NTRI - Chapter 4 - Carbohydrates
Nutritive sweeteners provide _______
calories
Alternative sweeteners provide no ______ and have a much _____ per gram basis
calories; sweeter
High-fructose corn syrup is ______ than sucrose, and does not form _______
cheaper; crystals
Too little fiber = _______
constipation
High-fructose corn syrup is made by mixing ______ with _____ and _______
cornstarch; acid; enzymes
Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption; helpful in the treatment of ______
diabetes
Amylose and amylopectin are _______
digestible
Dietary fibers are NOT ______
digestible
Sugar alcohols contribute ____ calories than sugar at ~___ kcal/gram
fewer; ~2.6 kcal/g
Tagatose is an altered form of _____
fructose
Glucose is source of ____ for cells
fuel
The bulk of fiber makes you feel _____ faster
full faster
In people with diabetes, ____ production in the _____ is uncontrollable
glucose; liver
Acesulfame-K is heat _____
heat stable
Neotame is heat ______
heat stable
Stevia is heat _____
heat stable
Sucralose is heat _______
heat stable
Tagatose is heat _____
heat stable
Aspartame is heat _______
heat unstable
Baked potatoes is an example of a ____ glycemic index food (reference food glucose=100)
high glycemic index
A high glycemic load can lead to a development of
insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes
Undigested carbs travel to the _____ intestine and are _______ by the bacteria
large intestine; fermented
Excess consumption of sugar alcohols may have a _______ effect
laxative
Carbs are carried through portal vein to the ____
liver
Glucose is produced by the _____
liver
Stored glycogen in the _____ breaks down, contributing to _____ _______
liver; blood glucose
Soluble fiber ______ cholesterol
lowers cholesterol
Sugar alcohols are absorbed and metabolized _____
slower
Low GI/GL foods lead to a _____ rise in blood glucose levels after a meal
smaller
Dietary fiber comes in two forms called ______ and _____
soluble; insoluble
Benchmark of sweetness is _______
sucrose
Phenylalanine is _____ and buildup in the body leads to ______ ________
toxic; mental retardation
Sugar Substitutes/Artificial Sweeteners
-Saccharin -Aspartame -Sucralose -Neotame -Acesulfame-K
Monosaccharide
-Simple sugar unit -Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide
-Simple sugars -Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Effects of cooking carbohydrates
-Softens fibrous tissue -Starch granules swell, soaking up water -Easier to chew and swallow
The glycemic index is influenced by:
-Starch structure -Fiber content -Food processing -Other macronutrients in foods, such as fat
Other sweeteners include
-Stevia -Tagatose
Lactose
-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -galactose + glucose -milk products
Maltose
-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -glucose + glucose -converted from starch from grains -beer and liquor industry
Sucrose
-a disaccharide (simple sugar) -table sugar
Glucose
-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -aka Dextrose (blood sugar) -obtained from breakdown of starches and sucrose (table sugar) -produced by liver cells -source of fuel for cells
Galactose
-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -converted to glucose in the liver (or further metabolized into glycogen) -in milk and milk products as lactose
Fructose
-a monosaccharide (simple sugar) -fruit sugar -converted into glucose in the liver (the rest stored as fat) if it is consumed in high amount -found in table sugar
Benefits of low GI/GL foods include:
-contribute to weight loss -keep you feeling full longer -management of diabetes -improve body's sensitivity to insulin
Salivary Amylase
-enzyme found in the mouth -breaks starch to shorter saccharides; aids in digestion of carbohydrates
What happens if you eat too much fiber?
-extra fluid is needed -may decrease availability of some minerals -unmet energy needs in children
Amylopectin
-polysaccharide (complex carb) -a starch found in plants -digestible -highly branched polymer
Amylose
-polysaccharide (complex carb) -a starch found in plants -digestible -straight chain polymer
Equal is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______
Aspartame
Headaches, dizziness, seizures, and nausea are side effects of ________
Aspartame
The ratio of blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard, such as glucose, is known as the
Glycemic Index
______ has a structure similar to amylopectin
Glycogen
______ is stored in the liver and muscle
Glycogen
Soft drinks, candies, jam, jelly, desserts, and cookies all contain what?
High-fructose corn syrup
You should not give _____ to infants (< 1 year old)
Honey
What is a potential benefit of undigested carbs?
If fermented in the large intestine, may promote health of the colon
Aspartame has been said to promote the disease called _________
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
The disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize the amino acid, phenylalanine, into the amino acid, tyrosine, is called _________
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
________ soluble fibers can contribute to good intestinal health
Prebiotic
The types of carbs that should be limited are
Refined grains, potatoes, and sugar
Sweet 'N Low is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______
Saccharin
Fruits, salad dressings, jams and jellies are all foods that contain ______ fiber
Soluble fiber
Gum, pectin, and mucilage are all examples of _____ fiber
Soluble fiber
______ fibers swell and dissolve in water, whereas ______ fibers do not dissolve in water
Soluble; insoluble
"Made from sugar so it tastes like sugar" is the advertising slogan for ______
Splenda/Sucralose
_____ is a natural product, from a South American shrub
Stevia
Splenda is an example of the artificial sweetener called ______
Sucralose
Tiny amount of ______ is digested, and most is excreted through the feces
Sucralose
______ substitutes chlorines for hydroxyl group on sucrose
Sucralose
Sugar cane, honey, and maple syrup are all examples of _____
Sucrose (table sugar)
What is used in sugarless gum, candy, and breath mints?
Sugar alcohol
Dietary fiber is naturally found. True or false?
TRUE
Fiber is low in kcal. True or False?
TRUE
Only a minor amount of carbs escape digestion. True or False?
TRUE
Saccharin poses no potential risk in humans. True or false?
TRUE
Naturlose is an example of the sweetener called
Tagatose
_____ is an example of a prebiotic (fermented in large intestine)
Tagatose
Tagatose does or does NOT cause tooth decay?
Tagatose does NOT cause tooth decay
Complex Carbohydrates
-Polysaccharide (poly=many)
Two forms of starch in plants
Amylose and Amylopectin
_______ makes up ___% of the starch found in breads, pasta and rice
Amylose; 20%
Glycogen
-Polysaccharide (complex carb) -the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and humans
The mathematical formula for the Glycemic Load (GL) =
(glycemic index * grams of carbs)/100
Absorption of Glucose and Galactose
-Active absorption -Energy is expended -Pumped along with sodium
Other Types of Sweeteners
-Brown sugar -Turbinado sugar (raw sugar) -Maple syrup -Honey -Sugar alcohols (sorbitol, xylitol)
Polysaccharides
-Complex carbs -Starch, fiber, glycogen
Absorption of Fructose
-Facilitated absorption using a carrier -No energy expended
High Glycemic Load leads to
-Large release of insulin -increase in blood triglyceride level -Increase in LDL -Increase in fat deposits -Increase in fat synthesis -Rapid return of hunger
Enzymes Released by Absorptive Cells
-Maltase -Sucrase -Lactase
Types of sweetners
-Nutritive sweeteners -Alternative sweeteners
What components make up Aspartame?
-Phenylalanine -Aspartic acid -Methanol
Dietary Fiber
-Polysaccharide (complex carb) -NOT digestible -insoluble fiber and soluble fiber
The 4 Beneficial Effects of Fiber
1.) Insoluble fiber prevents constipation 2.) Weight control 3.) Glucose absorption 4.) Lowers cholesterol LOOK IN NOTES FOR MORE DETAILS
Tagatose yields ___ kcal per gram
1.5 kcal/g
Stevia is ____-_____x sweeter than sucrose
100-300x
RDA of carbohydrates is ____grams per day for adults
130g/day
Average U.S. intake of fiber is __g/day for women and __g/day for men
14g/day for women; 17g/day for men
Saccharin is _____-_____x sweeter than sucrose
180-200x
Average U.S. intake of carbohydrates is ____-____g/day
180-330g/day
What years was Acesulfame-K FDA approved?
1988
What year was Neotame FDA approved?
2002
What year was Stevia FDA approved?
2008
Acesulfame-K is ____x sweeter than sucrose
200x
A.I. of fiber for women is ___grams per day
25g/day
Tagatose has ___% less calories than sucrose
38% less calories
A.I. of fiber for men is ___grams per day
38g/day
Aspartame yields __ kcal/g
4 kcal/g
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends carbohydrates to make up ___-___% of total calories
45-65%
Glycemic index is based on ___g weight of food
50g
Acceptable daily intake of aspartame is ___mg per kg of body weight
50mg/kg of body weight
High-fructose corn syrup is made of ___% fructose
55% fructose
Sucralose is _____x sweeter than sucrose
600x
Too much fiber is anything over ___ grams per day
60g/day
Neotame is ____-_____x sweeter than sucrose
7,000-13,000x
_______ is digested more rapidly and raises blood glucose much more rapidly than _______
Amylopectin; amylose
Glucose is also known as ______
Dextrose (blood sugar)
Acesulfame-K is digested by the body. True or False?
FALSE; Acesulfame-K is NOT digested by the body
Sucralose is a natural product. True or false?
FALSE; Sucralose is NOT a natural product
Tagatose is not FDA approved. True or false?
FALSE; Tagatose IS FDA approved
The types of carbs that should be focused on are
Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Fiber added to food is also known as:
Functional/fortified fiber
_____ has nearly the same structure as glucose
Galactose
______ is converted into glucose in the ____, or further metabolized into glycogen
Galactose; liver
Dr Miller is credited with the:
Glycemic Index
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are all examples of ______ fiber
Insoluble fiber
Wheat bran, whole-grain cereals, flaxseed, celery, and carrots are all foods that contain ______ fiber
Insoluble fiber
Enzymes released by the pancreas
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase
_____ is mixed with yeast, which converts sugars to alcohol and CO2. This is also known as _______.
Maltose; fermentation
Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides; Disaccharides
After Absorption of Carbs
NOTES
Beneficial Effects of Fiber
NOTES
Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Mouth
NOTES
Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Small Intestine
NOTES
Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Stomach
NOTES
Functions of Carbohydrates
NOTES
______ has a similar structure to Aspartame, but is safe for PKU
Neotame
