NTRI - Chapter 4 - Carbohydrates

Nutritive sweeteners provide _______

calories

Alternative sweeteners provide no ______ and have a much _____ per gram basis

calories; sweeter

High-fructose corn syrup is ______ than sucrose, and does not form _______

cheaper; crystals

Too little fiber = _______

constipation

High-fructose corn syrup is made by mixing ______ with _____ and _______

cornstarch; acid; enzymes

Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption; helpful in the treatment of ______

diabetes

Amylose and amylopectin are _______

digestible

Dietary fibers are NOT ______

digestible

Sugar alcohols contribute ____ calories than sugar at ~___ kcal/gram

fewer; ~2.6 kcal/g

Tagatose is an altered form of _____

fructose

Glucose is source of ____ for cells

fuel

The bulk of fiber makes you feel _____ faster

full faster

In people with diabetes, ____ production in the _____ is uncontrollable

glucose; liver

Acesulfame-K is heat _____

heat stable

Neotame is heat ______

heat stable

Stevia is heat _____

heat stable

Sucralose is heat _______

heat stable

Tagatose is heat _____

heat stable

Aspartame is heat _______

heat unstable

Baked potatoes is an example of a ____ glycemic index food (reference food glucose=100)

high glycemic index

A high glycemic load can lead to a development of

insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes

Undigested carbs travel to the _____ intestine and are _______ by the bacteria

large intestine; fermented

Excess consumption of sugar alcohols may have a _______ effect

laxative

Carbs are carried through portal vein to the ____

liver

Glucose is produced by the _____

liver

Stored glycogen in the _____ breaks down, contributing to _____ _______

liver; blood glucose

Soluble fiber ______ cholesterol

lowers cholesterol

Sugar alcohols are absorbed and metabolized _____

slower

Low GI/GL foods lead to a _____ rise in blood glucose levels after a meal

smaller

Dietary fiber comes in two forms called ______ and _____

soluble; insoluble

Benchmark of sweetness is _______

sucrose

Phenylalanine is _____ and buildup in the body leads to ______ ________

toxic; mental retardation

Sugar Substitutes/Artificial Sweeteners

-Saccharin -Aspartame -Sucralose -Neotame -Acesulfame-K

Monosaccharide

-Simple sugar unit -Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

-Simple sugars -Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Effects of cooking carbohydrates

-Softens fibrous tissue -Starch granules swell, soaking up water -Easier to chew and swallow

The glycemic index is influenced by:

-Starch structure -Fiber content -Food processing -Other macronutrients in foods, such as fat

Other sweeteners include

-Stevia -Tagatose

Lactose

-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -galactose + glucose -milk products

Maltose

-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -glucose + glucose -converted from starch from grains -beer and liquor industry

Sucrose

-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -table sugar

Glucose

-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -aka Dextrose (blood sugar) -obtained from breakdown of starches and sucrose (table sugar) -produced by liver cells -source of fuel for cells

Galactose

-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -converted to glucose in the liver (or further metabolized into glycogen) -in milk and milk products as lactose

Fructose

-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -fruit sugar -converted into glucose in the liver (the rest stored as fat) if it is consumed in high amount -found in table sugar

Benefits of low GI/GL foods include:

-contribute to weight loss -keep you feeling full longer -management of diabetes -improve body's sensitivity to insulin

Salivary Amylase

-enzyme found in the mouth -breaks starch to shorter saccharides; aids in digestion of carbohydrates

What happens if you eat too much fiber?

-extra fluid is needed -may decrease availability of some minerals -unmet energy needs in children

Amylopectin

-polysaccharide (complex carb) -a starch found in plants -digestible -highly branched polymer

Amylose

-polysaccharide (complex carb) -a starch found in plants -digestible -straight chain polymer

Equal is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______

Aspartame

Headaches, dizziness, seizures, and nausea are side effects of ________

Aspartame

The ratio of blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard, such as glucose, is known as the

Glycemic Index

______ has a structure similar to amylopectin

Glycogen

______ is stored in the liver and muscle

Glycogen

Soft drinks, candies, jam, jelly, desserts, and cookies all contain what?

High-fructose corn syrup

You should not give _____ to infants (< 1 year old)

Honey

What is a potential benefit of undigested carbs?

If fermented in the large intestine, may promote health of the colon

Aspartame has been said to promote the disease called _________

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

The disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize the amino acid, phenylalanine, into the amino acid, tyrosine, is called _________

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

________ soluble fibers can contribute to good intestinal health

Prebiotic

The types of carbs that should be limited are

Refined grains, potatoes, and sugar

Sweet 'N Low is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______

Saccharin

Fruits, salad dressings, jams and jellies are all foods that contain ______ fiber

Soluble fiber

Gum, pectin, and mucilage are all examples of _____ fiber

Soluble fiber

______ fibers swell and dissolve in water, whereas ______ fibers do not dissolve in water

Soluble; insoluble

"Made from sugar so it tastes like sugar" is the advertising slogan for ______

Splenda/Sucralose

_____ is a natural product, from a South American shrub

Stevia

Splenda is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______

Sucralose

Tiny amount of ______ is digested, and most is excreted through the feces

Sucralose

______ substitutes chlorines for hydroxyl group on sucrose

Sucralose

Sugar cane, honey, and maple syrup are all examples of _____

Sucrose (table sugar)

What is used in sugarless gum, candy, and breath mints?

Sugar alcohol

Dietary fiber is naturally found. True or false?

TRUE

Fiber is low in kcal. True or False?

TRUE

Only a minor amount of carbs escape digestion. True or False?

TRUE

Saccharin poses no potential risk in humans. True or false?

TRUE

Naturlose is an example of the sweetener called

Tagatose

_____ is an example of a prebiotic (fermented in large intestine)

Tagatose

Tagatose does or does NOT cause tooth decay?

Tagatose does NOT cause tooth decay

Complex Carbohydrates

-Polysaccharide (poly=many)

Two forms of starch in plants

Amylose and Amylopectin

_______ makes up ___% of the starch found in breads, pasta and rice

Amylose; 20%

Glycogen

-Polysaccharide (complex carb) -the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and humans

The mathematical formula for the Glycemic Load (GL) =

(glycemic index * grams of carbs)/100

Absorption of Glucose and Galactose

-Active absorption -Energy is expended -Pumped along with sodium

Other Types of Sweeteners

-Brown sugar -Turbinado sugar (raw sugar) -Maple syrup -Honey -Sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol)

Polysaccharides

-Complex carbs -Starch, fiber, glycogen

Absorption of Fructose

-Facilitated absorption using a carrier -No energy expended

High Glycemic Load leads to

-Large release of insulin -increase in blood triglyceride level -Increase in LDL -Increase in fat deposits -Increase in fat synthesis -Rapid return of hunger

Enzymes Released by Absorptive Cells

-Maltase -Sucrase -Lactase

Types of sweetners

-Nutritive sweeteners -Alternative sweeteners

What components make up Aspartame?

-Phenylalanine -Aspartic acid -Methanol

Dietary Fiber

-Polysaccharide (complex carb) -NOT digestible -insoluble fiber and soluble fiber

The 4 Beneficial Effects of Fiber

1.) Insoluble fiber prevents constipation 2.) Weight control 3.) Glucose absorption 4.) Lowers cholesterol LOOK IN NOTES FOR MORE DETAILS

Tagatose yields ___ kcal per gram

1.5 kcal/g

Stevia is ____-_____x sweeter than sucrose

100-300x

RDA of carbohydrates is ____grams per day for adults

130g/day

Average U.S. intake of fiber is __g/day for women and __g/day for men

14g/day for women; 17g/day for men

Saccharin is _____-_____x sweeter than sucrose

180-200x

Average U.S. intake of carbohydrates is ____-____g/day

180-330g/day

What years was Acesulfame-K FDA approved?

1988

What year was Neotame FDA approved?

2002

What year was Stevia FDA approved?

2008

Acesulfame-K is ____x sweeter than sucrose

200x

A.I. of fiber for women is ___grams per day

25g/day

Tagatose has ___% less calories than sucrose

38% less calories

A.I. of fiber for men is ___grams per day

38g/day

Aspartame yields __ kcal/g

4 kcal/g

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends carbohydrates to make up ___-___% of total calories

45-65%

Glycemic index is based on ___g weight of food

50g

Acceptable daily intake of aspartame is ___mg per kg of body weight

50mg/kg of body weight

High-fructose corn syrup is made of ___% fructose

55% fructose

Sucralose is _____x sweeter than sucrose

600x

Too much fiber is anything over ___ grams per day

60g/day

Neotame is ____-_____x sweeter than sucrose

7,000-13,000x

_______ is digested more rapidly and raises blood glucose much more rapidly than _______

Amylopectin; amylose

Glucose is also known as ______

Dextrose (blood sugar)

Acesulfame-K is digested by the body. True or False?

FALSE; Acesulfame-K is NOT digested by the body

Sucralose is a natural product. True or false?

FALSE; Sucralose is NOT a natural product

Tagatose is not FDA approved. True or false?

FALSE; Tagatose IS FDA approved

The types of carbs that should be focused on are

Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Fiber added to food is also known as:

Functional/fortified fiber

_____ has nearly the same structure as glucose

Galactose

______ is converted into glucose in the ____, or further metabolized into glycogen

Galactose; liver

Dr Miller is credited with the:

Glycemic Index

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are all examples of ______ fiber

Insoluble fiber

Wheat bran, whole-grain cereals, flaxseed, celery, and carrots are all foods that contain ______ fiber

Insoluble fiber

Enzymes released by the pancreas

Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase

_____ is mixed with yeast, which converts sugars to alcohol and CO2. This is also known as _______.

Maltose; fermentation

Simple Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides; Disaccharides

After Absorption of Carbs

NOTES

Beneficial Effects of Fiber

NOTES

Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Mouth

NOTES

Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Small Intestine

NOTES

Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Stomach

NOTES

Functions of Carbohydrates

NOTES

______ has a similar structure to Aspartame, but is safe for PKU

Neotame