Nutrition CH.5

Heart disease is the ________ cause of death.

#1 leading.

What three organs an/or glands produce lipase?

* salivary glands * stomach * pancreas

Choose the blood pressure readings that are considered healthy.

*120/80 *118/72 *106/68

If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce that fat content of a cookie, the food scientist will need to consider

*Changes in the texture of the food different *Changes in the flavor of the food product

Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins.

*Dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood. *Eating saturated fats and trans fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL.

What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?

*Limit consumption of fried foods *Limit consumption of pastries *Limit consumption of cookies

What are some of the diet and lifestyle recommendations from the American Heart Association?

*Limit your intake of saturated fat *Choose whole-grain foods *Be physically active

What statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?

*They are also called unsaturated fatty acids. *The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.

Fats and oils contain various mixtures of fatty acids. Which of the following food items are higher in saturated fatty acids?

*coconut oil *butter *cheeseburger

What are some risk factors for CV disease?

*high blood cholesterol *smoking *family history of CV disease *hypertension

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

*ice cream *chicken *eggs

The American Heart Association recommends consuming 2 or more servings of fatty fish each week because

*it is a valuable source of protein *is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids *provides trace elements that may provide protective effects for the CV system

Typical warning signs of a heart attack in women include

*jaw, neck, and shoulder pain * nausea and vomiting *dizziness

What are some of the warning signs of a heart attack?

*jaw, neck, shoulder pain *dizziness *chest pain *shortness of breathe

Current cholesterol-lowering medications act to

*reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver *bind to cholesterol in the GI tract

What are some examples of foods that you would recommend to a heart patient or client with cardiovascular disease who is currently consuming the average North American diet?

*salmon, tuna, mackerel *baked sweet potatoes *walnuts *whole grains

What is added to reduced-fat foods to compensate for the loss of taste of texture when fat is removed?

*sugar *salt

What are some examples of food that contain cholesterol?

*turkey *lean ground beef

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. What properties do all lipids have in common? a) liquid at room temperature b) Supply 9 calories of energy per gram c) Do not readily dissolve in water

Do not readily dissolve in water

Why is it necessary to alter baking recipes when low-fat substitutes are being used (ex: low-fat margarine as opposed to butter)

Increased water content alters texture and volume

Which of the following is the most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

Avocados are classified as

berries

Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides in the ____________.

blood vessels

When the _________ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body. a)linoleic b)cholesterol c)linolenic acid d)omega-3 fatty acids

cholesterol

sterol example

cholesterol

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both a) non-essential fatty acids b) omega-3 fatty acids c) omega-6 fatty acids d) essential fatty acids

essential fatty acids. Because we must obtain them from food in order to maintain health.

__________ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas __________ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.

essential; nonesential

True or False: There is no research to support the idea that atherosclerosis can be reversed.

false

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls are called

foam cells

A person with low HDL levels is at ______ risks of developing cardiovascular disease.

increased

High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids __________ the risk of cardiovascular disease.

increases

Which statement is true about the hydronation process?

it produces trans fats

phospholipid example

lecithin

One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

less than 40 mg/dl HDL

What is the recommendation for trans fat intake according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

limit intake, consume sparingly

fatty acid example

linoleic acid

omega-6

linoleic acid

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols are examples of

lipids

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature.

liquid

____________-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

low

A teaspoon of stick margarine has ______ trans fatty acids than a teaspoon of tub margarine.

more

When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because

more sugar has been added

______ of the fatty acids in butter are saturated. a) most b) all c) none

most

saturated fatty acid

no carbon-carbon double bonds

Fatty fish provide eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA), which are two __________ that are important for brain and heart health.

omega-3 fatty acids

Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of

omega-3 fatty acids

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been a) reduced b) oxidized

oxidized

In 2015, the FDA determined that _________ are no longer "generally recognized as safe" for use in human food products.

partially hydrogenated oils

In the listing of ingredients on a food label, the presence of __________ is an indication that a product is a source of trans fats.

partially-hydrogenated oil

Some plants contain natural cholesterol-lowering compounds called

plant sterols

__________ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

plaque

systolic blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of blood from the heart.

Phytosterols are plant chemicals that

reduce cholesterol absorption in the small intestine.

Antioxidants may be helpful for preventing because they

reduce the oxidation of LDLs

To promote heart health

select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature. a) solid b) liquid

solid

A ________ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure.

sterol

A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a a) phospholipid b) fatty acid c) sterol d) triglyceride

sterol

What is the correct notation for blood pressure measurements?

systolic/diastolic

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

Most Americans need to improve

the quality of fats they choose to consume

What two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in the blood?

trans fat and saturated fat

A(n) _________ is made up of three fatty acids attached to glycerol. a) sterol b) triglyceride c) phospholipid d) omega-3 fatty acid

triglyceride

In the small intestine, lipase breaks down ___________ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.

triglycerides

Lipids in foods and in the body are mostly in the form of a) triglycerides b) phospholipids c) sterols

triglycerides

True or False: Much of the energy our body uses at rest and during low-intensity exercise (or light activity) comes from fatty acids.

true

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

An omega-3 fatty acid is a) saturated b) unsaturated

unsaturated

What is the American Heart Association's recommendation for weekly fish consumption?

2 or more servings of fatty fish

Risk for cardiovascular disease is high when total cholesterol is over _________mg/dl.

200

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ______% to _____% of kilocalories.

25 to 35%

The AHA recommends reducing trans fats and limiting saturated fat to no more than ________ of total calories.

5% to 6%

Having an HDL level above _________ mg/dl and a total cholesterol to HDL ratio below __________ is especially protective of cardiovascular disease.

60; 3:5:1

How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain? a) An acid group (COOH) and an amine group (NH2) b) An acid group (COOH) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) c) An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

What is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?

An alcohol containing three carbons; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule

cerebrovascular accident

Blood flow to parts of the brain is blocked resulting in the death of brain cells

How can you identify hidden fat in a food product?

Check the list of ingredients

True or False: Phospholipids do not contain fatty acids within their molecular structure.

False

True or False: Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells.

False. Phospholipids are an essential part of every body cell.

Oxidation of _______ contributes to the plaque formation in the development of atherosclerosis.

LDL

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

LDL contributes to the development of plaque inside the arteries.

_________ is a phospholipid and a major component of cell membranes.

Lecithin

Which type of treatment is used when only one artery is blocked?

Precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Choose a function of fat tissue.

Protect organs from injury

___________ occurs over time as heat, light, or oxygen break down the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products, resulting in undesirable flavors and ordors.

Rancidity

What is a triglyceride?

a molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

omega-3

alpha-linolenic acid

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation in order to a) decrease intake of added sugars b) decrease saturated fat intake c) decrease polyunsaturated fat intake d) decrease total fat intake

decrease saturated fat intake

Regular consumption of fatty fish provides __________ and __________, which can be slowly synthesized in the body as long as essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid is present in adequate quantities.

docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid