Nervous 2

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section? Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Optic chiasm Corpus callosum

Superior colliculus Correct. The superior colliculus is clearly observed in the transverse fissure on the back of the midbrain. It is involved with directing eye movement.

Classify a fiber tract that communicates between the left prefrontal lobe and the left parietal lobe. association commissural fibers projection

Association fibers communicate between gyri in the same cerebral hemisphere.

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain? Cerebellum Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus

Thalamus Correct. The thalamus is the central region of the diencephalon and forms the central core of the brain. The thalamus is enclosed by the cerebrum.

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things? The axon can pass through the trunk ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. The axon can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion. The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. The axon can ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion.

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment. Preganglionic axons do not pass back into the spinal cord.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The cerebral hemispheres, which form the superior part of the brain, account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles. Central canal Cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus Interventricular foramina

Central canal Correct. The central canal is the canal found in the spinal cord that originates off of the fourth ventricle.

Where is the arbor vitae located? Brain stem Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum

Cerebellum Correct. The white matter in the cerebellum has a branching arrangement that resembles a tree. This structure is named for its appearance. The term arbor vitae means "tree of life."

Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles? Central canal Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Cerebral aqueduct

Cerebral aqueduct Correct. The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow passageway that connects the third and fourth ventricles. It can sometimes be observed on a midsagittal section.

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness? Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem

Cerebrum Correct. The cerebrum is involved in higher order functions such as consciousness, personality, and intellect.

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres? Intermediate mass Vermis Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum

Corpus callosum Correct. The corpus callosum is a large fiber tract of axons connecting the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe premotor cortex

The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.

Which of the following is NOT a diencephalon component? thalamus superior colliculus hypothalamus pineal gland

The superior colliculus is at the inferior border of the diencephalon, located in the midbrain region of the brain stem.

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can be described by which of the following? lower motor neurons upper motor neurons first-order sensory neurons third-order sensory neurons

Third-order sensory neurons relay ascending information from the thalamus to specific sensory areas of the cortex.

All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain. False True

True Correct. All 3 regions of the brain stem, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, can be observed on the ventral surface.

The ventricles are all interconnected. False True

True Correct. Narrow passageways connect the ventricles together, so that cerebrospinal fluid flows freely inside the ventricular system.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles. True False

True Correct. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. It is found in each of the ventricles.

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True False

True One cerebral hemisphere or the other "dominates" each of the brain's tasks, and the term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. In most people (about 90%), the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

In general, a primary sensory cortex breaks down sensory input into component parts, while an association cortex makes sense of sensory inputs. True False

True The primary sensory cortex receives sensory inputs in their cruder forms, while the association cortex helps you understand what the sensory input means.

The sympathetic division innervates targets with nerves that all originate from the thoracolumbar region. True False

True The sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system because the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments contain the cell bodies of all preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information? optic abducens olfactory trigeminal

abducens The abducens carries efferent (motor) signals to the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (turns it laterally).

Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy could include any EXCEPT which of the following? diarrhea constipation abnormal stretch reflex responses hyposecretion by sudoriferous glands

abnormal stretch reflex responses The stretch reflex is controlled by afferent sensory stretch receptors and somatic efferent motor neurons.

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? membranous part of the dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater periosteal part of the dura mater

arachnoid mater The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF. Knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater, called arachnoid villi, protrude superiorly through the dura mater and into the superior sagittal sinus. These villi provide a passageway for CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and enter the venous blood of the sinus.

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions Review central nervous system control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system? cellular metabolism salivary glands lungs gallbladder

cellular metabolism Preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine into the bloodstream during "fight-or-flight" situations (such as exercise). In turn, epinephrine increases cellular metabolism (metabolic rate).

The groove indicated by C is the __________. longitudinal fissure lateral sulcus central sulcus transverse fissure

central sulcus The central sulcus is the shallow groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems? diencephalon cerebellum thalamus pons

cerebellum By processing and interpreting impulses from the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei, as well as sensory pathways, the cerebellum provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility needed for daily living (e.g., driving, typing, and tying our shoes). It also plays a poorly understood role in cognition. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (we are not aware of it).

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter C will terminate in the __________. sensory cortex cerebellum thalamus medulla oblongata

cerebellum The letter C indicates the spinocerebellar pathways.

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" that controls almost all brain activity? cerebellum diencephalon brain stem cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where most of our higher-level decision making occurs. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.

What part of the spinal cord represents an increase in cell body mass for upper limb control? lumbar enlargement cervical enlargement cauda equina conus medullaris

cervical enlargement The spinal cord has an obvious enlargement in the cervical region, called the cervical enlargement, where the cell bodies controlling the upper limbs arise.

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________. brachial plexus vagus nerve cervical plexus thoracic spinal cord

cervical plexus The phrenic nerve, which arises from the cervical plexus, supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm, the main breathing muscle.

What CNS-associated structure is illustrated in this figure? hypothalamus choroid plexus cerebral aqueduct arachnoid villus

choroid plexus Manufacture of fluid within brain ventricles.

What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C? What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C? Several examples of ascending spinal cord tracts. initiation of smooth muscle movements initiation of skeletal muscle movements response to skeletal muscle pain coordination of skeletal muscle movements

coordination of skeletal muscle movements These tracts carry appropriate sensory information, such as the degree of muscle stretch, to the brain such that it can calculate skeletal muscle movements that allow for coordinated responses and the maintenance of balance.

What structure(s) is/are indicated by B? association fibers lateral ventricles pyramidal tracts corpus callosum

corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the most prominent example of tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? crossed-extensor reflex plantar reflex tendon reflex stretch reflex

crossed-extensor reflex The grasped arm is withdrawn (via the flexor reflex) as the opposite arm pushes you away from the attacker (via crossed-extensor reflex). As in this scenario, the crossed-extensor reflex often accompanies the flexor reflex.

In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______. thumb muscles cutaneous branches of the median nerve muscular branches of the posterior cord that supply the median nerve None of the listed responses is correct.

cutaneous branches of the median nerve The median nerve cutaneous branch carries sensory input from the skin of the lateral 2/3rds of the hand, palm side and dorsum of fingers 2-3.

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve? perineurium epineurium endomysium endoneurium

endoneurium Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber's associated Schwann cells.

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure? astrocytes microglia oligodendrocytes ependymal cells

ependymal cells Specialized ependymal cells participate in the filtration, absorption, and secretory processes that create cerebrospinal fluid. Manufacture of fluid within brain ventricles.

Which of the following describes the nerve fibers indicated by the letter A? first-order sensory neurons second-order sensory neurons third-order sensory neurons

first-order sensory neurons First-order sensory neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______. supinate or pronate the forearm flex the wrist extend the forearm All of the listed responses are correct.

flex the wrist One action of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is wrist flexion. This muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched pair? gray matter: location of brain nuclei spinal cord: inner gray matter gray matter: myelinated axons superficial in the brain: gray matter

gray matter: myelinated axons Gray matter is indicative of unmyelinated axons and cell bodies in the CNS.

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? hypothalamus cerebral cortex brain stem peripheral ganglia

hypothalamus The hypothalamus stands at the top of the control hierarchy as the integrator of ANS activity.

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? brain stem frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex reticular formation hypothalamus

hypothalamus The hypothalamus stands at the top of the control hierarchy as the integrator of ANS activity. The limbic system communicates the hypothalamus, which is why emotions, like fear, affect the ANS. The reticular formation connects the hypothalamus to nuclei in the brainstem that cause the ANS outputs for some visceral organs as their output is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Where is the illustrated structure located? in each ventricle within the subarachnoid space in the central canal within the superior sagittal sinus

in each ventricle Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the choroid plexus located within each ventricle.

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons at A located? in the posterior horn of the spinal cord in the medulla oblongata in the thalamus in the dorsal root ganglion

in the dorsal root ganglion All sensory neurons, including those of the autonomic nervous system, are found in the dorsal root ganglion.

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? receptors interneurons sensory neurons motor neurons

interneurons In many cases, the interneurons are the integration point for reflexes, but they are not necessary.

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False

False Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus--which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain. True False

False Correct. The cerebellum is not a ventral structure. It is located on the dorsal surface of the brain.

Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla. True False

False The sympathetic division synapses at the adrenal medulla which enhances the sympathetic responses.

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. . First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons descend with motor commands. First-order neurons usually ascend directly to the thalamus. First-order neurons originate in the CNS.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons, whose cell bodies reside in a ganglion (dorsal root or cranial), conduct impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse with second-order neurons.

Suppose a patient produced more fluid in the structure shown in the figure than could be distributed throughout the ventricles and extracellular fluid. What condition would result? anencephaly Alzheimer's disease hydrocephalus cerebral palsy

Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of fluid in the ventricles, which puts pressure on the brain.

Which of the following is correctly matched? gustatory cortex; sense of hearing vestibular cortex; pattern recognition posterior association area: understand balance limbic association area: sense of danger

limbic association area: sense of danger The limbic association area is part of the limbic system, which control our emotions and fears.

Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain? Hypothalamus Infundibulum Optic chiasm Pia mater

Infundibulum Correct. The infundibulum attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. It contains axons that originate in the hypothalamus and end in the posterior pituitary.

Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum? Third ventricle Lateral ventricles Fourth ventricle Fornix

Lateral ventricles Correct. The lateral ventricles lie side by side under the corpus callosum, separated by the septum pellucidum.

Most of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? Most of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? Pathways of motor neurons through the upper CNS. cerebellum peripheral nervous system medulla oblongata thalamus

medulla oblongata Many descending fibers cross over to the contralateral side of the nervous system within the decussation of pyramids in the medulla.

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? cerebrum midbrain medulla oblongata diencephalon

midbrain The term mesencephalon means "midbrain." As it develops from a primary brain vesicle to a secondary brain vesicle and finally an adult brain structure, it retains its name--the midbrain. Each of the other two primary brain vesicles divides to give rise to new secondary brain vesicles and adult brain structures (with new names). Note that encephalo- means "brain."

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? relay somatotopy decussation memory

Memory is a function of the brain (not the spinal cord).

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves? Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS. Nerves do not contain cell bodies. Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium.

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

Which of the following is a way in which the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar? Both systems share common effectors. Both systems share common efferent pathways. Both systems have ganglia in their motor pathways. Both systems elicit the same target organ responses to their neurotransmitters. None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. Each of the factors is different in the somatic and autonomic efferent pathways, respectively.

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______. primary somatosensory cortex auditory association area somatosensory association cortex None of the listed responses is correct.

None of the listed responses is correct. Review the different sensory cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Identify cranial nerve I. Optic nerve Olfactory nerve Oculomotor nerve Optic tract

Olfactory nerve

Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side? Optic nerve Optic tract Optic chiasm Olfactory bulbs

Optic chiasm Correct. The optic chiasm is where the optic nerves cross midline, so that sensory information from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain.

Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system? Optic tract Mammillary body Optic chiasm Optic nerve

Optic nerve Correct. Nerves are bundles of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. The optic nerve is an extension of the brain, not part of the brain.

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the basal nuclei that affects the dopamine-secreting pathways. Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease mad cow disease

Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra (of the midbrain). As those neurons deteriorate, the dopamine-deprived basal nuclei they target become overactive. Afflicted individuals have a persistent tremor at rest, a forward-bent walking posture and shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression. They are slow with initiating and executing movement.

Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain? Pituitary gland Pineal gland Mammillary body Olfactory bulb

Pituitary gland Correct. The pituitary gland can be seen on the ventral surface of the brain. It can easily be removed with the meninges if care isn't taken to keep it attached.

When removing a hot sheet of cookies from the oven, you feel heat coming through the pot holder. What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop the hot cookie sheet? modification of outgoing efferent signals by spinal cord gray matter interneurons modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex temporary suppression of sensory input to the spinal reflex center intervention by the limbic system to inhibit the fear of being burned

modulation of descending motor pathways by brainstem and cortex

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the spinal cord? Damage to sensory tracts in the spinal cord leads to paralysis. Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. Just like the cerebrum, the gray matter is found on the superficial surfaces. The white matter contains cell bodies for spinal nuclei.

Spinal nerves have mixed motor and sensory function. The ventral roots carry motor commands out of the spinal cord. The dorsal roots carry sensory information into the spinal cord. The spinal nerves represent a fusion of these two elements.

Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______. dorsal rami of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord afferent neurons of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord cutaneous branches of rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord The ventral rami of spinal nerves contain motor fibers that originate from neuron soma found in the spinal cord. These efferent pathways activate the contraction of skeletal muscle. The phrenic nerve branches from this region and innervates the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm.

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi

pia mater The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? arachnoid mater meningeal layer of the dura mater periosteal layer of the dura mater pia mater

pia mater The pia mater, meaning "gentle mother," is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested with tiny blood vessels. It is the only meninx that clings tightly to the brain, like cellophane wrap, following its every convolution.

Which of the following regions of the brain stem serves as a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum? midbrain thalamus pons medulla oblongata

pons The pons is the point at which all information entering or exiting the cerebellum is collected. Descending motor input and ascending sensory input that feed the cerebellum and all cerebellar output enter or exit the cerebellum through several cerebellar peduncles located in the pons.

Region A includes which of the following? prefrontal cortex primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex Broca's area

prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe.

Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers? primary motor cortex Broca's area frontal eye fields premotor cortex

primary motor cortex The primary motor cortex has projections for the entire human body map, or homunculus. Axons from the primary motor cortex project from the frontal lobe to the spinal cord.

What is the designation of the area at D? primary olfactory cortex primary visual cortex visual association area multimodal association area

primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex receives sensory input from the eye via the optic nerves, thalamus, and optic radiations. Lateral view of left cerebrum with selected functional areas highlighted.

Which of the following is NOT an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function? increasing heart rate gland secretion reflex of skeletal muscle emptying the bladder

reflex of skeletal muscle The somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscle, whereas the ANS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regulate food intake regulate emotional responses regulate body temperature regulate the thalamus

regulate the thalamus The hypothalamus does not regulate the thalamus.

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation? sweating and dilating pupils fight-or-flight responses vigorous physical activity resting and digesting

resting and digesting The parasympathetic division, sometimes called the "rest and digest" system, keeps body energy use as low as possible, even as it directs vital housekeeping activities like digesting food and eliminating feces and urine.

Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness? reticular activating system Broca's area frontal eye fields limbic system

reticular activating system The reticular activating system is responsive to our sensory input and controls alertness to these sensory inputs and our awareness and responsiveness to our external (and internal) environment.

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? segmental level, precommand level, projection level projection level, precommand level, segmental level segmental level, projection level, precommand level precommand level, projection level, segmental level

segmental level, projection level, precommand level The hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control is segmental level, projection level, and precommand level.

The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______. deltoid muscle biceps brachii muscle sternocleidomastoid muscle muscles that flex the wrist and fingers

sternocleidomastoid muscle The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory cranial nerve and branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3.

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center

suprachiasmatic nucleus This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.

This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles. mesencephalon hypothalamus pons thalamus

thalamus Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus-- which sorts out and edits these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas--is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

The letter A in the figure indicates which of the following structures? cerebral nuclei lateral ventricles thalamus hypothalamus

thalamus The letter A indicates the thalamus. Remember that the thalamus is composed of left and right bodies.

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter D will terminate in the __________. thalamus primary somatosensory cortex cerebral nuclei primary motor cortex

thalamus The spinothalamic tracts indicated by D carry somatosensory information and terminate in the thalamus. Specific information will then be relayed to the appropriate area of the somatosensory cortex by third-order sensory neurons.

The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in what functions? the storage of motor patterns for skilled movements of skeletal muscles the production and interpretation of language They are the control centers for homeostatic and endocrine functions. the generation of emotional responses

the production and interpretation of language Regions indicated by E include Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs? accessory vagus hypoglossal abducens

vagus The vagus nerve has many targets in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and innervates many of the visceral organs.

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? somatic motor control center visceral control center of the body gateway to the cerebellum relay station for the special senses

visceral control center of the body The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles include controlling the autonomic nervous system; controlling endocrine system function; regulating the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and initiating physical responses to emotions.

The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions? The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions? Pathways of motor neurons through the upper CNS. conscious awareness of sensory information involuntary control of cardiac muscle voluntary control of skeletal muscle involuntary control of smooth muscle

voluntary control of skeletal muscle Motor pathways originating in the primary motor cortex allow for the conscious control of skeletal muscle.