NFS101 CH 4

umami

a primary taste sensation

enzyme

a protein that catalyzes a particular chemical reaction inside the body is called....

jejunum

absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part

acid base

an ________ loses hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, whereas a(n) ___________ accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

hormones

chemical messengers in the body

cells

humans are a mixture of chemicals which are organized into ....

organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

lungs & kidneys

lumen

the hollow space in an organ that is surrounded by walls

cytoplasm

watery fluid that surrounds nucleus

true about the pH scale

- a solution with a pH of 4.0 has a H+ concentration and is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0 - tomatoes have a pH of 4.0; therefore, are more acidic than an egg with a pH of 8.0 - the scale ranges from 0 to 14

functions of digestive system

- absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph - breakdown of foods into nutrients

enzymes

- are recyclable - speed up chemical reactions

causes of diarrhea

- the GI tract absorbs less water than normal - more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract - caused by bacterial infections and viral infections

endocrine system includes

- the workings of hormones - regulation of metabolism - the thyroid gland and fat cells

IBD - inflammatory bowel disease

- ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms - it is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines - the cause is unknown

parts of the small intestine in order they appear in GI tract

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

order of occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract

1. esophagus 2. stomach 3. small intestine 4. large intestine 5. rectum mouth can also be #1 bc its an organ

cardiovascular system

blood vessels blood heart

amlyase

enzyme needed to digest STARCH

solution

evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

chyme

formed in the stomach

prebiotics

forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon

salt

forms when an acid reacts with a base

molecule

forms when two or more atoms are joined together

organs that are important to the digestive systems but do not come in direct contact with food matter in the GI tract

gallbladder liver pancreas

accessory organs to digestion

gallbladder pancreas liver

vomiting

generally an unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine

electrolytes

ions that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

saliva

lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called __________, which is produced by glands in the mouth

true

molecules can contain the same or different elements

nucleus

part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell - organization and expression of DNA

cystic fibrosis

people produce thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems. they often suffer serious breathing problems and respiratory infections

integumentary system

prevents invasion by disease causing bacteria

lungs

primary organ of the respiratory system

sallivary glands

produce and secrete sallivary amylase

ribosome

protein synthesis occurs here

solvent

substance in which the solute dissolves

muscular system

system of the body that produces heat to help maintain normal body temperature

maintain acid-base balance

the kidneys and lungs work cooperatively to ...

reproductive system

to produce children

element

type of atom that cannot be divided into a simpler compound

peristalsis

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract

positive

when an atom loses an electron, it becomes an ion with a ___________ charge.

carbon dioxide

when baking a cake, mixing baking soda and cream or tartar creates a chemical reaction ______________ that gives the cake an airy structure

homeostasis can be disrupted by

1. changes in the cell's internal environment 2. changes in the cell's external environment 3. lengthy period of sickness *relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival

false about pH

acidic substances have a higher pH. WRONG acidic substances have a LOWER pH

examples of organ systems

digestive system endocrine system

nervous system

directs sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

solubility

ease with which a substance dissolves in a liquid solvent

electron

negatively charged particle that surrounds the nucleus of an atom

endocrine system

regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

element

substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical of physical means

solute

substance that dissolves in the solvent

digestive system

the human digestive system can digest and absorb foods from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

physiology

the scientific study of how cells and body structures function is called ....

cardiovascular system

transports nutrients, waste, gasses, and hormones throughout the body

veins

after blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the...

cells in the body

are specialized to perform specific functions

four years of age

at ________________, you are able to control the external anal sphincter voluntarily

duodenum

bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid) is secreted here

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up this system

digestive system

breakdown and absorption of food

digestive system

breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

-ase

common suffix for enzymes

integumentary

hair, skin, and nails are structures of the __________ system.

probiotics

live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called....

ileum

minimal absorption occurs here

proton

positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

pancreas

produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes - secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCI

liver

produce and secretes bile - uses cholesterol to make bile

skeletal system

produces red blood cells and stores several minerals

catabolic

reactions that break down molecules are called ...

gallbladder

release bile into duodenum

lymphatic system

removes foreign substances from the blood and acids in fat absorption

urinary system

removes waste products from the circulatory system

tissues

self-contained, living structures that have similar characteristics and functions, join together to form ...

mitochondria

site of ATP synthesis

mucus

slipper, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called ...

skeletal system

storage of minerals