increasing food availability globally is to ___________________. a) focus on a very few traits that hopefully will make a positive difference, i.e., narrow the gene base. b) seek to broaden the gene base by incorporating genes from as many sources as is practical. c) disregard all traits except the one of most immediate interest, & focus on this one trait exclusively d) focus only on the food crop-growing regions most likely to provide the most meaningful data irrespective of the human need for addressing food insecurity in other regions.

a) focus on a very few traits that hopefully will make a positive difference, i.e., narrow the gene base

If the poor of our planet are to be fed, ________________________________. a) food production must increase on the lower-yield-potential lands where populations are highest. b) food production must be increased primarily only on the most productive lands on our planet. c) control of food production must be concentrated in the hands of an elite number of "specialists." d) agricultural leadership must be entrusted primarily to the leading "more developed world" scientists. e) more control of food availability must be placed in the hands of governments that already control the primary wealth resources of their developing countries, because they are already doing a commendable job of distribution of excess food production, especially in developing-world countries

a) food productioon must increase on the lower-yield potential lands where populations are highest.

Concerning systems designed to provide for our food, clothing, & shelter, uniformity leads to _______ stability & _______ efficiency, while diversity leads to _______ stability & ________ efficiency. a) high; low; low; high b) low; high; high; low c) high; high; low; low d) low; low; high; high

a) high; low; low; high

Schistosomiasis, a seriously debilitating human disease that can rival malaria in terms of severity in some parts of Africa, became ______________ of a problem following completion of the High Aswan Dam. a) more b) less c) actually, has not been much different following dam construction

a) more

A technology-adopted food crop production cycle ________ leads to an increased need for volume, or efficiency of production, of the marketable crop. a) most often b) rarely c) never

a) most often

When establishing a riparian buffer strip between human activity and a source of drinking water, only ___vegetation should be used. a) native b) introduced (exotic) c) a combination of A & B

a) native

The initial "Green Revolution" research was focused on _________. a) pest tolerance b) grain protein content c) tolerance to high temperature d) lodging tolerance

a) pest tolerance

Increasing global demand for food-based products requires enhancing agricultural productivity while maintaining healthy function of all ecosystems, & ultimately requires that we increase primarily ___________. a) the amount of arable/suitable land that can be brought into efficient and effective production. b) crop yield per unit land area. c) reliance on chemicals that can be used to control the pests that so fully devastate our crops today. d) investment in human energy required to grow, harvest, process, & market the food crops we need. e) investment in fossil fuel energy required to grow, harvest, process, & market the food crops needed.

a) the amount of arable/suitable land that can be brought into efficient and effective production

The greatest extent of biological diversity, critically important for genetic improvement of the food crops upon which we are so fully dependent, and whose preservation therefore is absolutely crucial for our well-being, is located primarily in_____ regions. a) tropical b) temperate c) lowland d) high elevation e) easy-to-sustain in original condition-type

a) tropical

One of the greatest lessons Mike Giancola has learned as a result of his interactions with the Haitian people is that sustainable solutions must be developed _______, and not ______ the local population. a) with; for b) for; with

a) with; for

As a cassava breeder, seeking to improve the genetics of this crop for a trait such as cassava leaf blight (a serious disease problem in many parts of the world...), you would want to visit _________________ as your highest priority. a. Latin America b. Africa c. Mesopotamia d. China e. Middle East

a. Latin America

A healthy soybean crop will produce about four times as much protein and oil (in the seed) as will corn, and the soybean seed will contain a better complement (compared to corn) of dietary essential amino acids, so important for human protein production. a. True b. False

a. True

After the individual(s) who received the Kiva loan sell their product(s), some of the profits from the sale, in the form of payment and interest, are given to the bank, which had provided the loan and training to the women who received the initial loan. a. True b. False

a. True

Alex Martin (concerning Kiva) feels the need to be intentional about screening the loans, and generally does not want to support loans that exceed about 30% interest. a. True b. False

a. True

Dialects are highly patterned, intricate, and systematic varieties of a language. a. True b. False

a. True

Dr. Jordan worked hard to convince the local farmers in Mozambique that the virus in the peanut plants that was adversely affecting the appearance and growth of the crop would readily move from the leaf tissue to the developing fruit (pods) in the soil, and that the seed of that crop should not be saved, but rather should be destroyed, and not eaten, to assure that the family would not get sick from eating the virus-tainted seed. Convincing the farmers that the virus in the peanut plant is transmitted to the seed of that plant was a huge challenge for Dr. Jordan and his team. a. True b. False

a. True

Innovation is the application of invention, and a key to global food security is the strengthening of the capacity of "smallholder" farmers in rural areas (i.e., family farmers who are trying to survive while farming a very small tract of land, sometimes including very poor quality soil) a. True b. False

a. True

Languages are constantly evolving, and everyone who speaks a language speaks some dialect of that language, and respecting the dialect being spoken deserves our respect, and this respect is an integral part of healthy and sustainable development. a. True b. False

a. True

My crop benefits from hearing my footsteps walking through the field. a. True b. False

a. True

Primary prevention, as explained in Dr. Natalie Cooke's lecture, focuses on detecting disease risk factors and engaging in timely prevention programming Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, a process leguminous plants are able to accomplish, involves the conversion of N from a form plants cannot use directly to a form plants can use with the aid of the right strains of soil bacteria, which possess the enzyme required to catalyze this conversion. a. True b. False

a. True

The concept of the word "dialect" is a neutral label that refers to any variety of a language that is shared by a group of people. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Those low fences at the back of the IITA research facility, which bothered me a lot when I first saw them, continued to bother me when the director explained to me that the reason they were sagging (and thus allowed to be low) was that they did not have the funds to keep them high enough to prevent theft (would be such a small cost to repair them...). a. True b. False

a. True

Relatively high night temperatures, especially during reproductive growth, can lead to _____________ final grain yields for crops such as corn. Select one: a. depressed b. elevated

a. depressed (low night temperatures elevate final grain yields)

The Honduran corn study targeting the value of dietary essential amino acids regarding increasing cognitive potential for just-weaned children involved _______________. a. lysine b. methionine c. tryptophan

a. lysine

The most important "words" (i.e., concept) to any food producer are access to _________ . a. a sustainable market, either local, global, or both b. enough credit to be able to utilize the "best" food production techniques

a. sustainable market, either local, global, or both

Although The Gates Foundation presently has decided not to fund the global CGIAR initiative, there is the prospect that they may change their policy, and should that happen, we can anticipate much progress in research conducted at these critically important research stations around the world. a) True b) False

b) False

At the present time food imports are just about balanced by food exports in Egypt, a) True b) False

b) False

Edible leaves, for example young leaves from plants such as cassava and sweet potato, usually are poor sources of dietary essential amino acids. a). True b) False

b) False

Following the initiation of "Privatization," and also "Solidarity," much change began to occur in Poland, including (during this tumultuous time of huge national adjustment) enhanced opportunity for Polish wheat-producing farmers to access the Russian grain market. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately for Polish families with young children during this time when the Soviet Union was collapsing—resulting in food inadequacies in many parts of the country—the supply of milk was sustained, with the result that the flow of milk from dairy farm to market was able to meet demand reasonably well. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately for the Egyptian farmers who depend on a consistent and reliable supply of water for their crops such as wheat, the construction of the High Aswan Dam has not interrupted the hydrologic cycle enough to restrict wheat and other grain production, thus allowing this developing country, even with all its current political problems, to be able to export wheat to regions experiencing a small grain deficit. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately, as a result of encouragement by the RTI/USAID initiative at Cuttington University, the Liberian government was willing to pay the teachers at the university a good salary regardless of the number of courses they taught each semester, thus ensuring that faculty morale would remain strong, regardless of their teaching load. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately, education of young girls is now becoming emphasized at the village level throughout most of the DRC. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately, two-way shipping traffic has now become possible on the Suez Canal, thus allowing a more rapid (and efficient) movement of resources such as food and food production inputs, processing, packaging, and distribution far more efficient and effective. a) True b) False

b) False

Fortunately, two-way shipping traffic has now become possible on the Suez Canal, thus allowing a much more rapid (and efficient) movement of resources such as food and food production, processing, packaging, and distribution far more efficient and effective, to and from the coastal areas of Egypt. a) True b) False

b) False

Interestingly, Mobutu supported the construction of a bridge across the Mulungoyi River, because this action would provide access to market for remote villagers. a) True b) False

b) False

Most commercial farms in present-day Egypt, fortunately, are quite large (involving hundreds of hectares per farm), thus allowing the farmers to qualify for enough credit to be able to afford the key resources required to produce enough crop product annually to meet the farm family's food and financial needs on an annual basis. a) True b) False

b) False

Most legume crops, especially those capable of providing substantial quantities of nutrients critical to the growth & development of just-weaned children, have been found not to perform well in the arable parts (i.e., regions having crop productive potential) of Egypt. a) True b) False

b) False

On the environmental side, Borlaug found the opposition to the transgenic crops carrying the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene to be especially discouraging/ironic. a) True b) False

b) False

One of the great benefits of the Medika Mamba "Meds & Foods for Kids" (Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods, RUTF) project is that Haitian farmers are able to grow enough peanuts of sufficiently high quality so that this program does not need to import peanuts from elsewhere, thus providing a satisfying market for the local Haitian farmers. a) True b) False

b) False

Unfortunately there is virtually no evidence that Chinese rice geneticists have made progress in breeding for drought tolerance in their new rice lines. a) True b) False

b) False

_______is a human (especially infantile) nutritional disorder normally characterized by a distended (i.e., a very full-looking) belly, off-color hair, wasting of the muscles of the limbs, reduced net protein synthesis of the brain, reduced head circumference, smaller overall body size, and appears generally unhealthy, all these realities due to malnutrition. a) Leprosy b) Kwashiorkor c) Anemia d) Marasmus e) Vitamin A deficiency

b) Kwashiorkoor

Of all the human development programs that are (theoretically) available to the community in which the Mbuji Mayi "fully integrated" village-level health center is located, the only one that is self-financing is ___. a) preventative b) curative c) nutritional rehabilitation d) family planning e) hygiene

b) curative

The inclusion of legume crops in food crop production systems ______ our dependence on costly & potentially environmentally damaging fertilizer nitrogen. a) increases b) decreases c) has little effect on

b) decreases

The single greatest requirement for any producer of food to have the motivation to produce beyond the subsistence level is that s(he)________________________________________. a) be able to secure adequate credit to make the necessary initial investment in production resources b) have reliable access to a viable market for the crops produced c) have reliable access to the latest production, processing, & packaging information for their crops. d) have a readily available supply of labor, mechanization, or both, to ensure efficient production. e) can be confident of suitable weather for crops during the most critical parts of the growing season.

b) have reliable access to a viable market for the crops produced

Mike Giancola emphasized that complex problems require ________ solutions. a) highly focused b) interdisciplinary c) oftentimes, the more technically-focused kind of

b) interdisciplinary

The essential plant nutrient element most likely to become yield-limiting first in hungry parts of Africa—even though it is quite abundant for mining in certain places on the African continent—because of its sparse abundance in most of the highly weathered soils throughout the continent, is _______. a) potassium b) phosphorus c) calcium d) magnesium e) copper

b) phosphorus

Sustainable agricultural systems target the _______, while "conventional" systems target the ________. a) plant; soil b) soil; plant c) both equally well d) neither very well e) both quite poorly

b) soil; plant

Regarding genetic engineering, we are encouraged by plant geneticists to emphasize _________ . a) the process rather than the product b) the product rather than the process c) both the process and the product d) neither the process nor the product

b) the product rather than the process

As a result of heavy funding from conscientious NGOs, and also because of a substantial commitment recently by the Haitian government, the availability of adequate supplies of drinking water has improved markedly in both urban and rural areas of Haiti. a. True b. False

b. False

Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and all that entailed—including the arrival of "Solidarity" and an economic development process called "privatization" by many in post- Soviet-dominated Poland—the government took strong and effective steps to assure that the youth of the country (those some refer to as "young innovators") would be able to make healthy financial investments in enterprises such as the milk co-op we discussed. a. True b. False

b. False

Fortunately, Congolese medical doctors who have been educated in top medical schools in the United States are immune to (i.e., not affected by) the cultural/traditional beliefs associated with their earlier village life, beliefs that otherwise could impair their ability to function in a thoroughly professional manner. a. True b. False

b. False

Fortunately, the cassava breeders/geneticists at the Democratic Republic of Congo National Manioc Research Center have made considerable progress in addressing the potentially very serious problem of cassava leaf blight virus, which formerly had been causing significant yield reductions throughout the country. a. True b. False

b. False

Fortunately, the typical Congolese village mother understands well the danger to her family of her obtaining water designated for her family table from the same traditional water source that is also being used by another adult or child for bathing purposes a. True b. False

b. False

Given that rice & wheat provide more calories, & are grown on more acres of land, respectively, than any other food crops—globally speaking—it is fortunate that these cereal grains are relatively good sources of the dietary essential amino acids needed for good cognitive development of just-weaned babies. a. True b. False

b. False

If you should ever want to build a bridge across the Blue Nile River in northern Ethiopia, be sure to secure the best bridge-building materials you can find, from wherever, and also assemble the very best "Stateside" bridge engineers willing to make the trip, and invite the local villagers to observe you & your Stateside team demonstrate the best way to build a bridge that will serve the village's best interests for a long time, & in this way, give them a remarkable gift. a. True b. False

b. False

Interestingly, the food crop wheat traditionally has been considered to be of great value to the Yakima Native American culture. a. True b. False

b. False

Since Cuttington University will not have to pay the salaries of the returning (and now educated) Liberian Teachers—the salaries of this newly-educated group of teachers being borne by a portion of the US/AID Budget—the financial well-being of this new cohort of teachers is reasonably well assured, at least for the duration of the time they are under the contract to teach at the location to which they will have returned a. True b. False

b. False

The nutritional rehabilitation clinic thankfully is one of the very few components of the Mbuji Mayi Integrated Community Health Center that clearly is self-supporting (auto-financing). a. True b. False

b. False

Farmer field schools are beneficial because they: a. usually result in the majority of farmers implementing new strategies. b. allow local farmers and advisers to discuss issues relevant to local agricultural production. c. most often ensure research efforts address agricultural issues most important to local farmers

b. allow local farmers and advisers to discuss issues relevant to local agricultural production.

The inclusion of legume crops in food crop production, especially rotational, systems ______ our dependence on costly & potentially environmentally damaging fertilizer nitrogen. a. decreases b. increases c. has little effect on

b. increases

The four principles of community-based development are a. ownership, process, development, sustainability b. ownership, process, transformation, sustainability c. ownership, product, transformation, sustainability d. ownership, product, development, wastefulness

b. ownership, process, transformation, sustainability

When an earthquake or tsunami ravages a heavily populated area, where people lack the means to meet their individual needs for food, clothing, & shelter, a _____ response is appropriate. a. development b. relief

b. relief

Following an initial two-year failure, the British OXFAM group was able to achieve its goal of providing animal traction to a village in the Kasai of the DRC when responsibility for securing the money received from the sale of community garden produce at the local market was placed in the hands of the _________ of the village. a. men b. women

b. women

Tree legumes, which are excellent sources of soil nitrogen for food crops incapable of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, generally are prevalent to the extent of about _____ % of the total quantity of vegetation in the region of Nigeria where IITA is located (Ibadan), & this is very encouraging. a) 5 b) 25 c) 45 d) 65 e) 85

c) 45

Tree legumes, which are excellent sources of soil nitrogen for food crops incapable of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, generally are prevalent to the extent of about _____ % of the total quantity of vegetation in the region of Nigeria where IITA is located (& this is very encouraging, class—think about why...). a) 5-10 b) 25-30 c) 45-50 d) 65-70 e) 85-90

c) 45-50

As a cassava breeder, seeking to improve the genetics of this crop for a trait such as cassava leaf blight (a serious disease problem in many parts of the world), you would want to visit _________________ as your highest priority. a) China b) Mesopotamia c) Latin America d) Africa e) Middle East

c) Latin America

If you were a peanut breeder, seeking to improve the genetics of this crop for resistance to a pathogen such as a serious root fungal problem, you would want to visit _______ as your highest priority. a) China b) Mesopotamia c) Latin America d) Africa e) North America

c) Latin America

The avoidance of painful feelings, as when you are interacting with development partners, __________. a) makes you less stressed, and therefore more peaceful. b) may actually create more pain because of trying to avoid them. c) allows you to be more connected to other people. d) helps you be a good role model for others.

c) allows you to be more connected to other people

The primary reason Mike Giancola & his NCSU team went (and still go) to Haiti was (is) to _____. a) identify the most pressing problems, and try hard to solve them in the time allowed. b) learn types of medical help most urgently needed, & then to report this to the Red Cross. c) bond, and to engage. d) carry as many medical & food supplies as NCSU & Haiti Outreach Ministries resources permit. e) establish a school for children who otherwise might not have access to proper education

c) bond, and to engage.

The number of hectares of arable land in Egypt available per person has _____ since the construction of the High Aswan Dam. a) increased considerably b) increased a little c) decreased d) not changed

c) decreased

Comparing population density in Egypt from ancient times to the present, the average number of hectares per person has ____________________ as a function of time. a) changed very little b) increased dramatically c) decreased dramatically d) increased a wee bit

c) decreased dramatically

Both rotation and interplanting (or, "crosscropping") of __________crops with ___________crops is an especially good crop management practice, from the standpoint of preservation of soil quality, management of pests, minimizing the need for heavy inputs of commercial fertilizer nitrogen, & also for achieving a sustainable (i.e., environmentally sound in the long term) crop management system. a) root/tuber; cereal grain b) sugar; cereal grain c) legume; cereal grain d) cereal grain; oil seed

c) legume; cereal grain

We have learned during our time together this semester, while on "journeys" to Congo, Egypt, and other poverty-stricken areas, that the single greatest impediment to increased food production (as measured by yield per unit land area) by villagers living in tropical and sub-tropical countries is a lack of ______ . a) adequate labor b) resources for effectively controlling pests c) quality soil & water d) energy

c) quality soil and water

__________ is a major food crop which today Egypt must import in large quantities to meet domestic needs, in contrast to former times (before the dam was closed). a) corn b) rice c) wheat d) soybeans e) barley

c) wheat

__________ is a major food crop which today Egypt must import in large quantities to meet domestic needs, in contrast to former times (before the dam was closed), when Egypt was a major exporter of this food crop, including to the Roman Empire, and even beyond! a) corn b) rice c) wheat d) soybeans e) barley

c) wheat

When establishing a riparian buffer strip between human activity and a source of drinking water, ________ vegetation should be used. Select one: a. both native and introduced b. introduced c. native

c. native

Schistosomiasis {caused by a schistosome, a worm that parasitizes blood vessels = fact} would be expected to be more prevalent in ___ moving water flowing down the Nile River, & ____ the High Aswan Dam was completed. a. faster; after b. faster; before c. slower; after d. slower; before

c. slower; after

About _______% of the population of Mbuji-Mayi is less than 15 years of age. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 e) 50

d) 40

The so-called "Green Revolution" initially was a fortunate response to a) unusually favorable weather in regions where crop failures had been most pronounced. b) knowledge that had been acquired that led to greatly improved soil quality for crop production. c) significant breakthroughs in increasing the production efficiency of critical farm machinery d) genetic manipulation of cereal grain germplasm that led to increased yield response to N fertilizer. e) availability of farm labor that had the knowledge required to manage crops more successfully

d) genetic manipulation of cereal grain germplasm that led to increased yield response to N fertilizer

The disease most responsible for children's deaths in DRC today is ____________________. a. schistosomiasis b. various lung diseases c. malaria d. measles e. night blindness

d) measles

Schistosomiasis {caused by a schistosome, a worm that parasitizes blood vessels = fact} would be expected to be more prevalent in ___-moving water flowing down the Nile River, & ____ the High Aswan Dam was completed. a) faster; before b) faster; after c) slower; before d) slower; after

d) slower; after

When an intervention treadmill is driving the "system," any system imbalance leads first to a ____________, then to a ___________, then to a _____________, & finally to a ____________. a) short-term response -> input intervention -> symptomatic problem -> system counter-move. b) input intervention -> symptomatic problem -> short-term response -> system counter-move c) input intervention -> short-term response -> symptomatic problem -> system counter-move d) symptomatic problem -> input intervention -> short-term response -> system counter-move

d) symptomatic problem -> input intervention -> short-term response -> system counter-move

The essential plant nutrient element most likely to become yield-limiting first in hungry parts of Africa—even though it is quite abundant for mining in certain places on the African continent—because of its sparse abundance in most of the highly weathered soils throughout continent, is ____. a. Mg b. coltan c. N d. P e. Ca

d. P (phosphorus)

__________ is a potential source of aflatoxin, a potentially very serious problem for people whose diet includes food made from this plant, especially when this disease problem is not addressed properly. a. cassava b. rice c. soybeans d. peanuts e. wheat

d. peanuts

About _____% of the children being born in Mbuji-Mayi today do not live beyond age 5. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 e) 50

e) 50

Bolded stuff in the study guide

ubuntu concept, which also can be summarized as that very well-known phrase "All for one, and one for all..." the importance of strengthening food availability in the places of greatest need—the concept of food availability, apart from solely producing enough food. Enough food is available to provide 4.3+ pounds for every person every day, including about 2.5+ pounds of grain, beans, & nuts; about a pound of meat, milk, & eggs; & another pound of fruits & vegetables—more than enough for a healthy, active life for each of us globally...The obvious causes of hunger and malnutrition are poverty, inequality, & lack of access to meaningful resources, and the overarching force driving all of the above is the quest for power, greed, and undeniable corruption—so inadequately addressed—that is so prevalent globally, especially in countries where genuine freedom of choice is so fully lacking . it should be clear that we do not need to produce more food globally to end hunger. But, if this is true, then why are almost one billion of us hungry & malnourished today, and what resources & innovative thinking do "we" (again, thinking globally) need—to have a positive, healthy, & empowering impact on global hunger causes and consequences? Why, since the beginning (and more recently, the end"??") of colonialism, has the "less-industrialized world" borne the burden of unsustainable development? And its citizens least empowered to acquire freedom of choice? Remember, the three most important words to any farmer anywhere are "Access to market," and the next most important words are, "Access to credit." we will need to help smallholder farmers sustainably increase their productivity, & also become integral players in regional/global markets. {*Economists often use the term "smallholder farming/farmer" when referring to a farmer/farm family that is producing their food for the family and for sale using a very small parcel of land, often from a fraction of a hectare to just a few hectares.} precisely why the legume benefits the grain. What is the role of riparian buffer strips in addressing problems associated with increasing eutrophication? (protecting waterways & the surrounding ecosystem, thus permitting that ecosystem to be more suitable for food production in that community) The true costs of producing crops. (Know in general what is included in each of these costs.) What considerations determine (in a general way) the decisions & outcome of a food production and marketing system on a given farm? Know the details of this sequence very well... Define Use Verify Realize Hopefully...