Nutrition Chapter 1 Notecards

How many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1,000

Name two goals of Healthy People 2020

1. Increase quality and years of healthy life. 2. Eliminate health disparities

Healthy People 2020 includes what objectives?

1. Reduce iron deficiency among females of childbearing age 2. Decrease consumption of sodium 3. Increase consumption of whole grains

Lipids are involved in what major functions of nutrients?

1. Regulating body processes 2. Providing energy 3. Promoting growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues

What statements are true about fiber?

1. Type of carbohydrate 2. Not digestible by human enzymes 3. Adds bulk to the feces

What is true about water?

1. Water helps transport waste 2. Water is a solvent and lubricant 3. Water acts as a medium for temperature and regulation.

The prefix "micro-" means?

1/1,000,ooo

Approximately ... of American children and teens are overweight

1/3

The appropriate amount of calories for protein recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences is...

10%-35%

My weight is 60 kilograms. What is my weight in pounds?

132

4 grams of protein=how many kcals?

16 kcal

1 kilogram= how many pounds?

2.2

The appropriate amount of calories for fat recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences is...

20%-35%

Carbohydrates provide the body with .. kcal per gram?

4

10 grams of carbohydrates=how many kcals?

40kcal

The appropriate amount of calories for carbohydrates recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences is...

45%-65%

5 grams of fat=how many kcals?

45kcal

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcals

There are approximately...kilocalories in one from of alcohol

7

Fewer than.. breaths per minute would indicate alcohol poisoning

8

Lipids contain ... kcal per gram

9

Chronic condition characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

Cancer

Sugars, starch, and fibers are types of the class of nutrients known as

Carbohydrates

The medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system is...disease

Cardiovascular disease

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are know as the ... group

Control

A group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia

Diabetes

Process by which foods are broken down into smaller units that can be absorbed by the small intestine

Digestion

How is binge drinking defined for a female?

Drinking four or more drinks in a row

What are some things that will help a student avoid unneeded weight gain?

Eat breakfast, exercise regularly, and choose calorie-free beverages

What can influence health behaviors?

Environment, Relationships, Advertising, and Level of Education

a substance which, when left out of a diet, leads to poor health. The body either can't produce this substance or it can't produce enough of it to meet its needs,

Essential

An excess intake of calories is usually linked to overindulgence in which of the following?

Fat, sugar, and alcoholic beverages

What is the term for the substance in plant food that is not digested by the processes that take place in human stomach or small intestine?

Fiber

How is binge drinking defined for a male?

Five or more drinks in a row

The body can derive all the essential nutrients from

Foods and beverages

Over the past few decades, Americans have increased their consumption of which food items?

Frozen vegetables, breakfast cereals, and pasta

What foods are rich in phytochemicals?

Fruits and Vegetables

What are the two main causes of obesity among Americans today?

Inadequate physical activity and Excessive calorie intake

What are external factors that may influence food choices?

Lifestyle, Food availability, and Food marketing

What does not dissolve in water?

Lipids

...is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

Metabolism

Give an example of an inorganic substance

Minerals

Name the class of nutrients that includes structurally simple, inorganic substances, which exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms.

Minerals

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

What element do proteins have that carbohydrates lack?

Nitrogen

...are substances obtained from food that are vital for growth and maintenance of the body.

Nutrients

...is a condition characterized by excess body fat

Obesity

What is the main structural material in the body?

Proteins

Which of the following are examples of electrolyte minerals?

Sodium, potassium, and chloride

T/F: A solvent is a substance (usually liquid) in which another substance is dissolved

True

Involves insufficient or no release of the hormone insulin by the pancreas and requires daily insulin therapy

Type 1 Diabetes

Results from either insufficient insulin release or the general ability for insulin to act on certain body cells and might not require insulin therapy

Type 2 Diabetes

Give an example of some water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin B-12, Vitamin C, and Vitamin B-6

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin E, Vitamin D, and Vitamin A

..are essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but participate in many chemical reactions that release energy from macronutrients

Vitamins

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

Vitamins and Minerals

The body is compromised of about 60% of what nutrient?

Water

Which non-energy-yielding nutrient acts as a solvent and lubricant, as a vehicle for transporting nutrients and waste, and as a medium for temperature regulation and chemical processes?

Water

What are the major classes of essential nutrients?

Water, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

The main function of vitamins in the body is to...

aid chemical reactions that release energy

The building blocks of proteins are called

amino acids

Hunger is influenced by

blood levels of nutrients

Give an example of an polyphenol

blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries

linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons

bond

Give an example of an indole

broccoli, cabbage, and kale

The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

calorie

...are nutrients that provide the body with a major source of calories

carbohydrates

What nutrient classes yield energy?

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

a waxy lipid found in all body cells that can only be obtained from foods of animal origin

cholesterol

A(n) .. disease is one that develops over a long period of time

chronic

Give an example of a flavonoid

citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, and chocolate

A(n) .. carbohydrate contains many glucose units

complex

Contains many glucose units

complex carbohydrates

Starch and fiber are examples of

complex carbohydrates

A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction is an...

enzyme

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

An excess protein intake above that which is used by the body is converted to fat and stored as

fat

Give a few examples of lipids

fats and oils

Which of the following are examples of complex carbohydrates?

fiber, glycogen, and starch

A(n)...provides the instructions for production of a specific body protein

gene

the main 6-carbon simple sugar found in blood

glucose

What is the term for the primarily physiological drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating?

hunger

is a chronic disease characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure

hypertension

A unit describing the energy content of food

kilocalorie

The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water 1 degree Celsius

kilocalorie

Nutrients that are needed in quantities greater than a gram are considered

macronutrients

List microgram, kilogram, centigram, and milligram in order from smallest to largest

microgram, milligram, centigram, and kilogram

Includes structurally simple, inorganic substances, which exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms

minerals

Which of the following make up a protein?

nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

Phytochemicals can be classified as ... nutrients

non-essential

Substances obtained from food that are vital for growth and maintenance of the body

nutrients

Name the science that links food and health

nutrition

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are all .. compounds

organic

What is the chronic disease characterized by decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetics, and poor diet

osteoporosis

A...is composed of many simple sugar units

polysaccharide

The body usually does not use... to meet daily calorie needs

protein

Most enzymes are made of

proteins

Chemical reactions help release the energy trapped in

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Appetite is the primarily...drive to find and eat food

psychological

One liter is nearly the same volume as one...

quart

Term used to describe the feeling of fullness after a meal

satiety

Cells in the...tell us when we are full and when we should stop eating

satiety center of the brain

Carbohydrates come in two forms:

simple sugars and complex sugars

In contrast to oils, fats are...at room temperature

solid

Give an example of a phytosterol

soybeans

Decrease or loss of blood flow to the brain is a

stroke

Eating disorders may lead to

thinning of bones, menstrual irregularities, and heart abnormalities

If daily needs are less than 100 milligrams, the mineral is classified as a... mineral

trace

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

vitamins and minerals

What helps to regulate body processes?

water, some lipids, and proteins

Cooking is most likely to destroy ... vitamins

water-soluble vitamins