Neuropsychology
Why was Trephination or Trepanning done?
1. Done to remove pressure on the brain 2. May have also been done to let out evil spirits
There are __ thoracic nerves?
12
% of brain tumors that are metastatic
40%
There are __ lumbar nerves?
5
There are __ sacral nerves?
5
There are __ cervical nerves?
8
A young woman recovering from a blow to the head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to what part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?
Cerebellum
According to Galen, the four humors were
blood, black bile, yellow bile and mucus (phlegm)
Which of the following result if the neural pores do not close properly during development?
spina bifida; anencephaly
The eighth cranial nerve is called
A. The vestibulocochlear nerve B. The statoacoustic nerve C. The auditory-vestibular nerve
What led Flourens to hold the view of equipotentiality of function in the brain?
Ablation experiments on birds indicated to him that this was the case (he removed parts of the birds' brains).
How did Andreas Vesalius improve upon Galen's knowledge of anatomy?
Andreas performed dissections on human corpses (some of which he stole), improving knowledge of human brain anatomy.
A subdural bleed in the brain takes place:
Between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
I. The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains efferent fibers II. The dorsal root of a spinal nerve conveys sensory information
Both I and II are true
What is equipotentiality?
Equipotentiality is the potential of any part of the Cerebral Hemisphere to handle any high level task (perception, etc).
Multiple Scerosis occurs in 1 in 100 people in the United States
False 1 in 2,000
Hippocrates firmly believed in the cardiac hypothesis
False Aristotle- reasoned the heart was warm and the brain was bloodless.
Who were the first two men famous for holding to localization of function?
Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim were thefirst two men.
The most abundant cell type in the human central nervous system is
Glial cells
What was Galen's knowledge of anatomy based on?
He was a doctor and treated wounded Gladiators as well as performing dissections on animals (but never people).
Your belly button is located_______relative to your nose and _______relative to your spine.
Inferior, ventrally
The Brain Hypothesis was held by (3)
Pythagoras, Hippocrates, and Galen
Which type of tumor originates in the brain?
Local
The two hemispheres of the brain are separated by the:
Longitudinal fissure
The part of the hindbrain that is involved in vegetative functions such as breathing is known as the _______.
Medulla Oblongata
I. Someone with a serious spinal cord injury at the T5 level is likely quadriplegic II. Someone with a serious spinal cord injury at the C2 level is likely (only) paraplegic
Neither I or II are correct
Which type of cell appears to be primarily attacked by the immune system in multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendrocytes
I. The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the cranial and sacral regions II. The parasympathetic nervous system is the activating part of the autonomic nervous system
Only I is true
I. Gray matter in the spinal cord is located on the periphery, like in the brain- F II. White matter in the spinal cord contains both ascending and descending tracts
Only II is correct
Primary tumor is the ________ site. Brain tumor is the ____________ site.
Original, secondary
What is phrenology and it's relation to localization of function?
Phrenology was the belief that skull shape reflects the internal geography of the brain, which in turns reflects certain personality traits.
What cultures was Trephination or Trepanning known to?
Prehistoric Europe and amongst the Inca
Which of the following is the correct order of layers from skull to brain?
Skull; dura mater; arachnoid membrane; pia mater; brain
2 theories about the structure where behavior originates?
The Cardiac Hypothesis & The Brain Hypothesis
What is the distinction between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems?
The Central nervous System sends commands to and receives info from the PNS. The Peripheral Nervous system gathers sense data and sends it to the CNS and acts upon instructions from the CNS.
What is Trephination or Trepanning?
The removal of part of the skull.
Trephination may have been performed in ancient times as a magical form of healing
True
Which structures in the adult human brain come from the vertebrate metencephalon?
cerebellum, pons
White matter is so called because of
the high lipid content of axonal myelin
Cranial nerves II, III, IV and VI are
the optic, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves
Neuropsychology can be defined as
the study of brain/behavior relationships