Neurobiology of learning and memory final

What are the 3 basic components of a synapse?

(1) presynaptic terminal, (2) synaptic cleft, (3) post-synaptic neuron

William James proposed that memories are established in three stages. Which of the following is the correct order?

After image—Primary memory—Secondary memory

In order for neurotransmitters to be released, which of the following events must occur? (choose all correct answers)

An action potential must occur in the presynaptic neuron and synaptic vesicle must dock to the release zone

Which of the following is/are true? (choose all correct answers)

An intracellular electrode measures synaptic depolarization because it detects the flow of positive ions into the cell AND A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to - 90 mV would be called hyperpolarization.

According Thorndike's law of effect:

Animals learn an S-R habit

Which of the following represents the correct order of the events listed?

Glutamate binds to mGluR1; G-proteins are activated; IP3 is activated; IP3Rs open and release calcium

Which of the following is/are true? (Choose all correct answers.)

Recognition memory does not require the episodic memory system AND Familiarity based recognition depends only on rhinal cortices.

To prevent drug relapse in rats, Everitt tried to erase the CS-drug association by injecting _______________into the amygdala following CS alone presentations.

Zif268 antisense

What are the three fundamental assumptions of the indexing theory?

a) patterns of neocortical activity project to the hippocampus. (b) consequently synapses in the hippocampus activated by these inputs are strengthened. This is the index. (c) when a subset of this input pattern occurs the index is activated and it projects back to the neocortex to activate the entire pattern.

The process by which CaMKII can remain in an active state is called

autophosphorylation

Which part of the neuron sends information?

axon

In its normal unphosphorylated state, ____ depolymerizes actin filaments.

cofilin

The _________________ period ends when the memory trace is no longer vulnerable to the disruption of transcription and translation processes

consolidation

Unlike adrenaline, (also released from the adrenal gland) can directly enter the brain.

corticosterone/ glucocorticoids

Following inhibitory avoidance training, norepinephrine injected into the basolateral amygdala should

enhance retention performance, depending on dose and time

Information flows into and out of the hippocampal formation, from and to the __________________ (2 words).

entorhinal cortex

Application of a low frequency stimulus within a day after the TBS-inducing stimulus is sufficient to interrupt the development of a long lasting LTP.

false

Glutamate receptors involved in LTP are found along the axon.

false

Korsakoff's syndrome can be described as retrograde amnesia.

false

Phosphatases add phosphates to other proteins.

false

Potentiated synapses endure because there is no pressure to return to their basal unpotentiated state.

false

Ribot believed that once the brain is injured, memories are lost in no particular order.

false

The mTOR-TOP pathway is critical for the induction of LTP.

false

ZIP will erase taste-aversion memories only if injected at a specific time after acquisition.

false

Actions are: (choose all correct answers)

purposeful AND based on expectancy

According to the tag and capture hypothesis, a weak stimulus (WS) can ____ synapses but it cannot generate new ____

tag plasticity products

A dog that salivates after a bell is rung is an example of a conditioned response.

true

Ionotropic receptors protrude outside and inside the cell.

true

Optogenetics provides strong support for the idea that the contextual fear memory trace depends on the hippocampus for the life of the memory.

true

Second messengers can be quickly synthesized.

true

Sensory information is most abstract and fully integrated at the hippocampus level.

true

The loss of anchoring scaffolding proteins, such as PSD-95, play a role in the disruption of reactivated memories.

true

There is some evidence that indicates that learning can occur despite blocking NMDA channels.

true

fMRI studies appear to support multiple trace theory and provide almost no evidence for the standard model.

true

What are the 5 properties of the episodic memory system?

1. Conscious recollection 2. Captures context 3 Automatic 4. Single episodes 5. Prevents interference.

William James proposed that memories are established in 3 stages. List the 3 stages in order.

After image—Primary memory—Secondary memory

What is CREB?

A transcription factor that targets genes needed for ltm.

Describe the 4 basic steps of the experimental procedure used to study LTP. (I.e., you have cells in a dish that are connected by a synapse. How do you induce LTP in that synapse and how do you test that induced LTP in that synapse?)

A.Determine the intensity of the baseline and inducing stimuli.B. Stimulate with baseline stimulus and record field potential, C. Stimulate with strong stimulus record field potential, D. Retest with weak stimulus determine if the field potential is stronger

An increase in the population of ________ receptors would increase the fEPSP.

AMPA

PKMζ can traffic ____ into the PSD.

AMPA receptors

Which of the following statements about the epinephrine-vagus connection is/are true? (choose all correct answers)

Activated neurons in the locus coeruleus release norepinephrine AND Activated NTS neurons release glutamate onto neurons in the locus coeruleus AND The vagal nerve releases glutamate on neurons in the NTS

Which of the following statements about Arc is false?

Arc transcription relies on the translation of other proteins.

How do we know that the delayed non matching to sample task does not require the hippocampus? What does solving the DNMS task require?

Because it can be solved using a familiarity signal that only requires perirhinal cortex.

Why are intracellular and extracellular recordings mirror images of each other?

Because they are different measures of the same basic event. The extracellular electrode measures positive ions leaving the extracellular the intracellular event measures those same ions entering the cell (depolarization).

Why should damage to the perirhinal and parahippocampal regions disrupt memory more than damage to the hippocampus?

Because with out these cortices the hippocampus would not receive the information to support the creation of an index

Which of the following is true?

Both episodic and semantic memory systems allow for intentional retrieval

Which of the following statements about LTP is/are false? (choose all correct answers)

CNQX can inhibit induction, but not expression of LTP AND To express LTP, NMDA and AMPA channels are crucial

Neurons containing _____ more will likely win the competition for participating in the memory-supporting ensemble

CREB

Neurons containing more ______________ (one word) will likely win the competition for participating in the memory-supporting ensemble.

CREB

In old rats reduced _________ phosphorylation is likely due to decreased ___________ release in response to training.

CREB; glucose

The autophosphorylation of ___________ may be critical for the rapid formation of a memory but other processes can compensate for this contribution when multiple training trials occur.

CamKII

Which of the following statements about opsins is/are true? (choose all correct answers)

Channelrhodopsin can excite neurons by depolarizing them AND Halorhodopsin can inhibit neurons by hyperpolarizing them

Which of the following is not a second messenger?

Glutamate

According to the modular view: (choose all correct answers)

Components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions, Damage to the perirhinal cortex will disrupt both semantic and episodic memory and Damage to the hippocampal formation will disrupt episodic but not semantic memory

What role does calcium play in neuronal transmission?

Docks synaptic vesicles.

In order to ensure that ChR2 was only expressed in neurons activated by the fear conditioning:

Doxycylcline was removed from the diet only during the conditioning phases

Clenbuterol (b-adrenergic agonist) injected into the basolateral amygdala should:

Enhance the level of Arc protein in the hippocampus and enhance memory retention

When the devaluation procedure is used following a limited amount of training, which of the following describes the most likely test result?

Expression of the instrumental response will be decreased

Which is the correct order of signal transmission in signaling cascades?

First messenger-second messenger-kinases and phosphatases

AMPA receptors can be composed of several subunits. The subtype that is initially trafficked into the spine head during the generation of LTP is

GluA1

Functional NMDA receptors must contain _______________ subunits

GluN1

What is the difference between Golgi's view and Ramon Y Cajal's view of the brain?

Golgi believed that neuron were continuous and organized into a reticulum. Ramon Y Cajal believed that neurons were independent cells and contiguous.

Which of the following is/are true about H.M.? (Choose all correct answers)

H.M.s performance on test of motor learning was normal AND H.M's cognitive process was intact.

According to the Conceptual Model for Actions and Habits: (choose all correct answers)

Habits and Actions can coexist AND Actions must be assembled before a behavior can become a habit

Why do researchers believe that Milner's test results on H.M provide the foundation for the multiple memory systems perspective?

Her work revealed that some types of memory were impaired but other types were spared. Her work revealed that specific regions of the brain were required for episodic memory but not for other forms.

Genetically deleting the Ser 831 and Ser 845 phosphorylation sites on the GluR1 receptor subunits should:

Impair L-LTP and the effect of norepinephrine on AMPA receptor trafficking

Which of the following statements are true?

Inhibiting the UPS system enhances early LTP

Which of the following statements about PKMζ is true?

It can stay in a perpetually active state, It can be synthesized in one synapse and captured in another and It can be inhibited by ZIP

What is synaptic depolarization and what causes it?

It is a brief change in the resting membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by the flow of positive ions (sodium) into the cell through receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron.

Which of the following statements about C/EBPb is/are true? (choose all correct answers)

It is a transcription factor that targets other memory genes AND Its translation is necessary for enduring memory AND Using antisense oligonucleotides to block its translation 1 hour prior to training has no effect on LTM

What is the importance of the conditioned response?

It provides a behavioral measure of an association

Which of the following is NOT a property of the episodic memory system?

It supports motor skills and learning

Nifidipine is a voltage gated calcium channel blocker. So you would expect:

It would prevent soma-to nucleus signaling AND It would prevent LTP3

What is the role of pattern separation? How does it work?

Its role is to minimize the interference associated with similar memories. It provides separate indexes for similar memories.

Which of the following statements is/are true? (choose all possible answers)

Kinases modify other proteins via phosphorylation AND Phosphatases remove phosphates from proteins

The de novo protein synthesis hypothesis states that

Long-term memory depends on behavior initiating the synthesis of new protein

Which of the following statements about inhibitory avoidance conditioning is true?

Longer latencies reflect a stronger memory trace, as shock intensity increases, so does response latency and crossover latency is the dependent variable

According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is true?

Memories in the inactive state are less vulnerable to disruption

Which of following are true?

Most of the forgetting shown by Ebbinghaus occurred during the first hour following learning following learning.

Which of these statements belong to the neuron doctrine? (choose all correct answers)

Neurons are discrete cells, which are not continuous with other cells AND the junction between the axon and dendrite is the synapse.

Camillo Golgi developed a method that allowed (choose all correct answers):

Neurons to be visualized

According the multiple trace theory of systems consolidation: (Choose all correct answers.)

Old episodic memories will not survive complete damage to the hippocampal system, Regardless of its age an episodic memory will always depend on the hippocampal system and Both young and old memories will be lost if damage to the hippocampus is complete

Describe how optogenetics has been used to validate the indexing theory of the hippocampus.

Optogenetics: neurons in the DG were infected with channel rhodospin. just prior to training the diet was change so that the cfos promoter could be activated by the behavioral experience. when these neurons were activated during testing mice displayed fear, even though they were in a context not associated with fear.

In rats, activating ____ in the BLA following presentations of only the CS caused the fear response to ____

PKA increase

Which of the following statements about PKMζis/are false? (Choose all correct answers.)

PKMζ and PKC are activated by second messengers AND ZIP is to PKMζ, as the catalytic unit is to PKC

Which of the following statements is true?

Pavlovian conditioning provides evidence that the brain learns to associate the occurrence of the CS and the US AND Thorndikian conditioning provides evidence that animals learn to adapt their response based on the results of their actions.

Which of the following affects LTP stabilization, but not induction?

Preventing N-cadherin dimerization, Inactivation of the kinase LIMK and Phosphorylating cofilin

Who first proposed that synapses are modifiable?

Ramon Y Cajal

Which of the following about ECS is true? (choose all correct answers)

Rats that received ECS and reactivation were impaired AND Rats that received ECS only were not impaired

Ebbinghaus observed that (choose all correct answers):

Recall declined within an hour and spaced repetition was more effective than massed repetition

Describe the anatomical organization of the hippocampus.

Trisynaptic: Entorhinal cortex via perforant path to dentate gyrus via mossy fibers to CA3 via Schaffer collaterals to CA1.

According to reconsolidation theory:

Retrieval weakens synaptic connection, Retrieval can disrupt consolidated memories and Retrieval initiates another round of protein synthesis

Systemic injections of anisomycin following training impair LTM, but have no effect on STM. Which of the following conclusions are NOT justified by this finding?

STM depends on new proteins synthesized in response to the behavioral experience

If you wanted to produce synaptic potentials in CA1 of the hippocampus where would you place your stimulating electrode?

Schaffer collaterals

The findings of Varga-Khadem with children who suffered damaged to the hippocampus at an early age: (choose all correct answers)

Suggest that the children still had semantic memory but lack episodic memory AND Support the modular view of medial temporal hippocampus

Where does local protein synthesis occur?

The dendrites

An extracellular electrode directly measures

The flow of positively charged ions out of the extracellular space

What are the respective roles of the hippocampal system and neocortex in the Complementary Memory System framework?

The hippocampus is dedicated to rapidly capturing individual experiences whereas the cortex is specialized in integrating across multiple repeats of the similar events.

Which of the following is/are true about the hippocampus? (choose all correct answers)

The hippocampus receives converging inputs from wide spread regions of the brain AND The hippocampus contains an index of memories AND The hippocampus sends information back to regions that project to it

Which of these principles are parts of the neuron doctrine? (choose all correct answers)

The junction between the axon and dendrite is the synapse AND Neurons are discrete cells, which are not continuous with other cells.

When either an NMDA or vdCC antagonist is administered prior to memory reactivation:

The memory trace is reactivated but is not destabilized

Which of the following is not an actin pool found in the dendritic spine?

The temporary pool

What is the difference between the modular and and unitary views of the medial temporal hippocampal system support semantic and episodic?

The unitary view assumes that the entire MTHS is required for both semantic and episodic memory. The modular view assumes that semantic memory depends only on the Parahippocampal perirhinal cortices but episodic memory requires the entire MTHS

Describe two ways in which epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla can influence memory storage even though it cannot cross the blood brain barrier.

The vagus connection and the liver-glucose connection

Which of the following statements about memory modulators is/are FALSE? (choose all correct answers)

They affect all memories, regardless of how old the memory is AND They are important for memory retrieval

What was Ribot's view of how memories are lost?

They are lost in an orderly sequence: 1. Recent 2. Autobiographical/Personal 3. Habits 4. Emotional memory

Which of the following statements about memory modulators is/are true? (choose all correct answers)

They influence synapses that store memories AND They influence the strength of the memory

Why did Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables?

To separate what the subject has already learned from what they are asked to remember.

Hermann Ebbinghaus invented nonsense syllables:

To study "pure memory"

Which of the following statements about the UPS system is false?

Ubiquitin degrades protein

Which of the following is/are true about the protein synthesis inhibitor emetine? (choose all correct answers)

When applied selectively to the soma of stimulated neurons, it did not influence L-LTP AND When applied selectively to the apical dendrites, it blocked L-LTP in those dendrites.

Why should antagonizing NMDA receptors during reactivation prevent the need for reconsolidation?

Without calcium ubiquitin would not be activated and proteasomes would not be trafficked to the spine and phosphorylation to the active state. Consequently no proteins would be degraded and there would be no need for new protein

According to the standard model of systems consolidation (not multiple trace theory) why are old memories more resistant to disruption that young memories?

Young memories depend on the hippocampus because initially it is required to retrieve and consolidate the memory in the neocortex. With time the memory trace becomes consolidated in the cortex and no longer depends on the hippocampus for retrieval. The hippocampus is more sensitive to disrupting events than the cortex.Since the new memories still require the hippocampus, they would be more vulnerable to disruption but old memories would be spared because they do not depend on the hippocampus for retrieval.

The experiment in which rats had to find and remember the location of different flavors of food indicated that mostly likely NMDA receptors are important for memory ____ and AMPA receptors are important for both memory _____ and _____

acquisition acquisition, retrieval

Epinephrine also know as ____ is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the ____

adrenaline blood stream

When glutamate and __________________ both bind to the AMPA receptor the channel stays open longer.

ampakines

Initial experiments by Mishkin revealed that damage to either the ____ or the ____ had very little effect on DNMS performance.

amygdala hippocampus

The flow of energy in cells is called

bioenergenics

When using the inhibitory avoidance conditioning task to investigate a drug that is hypothesized to strengthen a memory trace, researchers should use lower intensity shock to avoid the _______________ effect.

ceiling

Which of the following terms apply to glutamate? (choose all correct answers)

first messenger, neurotransmitter, and ligand

Which of the following structures is not part of the striatum?

globus pallidus

The liver cells contain adrenergic receptors that initiate signaling that results in the liver secreting ____________________ into the blood when an arousing event is experienced.

glucose

Behaviors supported by S-R connections are called _____

habits

If the prelimbic prefrontal cortex is lesioned beforethe animal learns the instrumental response, a devaluation procedure will:

have no effect on instrumental responding regardless of the amount of training.

In memory retrieval, a subset of the initial input pattern will first activate the

hippocampal index

The idea that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the entire original input pattern is called ___

hippocampal index

Encountering components of a prior episode can activate the ____ which in turn projects back to the ____ and activates the content of the episode or memory.

hippocampal index neocortex

In order to study the effects of PKMz on taste aversion memories, Dudai's group injected ZIP into the _____________ cortex.

insular

The process of acquiring information is called

learning

When investigating a drug or some other manipulation that is hypothesized to strengthen a memory trace, researchers should use a ____ intensity shock to avoid the _____ effect

lower ceiling

Which of the following statements about mTORC1 and mTORC2 is FALSE?

mTORC2 regulates protein synthesis

Which of the following statements about mTORC1 and mTORC2 is false?

mTORC2 regulates protein synthesis

PKMζ antisense oligonucleotide blocks LTP _____ in _____

maintenance WT mice

PKMζ likely plays an important role in the memory trace _________________________.

maintenance phase

The standard model of systems consolidation predicts that fMRI will show that the hippocampus will be

more active during the retrieval of new memories than during the retrieval of old memories

The idea that the brain sorts memories by their content is called the ___________________ (3 words) view.

multiple memory system

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, damage to the hippocampal system will impair the retreival of:

new but not old episodic memories

Habits are

not purposeful

Dopamine neurons are located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their fibers project to the ____________________ of the striatum.

nucleus accumbens

The fact that S-LTP is not blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors indicates that it depends

only on post translation modification processes.

The experiment by Natalie Tronson examining trace updating revealed that: (choose all correct answers)

reactivated memories can be strengthened AND active memories are subject to bidirectional modification--can be strengthened and weakened

In the radial arm maze methodology, if a rat revisits an arm that was never baited, it is making a ________________ error.

reference memory

Environmental cues associated with drugs are one of the most important contributors to _____________.

relapse

Forgetting the location of a book or a coffee cup, only to remember it later, is an example of:

retrieval failure

According to active trace theory, memories can exist in either a ____ memory active state or a ___ memory inactive state.

short term long term

If episodic and semantic memory belong the same Declarative Memory system then damage to (choose all correct answers)

the complete medial temporal hippocampus should impair both episodic and semantic memory AND only the hippocampal component should impair both episodic and semantic memory.

Which of the following brain regions is/are associated with the habit system? (choose all correct answers)

the dorsolateral striatum AND the infralimbic prefrontal cortex

The entorhinal cortex does NOT project to:

the neocortex

When using a lentivirus with a dominant negative gene to study PKMζ: (choose all correct answers)

the resulting protein is non-functional AND the new PKMz mRNA competes with existing PKMz mRNA for translation

The point at which neurons communicate is called

the synapse

The existence of a memory trace is inferred when __________________ influences behavior.

the training experience

The _____________ (1 word) nerve carries information about the body and synapses on a brain stem region called the solitary tract nucleus.

vagus

Mishkin originally used the DNMS task because he believed it

was a measure of episodic memory