nutrition chapter 3
What is reflux?
Backward flow of chyme
Untreated gastroesophageal reflux increases the risk for the more serious condition known as
Barrett's esophagus.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
What is the function of the stomach?
Mixing and storing food
Absorption refers to the process of ________
nutrients crossing the intestinal lining
Gluten is found in all but :
oats
True or False Chrohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis are forms of IBS
false
True or False IBS causes damage to your colon
false
True or False Most nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine
false
Which organ produces and secretes enzymes that hydrolyze proteins?
pancreas
t/f acid reflux occurs when acidic stomach contents pass back through the lower esophageal sphincter into the esophagus
false
t/f lymph transports only fat soluble nutrients. blood transports water soluble nutrients
false
t/f the cause of irritable bowel syndrome is not known, but low fiber diets, stress, consumption of irritating foods, and intestinal motility disorders are all suspected factors
false
t/f though food-borne illness can cause diarrhea, the condition can also result from an adverse reaction to stress or to certain foods, medications, or other compounds
false
true or False Salivary Amylase breaks down lipids and proteins
false
Which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion?
fats
Which of the following products of digestion is NOT normally released directly into the bloodstream?
fats
The chief purpose of the gallbladder is to store a substance that is required for the assimilation of dietary
fats only
Which of the following would NOT be acted upon by pancreatic juice secreted into the intestinal tract?
fiber
Caused by bacteria such as E. coli
food born illness
Bicarbonate
pancreas, small intestine; neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine
Water, small lipids, and vitamin C are absorbed through____________ in the small intestine
passive diffusion
All of the following are important enterogastrone hormones EXCEPT
pepsin
Which enzyme begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?
pepsin
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
name two enzymes that help digest protein
peptin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carbooxypeptidase
The forward, rhythmic motion that moves food through the digestive system is called __________.
peristalsis
food is moved through the GI tract by rhythmic muscular waves called ____
peristalsis
two involuntary stages of swallowing
pharyngeal and esophageal
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as ____.
probiotics
What process does not happen in the mouth?
produces saliva
What is the name of the sphincter that is located between the stomach and small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to
raise the ph of chyme
Which substance stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice?
secretin
____ is a hormone produced by the small intestines to stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate
secretin
_________________: Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to the small intestine; pH is raised
secretin
Where does segmentation occur?
small intestine
Excessive cholesterol buildup in the gallbladder can cause
gallstones
The organism H. pylori has been identified as one of the major causes of s
gastric uclers
Which hormone regulates the acidity of the stomach?
gastrin
Which of the following regulates the pH of the stomach?
gastrin
________________ Stimulates HCl production and the release of gastric enzymes
gastrin
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, a common digestive disorder, is known as __________.
gastroenteritis
Which hormone stimulates hunger?
ghrelin
Which hormone, known as the "hormone of hunger," is released when the stomach is empty?
ghrelin
the hormone that is produced in the stomach and stimulates hunger is called
ghrelin
what is starch broken down to?
glucose
In celiac disease, __________-containing foods must be avoided.
gluten
which cells of the stomach secrete mucus?
goblet cells
Not actually caused by influenza virus, but rather a variety of viruses (norovirus most commonly)
stomach flu
True or False Absorption: The process of moving nutrients from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the circulatory system
true
True or False Bile is used to emulsify fats
true
True or False Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth.
true
True or False Celiac is an autoimmune disorder that causes your villi to flatten, leading to malabsorption
true
True or False Enterogastrones are hormones that are produced and secreted by the cells lining the stomach and small intestine.
true
True or False Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatic system
true
True or False Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates
true
True or False The large intestine mainly absorbs all of these: Sodium, water, potassium, and chloride
true
True or False The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions
true
True or False The small intestine is designed to promote nutrient absorption.
true
True or False Ulcers are sores or erosion in the lining of the lower region of the stomach or upper part of the duodenum
true
True or False Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular system through the hepatic portal vein to the liver
true
True or FalseIn 95-99% of cases, a Gluten-free diet is unnecessary
true
True/False: A key difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that, for active transport, energy is required to pump nutrients from low to high concentration.
true
True/False: A key difference between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that a carrier protein is required for facilitated diffusion.
true
t/f after food has been completely broken down and its nutrients absorbed in the small intestine, the remaining mass passes in to the large intestine , where water and electrolytes continue to be absorbed
true
t/f bile emulsifies fat by breaking up the large globules into smaller fat droplets
true
t/f fecal matter is about 50% bacteria, and the rest is undigested food, water, and sloughed intestinal cells
true
t/f several hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cck, and gastric inhibitory peptide, help regulate digestion
true
t/f the stomach secretes a powerful digestive acid, HCI, that is strong enough to damage the stomach lining. A think layer of mucus protects it.
true
Chronic inflammation of the colon that results in ulcers forming in the lining of the colon is known as __________.
ulcerative colitis
The food flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate is believed by some scientists to promote a unique taste sensation known as Group of answer choices
umami
People are said to be constipated when they experience Group of answer choices
more than a day without a bowel movement.
Digestion begins in the __________.
mouth
What substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices?
mucus
Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach?
very acidic
What is the name of the fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine?
villi
which stage of swallowing is voluntary?
buccal stage (occurs in mouth)
Which of the following nutrients requires the least amount of digestion?
calcium
The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the
cardiac sphincter
water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into _____
cardiovascular system
Nancy is having difficulty digesting fatty foods. After seeing her doctor, who found no evidence of inflammation, she says that she must now see a specialist to determine why she is having trouble releasing bile from her gallbladder. What hormone is most likely functioning improperly for Nancy? Group of answer choices
cck
The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release
cck
Mastication is the act of __________.
chewing
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
___________is the semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
chyme
Inflammation of the large intestine is known as
colitis
what is the third leading cause of cancer but easily cured
colon cancer
ulcers through out the GI tract
crohns disease
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
diareah
When ingested in large quantities, the sugar alternative sorbitol and the fat alternative olestra are known to induce
diarrhea
The process of breaking down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall
digestion
____ is defined as breaking apart food by mechanical and enzymatic means in the stomach and the small intestine.
digestion
The small intestine is divided into three sections. Which list is in the correct order?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
All of the following are common causes of heartburn EXCEPT
eating too slowly
The process by which bile acts on fat so that enzymes can attack the fat is known as ____.
emulsification
What is the function of bile?
emulsifies fats
two systems that control digestion
endocrine and nervous
Which of the following are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestion?
enzymes
_______________are proteins that drive the process of digestion.
enzymes
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
epiglottis
what are the four tissue types?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
A bolus is conducted past the diaphragm through the
esophagus
Over-the-counter antacids are best used to treat
excessive gas
The accessory organs are: Liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, and pancreas
true
How long does the digestion process typically take depending on age, weight, diet, etc?
12-70 hrs
How many sphincters does the anus contain?
2
The usual pH of gastric juice is approximately a. 2. b. 4. c. 6. d. 7.
2
A diagnosis of constipation is made when a person's number of bowel movements per week first drops to under
3
What is the general composition of lymph?
A transparent yellowish fluid that contains no red blood cells or platelets
Upper esophageal sphincter:
Allows the bolus of food to enter the esophagus
What is a zymogen?
An inactive enzyme precursor
The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is ____.
Antibiotics
Which of the following is NOT an important issue in the treatment or management of existing ulcers?
Antibiotics are frequently administered
The presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release ____.
Cholecystokinin
What substance controls the release of bile into the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Chyme
Inflammation of the large intestine is known as ____.
Colitis
What is the fate of any enzymes that are present in the foods we eat?
Hydrolyzed in the GI tract
What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
Which of the following is a main cause of ulcers?
H. pylori bacteria
Peristalsis
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
where is lipase produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?
Prevents the contents of the small intestine from backing up into the stomach
What is intestinal ischemia?
Reduced blood flow to the intestines
Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach?
Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment
Which of the following is an important function of the intestinal villi crypts?
Secretion of juices into the small intestine
A peptic ulcer resides in the
Stomach or duodenum only
What is the primary function of the rectum?
Stores waste material prior to evacuation
Which of the following conducts lymph into the vascular system?
Subclavian vein
What is meant by the term "motility" in reference to the GI tract?
The ability of the GI tract muscles to move
pepsinogen
The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach.
the shape of what on an enzyme is important
active site
Which method of absorption requires both a carrier molecule and energy to cross a cell membrane?
active transport
glucose and amino acids are absorbed by ___
active transport
enzymes made in the pancreas and small intestines work best in...
alkaline conditions
proteins are made up of subunits called
amino acids
The primary treatment for ulcer caused by the presence of H. pylori is
antibiotics
The intestinal flora are comprised primarily of
bacteria
which of the following secretions chemically breaks apart foods?
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following is NOT a component of pancreatic juice?
bile
What is the main symptom of GERD?
heartburn
What vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart?
hepatic vein
The maintenance of the body's constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as
homeostatis
The stomach contains _________, making it very acidic
hydrochloric acid (HCI)
In what population group are choking and vomiting most serious?
infants
itis
inflammation
A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of Group of answer choices
iron
which of the following statements about the small intestine is true?
is it primary site of both digestion and absorption
Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?
it carries fats away from the intesetines
Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption? Group of answer choices
it kills bacteria
Which of the following is a common cause of constipation?
lack of phsyical activity
Water and salt are primarily absorbed in the...
large intestine
_____ is an enzyme that digests monoglycerides
lipase
The hepatic portal vein empties into the
liver
When nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them?
liver
Which accessory organ produces bile to digest fats?
liver
Which accessory organ produces bile?
liver
Which of the following body organs does not secrete digestive enzymes?
liver
Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the _____.
lymphatic system
which of the following transports fat-soluble nutrients to the blood
lymphatic vessels
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What is the primary cause for belching?
swallowing air
enzyme are affected by
temperature and pH
Segmentation
the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts
the protective tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing is the ___
the epiglottis
Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles? Group of answer choices
the stomach
After sitting through a two-hour lecture in math, your stomach is growling. You have just learned about surface area and its role in mathematics. Your classmate points out that surface area is also an integral part of the absorption of nutrients
through the presence of the enormous number of villi and microvilli.
What is the purpose of bicarbonate ions in the digestive process?
to neutralize HCl from the stomach
The process of moving absorbed nutrients throughout the body through the circulatory and lymph systems
transport
which of the following is a function of hydrochloric acid?
triggers of conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
T/F the enzyme salivary amylase, found in saliva, begins digesting carbohydrates during chewing. As they are broken down to their simple sugars, these carbohydrates will begin to taste sweet.
true
celiac disease is caused by a reaction to gluten found in which foods
wheat, barley, and seeds
