nutrition chapter 3

What is reflux?

Backward flow of chyme

Untreated gastroesophageal reflux increases the risk for the more serious condition known as

Barrett's esophagus.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

What is the function of the stomach?

Mixing and storing food

Absorption refers to the process of ________

nutrients crossing the intestinal lining

Gluten is found in all but :

oats

True or False Chrohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis are forms of IBS

false

True or False IBS causes damage to your colon

false

True or False Most nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine

false

Which organ produces and secretes enzymes that hydrolyze proteins?

pancreas

t/f acid reflux occurs when acidic stomach contents pass back through the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus

false

t/f lymph transports only fat soluble nutrients. blood transports water soluble nutrients

false

t/f the cause of irritable bowel syndrome is not known, but low fiber diets, stress, consumption of irritating foods, and intestinal motility disorders are all suspected factors

false

t/f though food-borne illness can cause diarrhea, the condition can also result from an adverse reaction to stress or to certain foods, medications, or other compounds

false

true or False Salivary Amylase breaks down lipids and proteins

false

Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?

fats

Which of the following products of digestion is NOT normally released directly into the bloodstream?

fats

The chief purpose of the gallbladder is to store a substance that is required for the assimilation of dietary

fats only

Which of the following would NOT be acted upon by pancreatic juice secreted into the intestinal tract?

fiber

Caused by bacteria such as E. coli

food born illness

Bicarbonate

pancreas, small intestine; neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine

Water, small lipids, and vitamin C are absorbed through____________ in the small intestine

passive diffusion

All of the following are important enterogastrone hormones EXCEPT

pepsin

Which enzyme begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?

pepsin

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

name two enzymes that help digest protein

peptin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carbooxypeptidase

The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system is called __________.

peristalsis

food is moved through the GI tract by rhythmic muscular waves called ____

peristalsis

two involuntary stages of swallowing

pharyngeal and esophageal

Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as ____.

probiotics

What process does not happen in the mouth?

produces saliva

What is the name of the sphincter that is located between the stomach and small intestine?

pyloric sphincter

The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to

raise the ph of chyme

Which substance stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice?

secretin

____ is a hormone produced by the small intestines to stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate

secretin

_________________: Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to the small intestine; pH is raised

secretin

Where does segmentation occur?

small intestine

Excessive cholesterol buildup in the gallbladder can cause

gallstones

The organism H. pylori has been identified as one of the major causes of s

gastric uclers

Which hormone regulates the acidity of the stomach?

gastrin

Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?

gastrin

________________ Stimulates HCl production and the release of gastric enzymes

gastrin

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, a common digestive disorder, is known as __________.

gastroenteritis

Which hormone stimulates hunger?

ghrelin

Which hormone, known as the "hormone of hunger," is released when the stomach is empty?

ghrelin

the hormone that is produced in the stomach and stimulates hunger is called

ghrelin

what is starch broken down to?

glucose

In celiac disease, __________-containing foods must be avoided.

gluten

which cells of the stomach secrete mucus?

goblet cells

Not actually caused by influenza virus, but rather a variety of viruses (norovirus most commonly)

stomach flu

True or False Absorption: The process of moving nutrients from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the circulatory system

true

True or False Bile is used to emulsify fats

true

True or False Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth.

true

True or False Celiac is an autoimmune disorder that causes your villi to flatten, leading to malabsorption

true

True or False Enterogastrones are hormones that are produced and secreted by the cells lining the stomach and small intestine.

true

True or False Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatic system

true

True or False Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates

true

True or False The large intestine mainly absorbs all of these: Sodium, water, potassium, and chloride

true

True or False The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

true

True or False The small intestine is designed to promote nutrient absorption.

true

True or False Ulcers are sores or erosion in the lining of the lower region of the stomach or upper part of the duodenum

true

True or False Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular system through the hepatic portal vein to the liver

true

True or FalseIn 95-99% of cases, a Gluten-free diet is unnecessary

true

True/False: A key difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that, for active transport, energy is required to pump nutrients from low to high concentration.

true

True/False: A key difference between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that a carrier protein is required for facilitated diffusion.

true

t/f after food has been completely broken down and its nutrients absorbed in the small intestine, the remaining mass passes in to the large intestine , where water and electrolytes continue to be absorbed

true

t/f bile emulsifies fat by breaking up the large globules into smaller fat droplets

true

t/f fecal matter is about 50% bacteria, and the rest is undigested food, water, and sloughed intestinal cells

true

t/f several hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cck, and gastric inhibitory peptide, help regulate digestion

true

t/f the stomach secretes a powerful digestive acid, HCI, that is strong enough to damage the stomach lining. A think layer of mucus protects it.

true

Chronic inflammation of the colon that results in ulcers forming in the lining of the colon is known as __________.

ulcerative colitis

The food flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate is believed by some scientists to promote a unique taste sensation known as Group of answer choices

umami

People are said to be constipated when they experience Group of answer choices

more than a day without a bowel movement.

Digestion begins in the __________.

mouth

What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?

mucus

Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach?

very acidic

What is the name of the fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine?

villi

which stage of swallowing is voluntary?

buccal stage (occurs in mouth)

Which of the following nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?

calcium

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the

cardiac sphincter

water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into _____

cardiovascular system

Nancy is having difficulty digesting fatty foods. After seeing her doctor, who found no evidence of inflammation, she says that she must now see a specialist to determine why she is having trouble releasing bile from her gallbladder. What hormone is most likely functioning improperly for Nancy? Group of answer choices

cck

The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release

cck

Mastication is the act of __________.

chewing

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

___________is the semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

chyme

Inflammation of the large intestine is known as

colitis

what is the third leading cause of cancer but easily cured

colon cancer

ulcers through out the GI tract

crohns disease

A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?

diareah

When ingested in large quantities, the sugar alternative sorbitol and the fat alternative olestra are known to induce

diarrhea

The process of breaking down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

digestion

____ is defined as breaking apart food by mechanical and enzymatic means in the stomach and the small intestine.

digestion

The small intestine is divided into three sections. Which list is in the correct order?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

All of the following are common causes of heartburn EXCEPT

eating too slowly

The process by which bile acts on fat so that enzymes can attack the fat is known as ____.

emulsification

What is the function of bile?

emulsifies fats

two systems that control digestion

endocrine and nervous

Which of the following are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestion?

enzymes

_______________are proteins that drive the process of digestion.

enzymes

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?

epiglottis

what are the four tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

A bolus is conducted past the diaphragm through the

esophagus

Over-the-counter antacids are best used to treat

excessive gas

The accessory organs are: Liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, and pancreas

true

How long does the digestion process typically take depending on age, weight, diet, etc?

12-70 hrs

How many sphincters does the anus contain?

2

The usual pH of gastric juice is approximately a. 2. b. 4. c. 6. d. 7.

2

A diagnosis of constipation is made when a person's number of bowel movements per week first drops to under

3

What is the general composition of lymph?

A transparent yellowish fluid that contains no red blood cells or platelets

Upper esophageal sphincter:

Allows the bolus of food to enter the esophagus

What is a zymogen?

An inactive enzyme precursor

The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is ____.

Antibiotics

Which of the following is NOT an important issue in the treatment or management of existing ulcers?

Antibiotics are frequently administered

The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release ____.

Cholecystokinin

What substance controls the release of bile into the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?

Chyme

Inflammation of the large intestine is known as ____.

Colitis

What is the fate of any enzymes that are present in the foods we eat?

Hydrolyzed in the GI tract

What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?

Ileocecal valve

Which of the following is a main cause of ulcers?

H. pylori bacteria

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

where is lipase produced?

Pancreas and small intestine

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach

What is intestinal ischemia?

Reduced blood flow to the intestines

Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach?

Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment

Which of the following is an important function of the intestinal villi crypts?

Secretion of juices into the small intestine

A peptic ulcer resides in the

Stomach or duodenum only

What is the primary function of the rectum?

Stores waste material prior to evacuation

Which of the following conducts lymph into the vascular system?

Subclavian vein

What is meant by the term "motility" in reference to the GI tract?

The ability of the GI tract muscles to move

pepsinogen

The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach.

the shape of what on an enzyme is important

active site

Which method of absorption requires both a carrier molecule and energy to cross a cell membrane?

active transport

glucose and amino acids are absorbed by ___

active transport

enzymes made in the pancreas and small intestines work best in...

alkaline conditions

proteins are made up of subunits called

amino acids

The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is

antibiotics

The intestinal flora are comprised primarily of

bacteria

which of the following secretions chemically breaks apart foods?

bicarbonate ions

Which of the following is NOT a component of pancreatic juice?

bile

What is the main symptom of GERD?

heartburn

What vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart?

hepatic vein

The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as

homeostatis

The stomach contains _________, making it very acidic

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

In what population group are choking and vomiting most serious?

infants

itis

inflammation

A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of Group of answer choices

iron

which of the following statements about the small intestine is true?

is it primary site of both digestion and absorption

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

it carries fats away from the intesetines

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption? Group of answer choices

it kills bacteria

Which of the following is a common cause of constipation?

lack of phsyical activity

Water and salt are primarily absorbed in the...

large intestine

_____ is an enzyme that digests monoglycerides

lipase

The hepatic portal vein empties into the

liver

When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?

liver

Which accessory organ produces bile to digest fats?

liver

Which accessory organ produces bile?

liver

Which of the following body organs does not secrete digestive enzymes?

liver

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the _____.

lymphatic system

which of the following transports fat-soluble nutrients to the blood

lymphatic vessels

What is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

What is the primary cause for belching?

swallowing air

enzyme are affected by

temperature and pH

Segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts

the protective tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing is the ___

the epiglottis

Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles? Group of answer choices

the stomach

After sitting through a two-hour lecture in math, your stomach is growling. You have just learned about surface area and its role in mathematics. Your classmate points out that surface area is also an integral part of the absorption of nutrients

through the presence of the enormous number of villi and microvilli.

What is the purpose of bicarbonate ions in the digestive process?

to neutralize HCl from the stomach

The process of moving absorbed nutrients throughout the body through the circulatory and lymph systems

transport

which of the following is a function of hydrochloric acid?

triggers of conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

T/F the enzyme salivary amylase, found in saliva, begins digesting carbohydrates during chewing. As they are broken down to their simple sugars, these carbohydrates will begin to taste sweet.

true

celiac disease is caused by a reaction to gluten found in which foods

wheat, barley, and seeds