NFS101 CH 4
umami
a primary taste sensation
enzyme
a protein that catalyzes a particular chemical reaction inside the body is called....
jejunum
absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part
acid base
an ________ loses hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, whereas a(n) ___________ accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
hormones
chemical messengers in the body
cells
humans are a mixture of chemicals which are organized into ....
organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood
lungs & kidneys
lumen
the hollow space in an organ that is surrounded by walls
cytoplasm
watery fluid that surrounds nucleus
true about the pH scale
- a solution with a pH of 4.0 has a H+ concentration and is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0 - tomatoes have a pH of 4.0; therefore, are more acidic than an egg with a pH of 8.0 - the scale ranges from 0 to 14
functions of digestive system
- absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph - breakdown of foods into nutrients
enzymes
- are recyclable - speed up chemical reactions
causes of diarrhea
- the GI tract absorbs less water than normal - more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract - caused by bacterial infections and viral infections
endocrine system includes
- the workings of hormones - regulation of metabolism - the thyroid gland and fat cells
IBD - inflammatory bowel disease
- ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms - it is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines - the cause is unknown
parts of the small intestine in order they appear in GI tract
1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum
order of occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract
1. esophagus 2. stomach 3. small intestine 4. large intestine 5. rectum mouth can also be #1 bc its an organ
cardiovascular system
blood vessels blood heart
amlyase
enzyme needed to digest STARCH
solution
evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds
chyme
formed in the stomach
prebiotics
forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon
salt
forms when an acid reacts with a base
molecule
forms when two or more atoms are joined together
organs that are important to the digestive systems but do not come in direct contact with food matter in the GI tract
gallbladder liver pancreas
accessory organs to digestion
gallbladder pancreas liver
vomiting
generally an unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine
electrolytes
ions that conduct electricity when dissolved in water
saliva
lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called __________, which is produced by glands in the mouth
true
molecules can contain the same or different elements
nucleus
part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell - organization and expression of DNA
cystic fibrosis
people produce thick mucus that block passageways, particularly in the respiratory and digestive systems. they often suffer serious breathing problems and respiratory infections
integumentary system
prevents invasion by disease causing bacteria
lungs
primary organ of the respiratory system
sallivary glands
produce and secrete sallivary amylase
ribosome
protein synthesis occurs here
solvent
substance in which the solute dissolves
muscular system
system of the body that produces heat to help maintain normal body temperature
maintain acid-base balance
the kidneys and lungs work cooperatively to ...
reproductive system
to produce children
element
type of atom that cannot be divided into a simpler compound
peristalsis
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
positive
when an atom loses an electron, it becomes an ion with a ___________ charge.
carbon dioxide
when baking a cake, mixing baking soda and cream or tartar creates a chemical reaction ______________ that gives the cake an airy structure
homeostasis can be disrupted by
1. changes in the cell's internal environment 2. changes in the cell's external environment 3. lengthy period of sickness *relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival
false about pH
acidic substances have a higher pH. WRONG acidic substances have a LOWER pH
examples of organ systems
digestive system endocrine system
nervous system
directs sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions
solubility
ease with which a substance dissolves in a liquid solvent
electron
negatively charged particle that surrounds the nucleus of an atom
endocrine system
regulates metabolism through the action of hormones
element
substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical of physical means
solute
substance that dissolves in the solvent
digestive system
the human digestive system can digest and absorb foods from plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria
physiology
the scientific study of how cells and body structures function is called ....
cardiovascular system
transports nutrients, waste, gasses, and hormones throughout the body
veins
after blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the...
cells in the body
are specialized to perform specific functions
four years of age
at ________________, you are able to control the external anal sphincter voluntarily
duodenum
bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid) is secreted here
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up this system
digestive system
breakdown and absorption of food
digestive system
breaks down food both mechanically and chemically
-ase
common suffix for enzymes
integumentary
hair, skin, and nails are structures of the __________ system.
probiotics
live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called....
ileum
minimal absorption occurs here
proton
positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
pancreas
produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes - secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCI
liver
produce and secretes bile - uses cholesterol to make bile
skeletal system
produces red blood cells and stores several minerals
catabolic
reactions that break down molecules are called ...
gallbladder
release bile into duodenum
lymphatic system
removes foreign substances from the blood and acids in fat absorption
urinary system
removes waste products from the circulatory system
tissues
self-contained, living structures that have similar characteristics and functions, join together to form ...
mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis
mucus
slipper, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called ...
skeletal system
storage of minerals