NUTR Exam 3

The thermic effect of food can contribute up to ___% of the calories you use each day.

10

Most dieters can lose weight safely on an eating pattern providing approximately _____ calories per day for women and _____ calories per day for men while still meeting nutrient needs.

1200-1500 1500-1800

Water accounts for what percentage of the human body's weight?

60%

The adult Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for vitamin C is ___ mg for men and ___ mg for women.

90; 75

Which is NOT a potential benefit of surgical obesity treatment?

After surgery, people can return to their previous lifestyle and food choices and not worry about regaining the weight.

Which B vitamin is critical for cell replication and proper nerve functioning?

B12

Deficiency in the water-soluble vitamins, ___ and ___ , contribute to anemia, and a deficiency in ___ causes pellagra.

B12; Folate; Niacin

The health risks from obesity are evaluated with the ___, disease risk profile, and waist circumference

BMI

The two major drawbacks of using ___ is that it does not tell us the location of the fat and the composition of an individual's weight.

BMI

T/F B12 supplements mask a folate deficiency.

False

T/F Calcium, iron, and potassium are major minerals that are essential for the body's proper functioning.

False

T/F Risk factors for osteoporosis include older age, being of African American/black heritage, and of low body weight.

False

Which of the following foods has the highest energy density? a. Food D: weighs 600 grams and provides 1,000 calories b. Food A: weighs 38 grams and provides 300 calories c. Food E: weighs 200 grams and provides 750 calories d. Food B: weighs 40 grams and provides 250 calories e. Food C: weighs 50 grams and provides 100 calories

Food A: weighs 38 g and provides 300 calories

___ , produced in the stomach, is the hunger-stimulating hormone. Conversely, ___ is released from fat cells and helps to create the feeling of satiety and suppresses appetite.

Ghrelin; lectin

What is the main function of vitamin K?

Helps blood to clot

What evidence suggests that a highly palatable, fat-rich, and sugar-rich food supply could be contributing to excessive overeating and weight gain?

Highly palatable food causes lasting changes in the brain's reward system.

All of these are important strategies to maintain a healthy body weight: I. Set achievable and realistic goals. II. Keep a diet record. III. Stay physically active. IV. Include balance and nutrient density in diet. V. Reduce carbohydrates to 40 percent of total caloric intake.

I, II, III, IV

Which vitamin's main role is to help activate proteins that help blood clot?

K

What would you tell someone who is considering taking chromium supplements for weight loss and diabetes?

No benefit for reducing body fat with chromium supplements has been proven.

Which of these are important functions of water? a. Regulates body temperature and lubricates joints. b. Regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and maintains acid-base balance. c. Regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and acts as a universal solvent. d. All are important functions of water.

Regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and acts as a universal solvent.

Which deficiency disease is attributed to a lack of vitamin C?

Scurvy

If you eat a food that contains a large dose of thiamin and riboflavin, what will most likely happen to the thiamin and riboflavin?

They will be excreted if not used on the day they are absorbed.

Which of the following statements regarding behavior modification for weight control is true?

Thinking habits are just as important as eating habits to achieving a healthy body weight.

T/F Active forms of vitamin A that are readily absorbed in the body are only found in foods derived from animals.

True

T/F The built environment, limited physical activity, lack of access to fresh foods, and the overabundance of cheap, highly processed food contribute to obesity.

True

What is the primary food source of vitamin E for Americans?

Vegetable Oils

Which vitamin supplement is known to cause malformations of a fetus?

Vitamin A

When exposed to sunlight, the skin makes:

Vitamin D

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins were originally named tocopherol?

Vitamin E

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins works as an antioxidant?

Vitamin E

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which statement about calcium metabolism is true?

When the body needs more calcium, proteins in the intestinal lining increase its absorption.

What is a beneficial role of physical activity in weight loss?

Working out builds muscle, and lean muscle tissue burns more calories per pound than fat does

Which individual is most likely to experience osteoporosis?

a 70 year old female who smokes

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

a DEXA scan

Exercising more than 250 minutes per week, when combined with ___, promotes weight loss and may prevent regain after loss.

a lower calorie intake

Which of the following are classified as water-soluble vitamins? a. Bs, C vitamins b. A, D, E, K vitamins c. A, Bs, K, D vitamins d. A, E vitamins e. Bs, C, D, E vitamins

a. Bs, C vitamins

The equation used to calculate a person's Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. actual calorie intake. b. physical activity. c. gender. d. height and weight.

a. actual calorie intake.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to cases of rickets in the United States? a. increased physical activity in organized sports b. use of UV-blocking sunscreen c. dark skin pigmentation d. a preference for soft drinks over milk in adolescents e. increased time spent indoors

a. increased physical activity in organized sports

The use of body mass index (BMI) to predict body fatness is of most value in what population?

adults between 19 and 50

Eating French fries at the fair because they smell so good, having a dessert after a large meal, and eating a large holiday meal are examples of ___ being the primary motivator to eat.

appetite

Which statement is true of vitamin C? a. Vitamin C impedes the absorption of iron in food. b. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant. c. Vitamin C is stored in fat. d. Vitamin C is challenging to obtain from food.

b. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant.

Which statement regarding water-soluble vitamins is FALSE? a. Foods never deliver toxic doses of the water-soluble vitamins. b. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and stored in the liver. c. Some water-soluble vitamins are destroyed when exposed to light, heat, or oxygen during processing. d. Water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in the urine. e. Water-soluble vitamins easily dissolve and drain away with cooking water.

b. Water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed and stored in the liver.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of vitamin A? a. cell differentiation b. muscle contraction and nerve transmission c. immune function d. reproduction and growth

b. muscle contraction and nerve transmission

___ is the largest contributor to the calories you expend each day.

basal metabolism

When do people generally weigh the least?

before breakfast

The plant-derived precursor to vitamin A is:

beta-carotene

The proportions of muscle, bone, and fat that make up an individual's body weight is their ___

body composition

For someone with lactose intolerance, what is the best alternative source of calcium?

broccoli and rutabaga

What type of adipose tissue is abundant in hibernating animals and human infants and was recently identified in human adults?

brown adipose tissue

All of the following are functions of vitamin C EXCEPT which one? a. collagen synthesis b. boosting iron absorption c. cell differentiation d. antioxidant

c. cell differentiation

Which characteristic is LEAST likely to apply to a fat-soluble vitamin? a. toxic in excess b. dissolves in lipids c. easily absorbed and excreted in urine d. requires bile for absorption e. commonly found in foods that contain fat

c. easily absorbed and excreted in urine

Which symptom is not associated with vitamin B deficiency? a. irritability b. muscle pain c. increased appetite d. forgetfulness e. nausea

c. increased appetite

Which individual has a valid reason to take a vitamin/mineral supplement? a. someone who believes that food grown on today's soils lack nutrients b. someone who is feeling tired and wants a supplement to provide energy c. someone who is addicted to drugs or alcohol d. someone who does not like to eat vegetables e. someone who is stressed and does not get enough exercise

c. someone who is addicted to drugs or alcohol

___ is the most abundant mineral in the body.

calcium

___ and ___ are important for the infrastructure of bone.

calcium and phosphorous

The mineral ___ is responsible for the stomach's acidity.

chloride

Which nutrient is LEAST likely to play a role in bone health?

copper

What does iodine deficiency during pregnancy cause?

cretinism in newborns

Which individual urgently needs to lose weight? a. A waist circumference of 38 (male) b. BMI 25 with no risk factors c. BMI less than 25 d. BMI greater than 30

d. BMI greater than 30

The following steps will help prevent vitamin losses EXCEPT which one? a. Wash intact fruit and vegetable before cutting or peeling. b. Store milk in opaque containers. c. Refrigerate most fruits and vegetables to slow down vitamin losses. d. Cook vegetables at high temperatures to retain vitamin content.

d. Cook vegetables at high temperatures to retain vitamin content.

Which statement regarding fluid and electrolyte imbalance is FALSE? a. It is a medical emergency. b. It disrupts the heartbeat. c. It can be caused by vomiting and diarrhea. d. It will resolve without intervention. e. It can lead to death.

d. It will resolve without intervention.

All the following are characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins EXCEPT which one? a. Easily lost or destroyed in food preparation and processing. b. Easily absorbed and excreted from the body. c. Foods that supply the water-soluble vitamins must be consumed frequently. d. Overconsumption of food sources should be monitored because the vitamins can accumulate leading to toxicity.

d. Overconsumption of food sources should be monitored because the vitamins can accumulate leading to toxicity.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed similarly to fat absorption. b. They are not readily excreted and tend to build up in tissues. c. They are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. d. Toxicities are unlikely, even when taking supplements.

d. Toxicities are unlikely, even when taking supplements.

All of these statements are true EXCEPT which one? a. Fat-soluble vitamins require bile to be absorbed in the body. b. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored, and therefore overconsumption may lead to toxicity. c. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. d. Vitamins are essential, caloric nutrients that are needed in tiny amounts.

d. Vitamins are essential, caloric nutrients that are needed in tiny amounts.

Which statement about the function of water in the human body is FALSE? a. Water participates in the body's chemical reactions. b. Water acts as a lubricant around joints. c. Water cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes. d. Water is a good source of energy. e. Water aids in the maintenance of the body's temperature.

d. Water is a good source of energy.

Which individual is at an increased risk of dying in a famine, losing life to a wasting disease, and experiencing a poor outcome from surgery due to inadequate nutrient stores? a. a person who is at her ideal weight b. a person who is overweight c. a person who is a body builder d. a person who is underweight

d. a person who is underweight

All of these are important functions of iron EXCEPT _______. a. transports oxygen in the blood b. aids in enzymatic activity for energy metabolism c. prevents anemia d. acts as a buffer

d. acts as a buffer

Because body mass index (BMI) does not distinguish how much of a person's weight is fat and the distribution of that fat, BMI may not be accurate for all of these groups EXCEPT which one? a. adults older than 65 years b. athletes c. pregnant and lactating women d. children e. All these groups are correct.

d. children

All of the following are good food sources of vitamin D EXCEPT: a. fortified milk. b. tuna. c. salmon. d. citrus fruits

d. citrus fruits

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a symptom of anorexia? a. weakened heart b. kidney failure c. decreased basal metabolic rate d. high body temperature e. growth failure

d. high body temperature

Choose the situation that decreases the body's ability to make vitamin D. a. lighter skin b. young age c. living in a warmer climate d. living in the northern United States

d. living in the northern United States

Which vitamin is mismatched with its deficiency? a. vitamin C - scurvy b. niacin - pellagra c. thiamin - beriberi d. vitamin D - pernicious anemia e. vitamin K - excessive bleeding

d. vitamin D - pernicious anemia

Which food item has the highest amount of vitamin C? a. 1 ounce steak b. 1 cup yogurt c. ½ cup carrots d. ½ cup sweet red pepper e. ½ cup rice

d. ½ cup sweet red pepper

For someone who wants to reduce the amount of sodium in his or her diet, what food would you recommend avoiding?

deli meat

What type of water does NOT contain any dissolved minerals?

distilled water

A ___ is a compound that causes increased urinary water excretion.

diuretic

What is one of the major roles of calcium in the body?

essential for muscle contractions

A woman who is on a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss may have difficulty maintaining an adequate level of the B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. What characteristic of her diet would cause this?

exclusion of grains and cereals

The nutrient needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is:

fat

___ is valued in the diet because of its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in children and adults.

fluoride

To make new cells, tissues must have which vitamin?

folate

Vitamin B12 and ___ help cells multiply.

folate

Current recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes are for us to consume a variety from each category on a daily basis. What are the two vitamins that are abundant in leafy greens and citrus fruits, as well as other fruits and vegetables?

folate and vitamin C

Achieving successful weight loss and maintaining the weight loss involves ___, adopting a healthy eating pattern, and practicing a regular habit of physical activity.

following positive behavior modification techniques

What does the "energy in" side of the energy balance equation include?

food and beverage intake

___ a powerful hunger-stimulating hormone, will stimulate appetite and increase body weight and fatness.

ghrelin

Most of the iron in the body is a component of two proteins, ___ in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells.

hemoglobin

___ is the nonfood source that can produce vitamin K making a deficiency in humans unlikely.

intestinal bacteria

All the following minerals are important to bone health EXCEPT: a. phosphorus. b. calcium. c. magnesium. d. iron.

iron

What is the most likely primary source of fuel for the central nervous system after a person refrains from eating for 10 days (a prolonged fast)?

ketone bodies

Gradual weight loss is preferred to rapid weight loss because it spares:

muscle mass

Large doses of ___, a water-soluble vitamin, have been prescribed to help improve blood lipids associated with cardiovascular disease.

niacin

Dietary iron associated with plant sources is called ___ iron.

nonheme

Why does administering leptin fail to reverse the majority of obesity cases?

obese people are often resistant to the effects of leptin

The need for vitamin E rises as people consume more of what because it requires antioxidant protection by the vitamin?

polyunsaturated fat

Compounds that when consumed are converted into active vitamins are ___, also called provitamins.

precursors

What is the most likely source of glucose fuel for the central nervous system after a person has refrained from eating for one whole day (a short fast)?

protein from lean tissue

A reaction between a base and an acid produces a ___

salt

The cells direct where the salts go, which determines where the fluids flow because water follows what?

salt

Successful weight loss occurs when people believe they have ___, the ability to control their weight gain.

self efficacy

Counteracting efforts to lose weight by dieting, which theory states that the body's regulatory controls tend to maintain a particular body weight over time?

set point

What theory suggests that after weight gains or losses, the body adjusts its metabolism somewhat in the direction of restoring the original weight?

set point theory

The ___ states that the body's internal control system maintains a certain body weight for people over a certain period.

set-point theory

___ should increase their intake of vitamin C because they typically have low vitamin C blood concentrations.

smokers

The risk of dying from extreme obesity is equal to the risk of dying from what?

smoking

Hard water is high in calcium and magnesium while soft water is high in what?

sodium

What is the most abundant mineral in soft water?

sodium

Transport proteins in cell membranes maintain the proper balance of ___ (mostly outside the cells) and ___ (mostly inside the cells).

sodium; potassium

Which of the following is an appropriate behavior modification for replacing old eating and activity habits with new ones?

strengthen cues to appropriate eating and activities

To maintain energy balance, an individual's energy intake should be equal to what?

their total energy output

What is the "female athlete triad"?

three associated medical problems: low energy availability, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Fat located deep in the abdominal area, near organs is called ___ and poses more risk for disease than does fat located subcutaneous or just below the skin.

visceral fat

All the following inhibit iron absorption EXCEPT: a. nonheme form of iron. b. calcium and phosphorus. c. tea and coffee. d. vitamin C.

vitamin C

Vitamin A and ___ are fat-soluble vitamins that act like hormones.

vitamin D

You have a friend who eats a lot of highly processed foods, fast foods, and convenience foods, but does drink fortified milk. What type of deficiency is your friend at risk for developing?

vitamin E

Sodium attracts ___, causing an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure

water

Which nutrient transports, dissolves, and reacts with chemicals; provides lubrication and shock protection; and aids in temperature regulation?

water

___ is the nutrient that is most indispensable.

water

What trace mineral is essential to sperm production and taste perception, and assists in immune function?

zinc