Neuropsychology

Why was Trephination or Trepanning done?

1. Done to remove pressure on the brain 2. May have also been done to let out evil spirits

There are __ thoracic nerves?

12

% of brain tumors that are metastatic

40%

There are __ lumbar nerves?

5

There are __ sacral nerves?

5

There are __ cervical nerves?

8

A young woman recovering from a blow to the head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to what part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?

Cerebellum

According to Galen, the four humors were

blood, black bile, yellow bile and mucus (phlegm)

Which of the following result if the neural pores do not close properly during development?

spina bifida; anencephaly

The eighth cranial nerve is called

A. The vestibulocochlear nerve B. The statoacoustic nerve C. The auditory-vestibular nerve

What led Flourens to hold the view of equipotentiality of function in the brain?

Ablation experiments on birds indicated to him that this was the case (he removed parts of the birds' brains).

How did Andreas Vesalius improve upon Galen's knowledge of anatomy?

Andreas performed dissections on human corpses (some of which he stole), improving knowledge of human brain anatomy.

A subdural bleed in the brain takes place:

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

I. The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains efferent fibers II. The dorsal root of a spinal nerve conveys sensory information

Both I and II are true

What is equipotentiality?

Equipotentiality is the potential of any part of the Cerebral Hemisphere to handle any high level task (perception, etc).

Multiple Scerosis occurs in 1 in 100 people in the United States

False 1 in 2,000

Hippocrates firmly believed in the cardiac hypothesis

False Aristotle- reasoned the heart was warm and the brain was bloodless.

Who were the first two men famous for holding to localization of function?

Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim were thefirst two men.

The most abundant cell type in the human central nervous system is

Glial cells

What was Galen's knowledge of anatomy based on?

He was a doctor and treated wounded Gladiators as well as performing dissections on animals (but never people).

Your belly button is located_______relative to your nose and _______relative to your spine.

Inferior, ventrally

The Brain Hypothesis was held by (3)

Pythagoras, Hippocrates, and Galen

Which type of tumor originates in the brain?

Local

The two hemispheres of the brain are separated by the:

Longitudinal fissure

The part of the hindbrain that is involved in vegetative functions such as breathing is known as the _______.

Medulla Oblongata

I. Someone with a serious spinal cord injury at the T5 level is likely quadriplegic II. Someone with a serious spinal cord injury at the C2 level is likely (only) paraplegic

Neither I or II are correct

Which type of cell appears to be primarily attacked by the immune system in multiple sclerosis?

Oligodendrocytes

I. The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the cranial and sacral regions II. The parasympathetic nervous system is the activating part of the autonomic nervous system

Only I is true

I. Gray matter in the spinal cord is located on the periphery, like in the brain- F II. White matter in the spinal cord contains both ascending and descending tracts

Only II is correct

Primary tumor is the ________ site. Brain tumor is the ____________ site.

Original, secondary

What is phrenology and it's relation to localization of function?

Phrenology was the belief that skull shape reflects the internal geography of the brain, which in turns reflects certain personality traits.

What cultures was Trephination or Trepanning known to?

Prehistoric Europe and amongst the Inca

Which of the following is the correct order of layers from skull to brain?

Skull; dura mater; arachnoid membrane; pia mater; brain

2 theories about the structure where behavior originates?

The Cardiac Hypothesis & The Brain Hypothesis

What is the distinction between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems?

The Central nervous System sends commands to and receives info from the PNS. The Peripheral Nervous system gathers sense data and sends it to the CNS and acts upon instructions from the CNS.

What is Trephination or Trepanning?

The removal of part of the skull.

Trephination may have been performed in ancient times as a magical form of healing

True

Which structures in the adult human brain come from the vertebrate metencephalon?

cerebellum, pons

White matter is so called because of

the high lipid content of axonal myelin

Cranial nerves II, III, IV and VI are

the optic, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves

Neuropsychology can be defined as

the study of brain/behavior relationships