Nutrition Chapter 5

Stroke

Occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die.

Hydrophillic

Part of a molecule that attracts water.

Hydrophobic

Part of a molecule that avoids water and attracts lipids.

Steatorrhea

Presence of lipid in the stool.

Enterohepatic Circulation

Process that recycles bile salts in the body.

Sterols

Type of lipid that has a more chemically complex structure than triglycerides and phospholipids.

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Have 14 to 24 carbons.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Have 2 to 4 carbons

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Have 6 to 13 carbons

Hydrocarbon Chain

A chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Prostaglandins

A class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body.

Lipids

A class of nutrients that do not dissolve in water.

Bile Salts

A component of bile. aid in lipid digestion.

Arteriosclerosis

A condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility.

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack; occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart and muscle and the muscle dies.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that has each carbon atom within the chain filled with hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that is missing hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds within the carbon chain.

Homocysteinuria

A group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels.

Eicosanoids

A group of long-chain fatty acids with hormone-like functions; there are three classes: thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase.

Secretin

A hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile, and the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice (neutralizes stomach acid).

Fatty Acid

A hydrocarbon chain founds in lipids; one end of the chain forms a carboxylic acid, and one end forms a methyl group.

Cholesterol

A lipid found in animal foods; precursors for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D.

Triglyceride

A lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

A lipoprotein made in the liver; carries much of the triglycerides in the bloodstream.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A lipoprotein that carries cholesterol into tissues.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver, where it can be eliminated.

Atherosclerosis

A long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol that forms the 'backbone' of fatty acids.

Embolus

A thrombus or part of a plague that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream. Can create same serious consequences as a stationary thrombus.

Phospholipids

A type of lipid needed to take cell membranes and for proper functioning of nerve cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that has one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains phosphorus.

Chylomicron

A type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract.

Choline

A water-soluble vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin.

Homocysteine

An amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Carboxylic Acid

An organic molecule with a carboxyl (-COOH) group.

Stanols

Chemicals found in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids.

Thrombus

Fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow.

Gallstones

Hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

Lipases

Enzymes that break down lipids.

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA)

Fatty acid that has one double bond within the carbon chain.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)

Fatty acid that has two or more double bonds within the carbon chain.

Fat Malabsorption

Impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, fatty stools, and rapid weight loss.

Cholecystectomy

Surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder.

Pancreatic Lipase

The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

Omega (Methyl) End

The end of a fatty acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group.

Partial Hydrogenation

The food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats.

Gaucher Disease

The most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism.

Fatty Acids are identified by:

The number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

Lipids include:

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one trans double bond..

Lipoproteins

Water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream.

Micelle

Water-soluble, spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices.