Nutrition Chapter 5(definitions) and questions.

Glucotose and Fructose and Galactose contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration of :

1 Carbon 2 Hydrogen: 1 oxygen

________________ ______________ are sugars added to foods during processing or preparation.

Added sugars

_____________ __________________ are substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories:

Alternative Sweetners

__________________- is a branched chain of glucose molecules

Amylopectin

______________ is a linear chain of glucose molecules

Amylose

Chemical FOrmula for Glucose is:

C6H12O6

___________________ _________________ is diabetes managment tool in which an individual tracks his or her daily carbohydrate intakes.

Carbohydrate counting

____________________ is a class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body.

Carbohydrates

__________________________ ___________________ are carbohydrates comprised of THREE of more monosaccharides bounded together.

Complex Carbohydrates

_________________ _________________ is a group of serious chronic conditions characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.

Diabetes Mellitus

_____________________ (adrenaline) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands: secreted in response to declining blood glucose levels:

Epinephrine

______________ is a monosaccharide in fruits, honey and certain veggies "levulose" or "fruit sugar"

Fructose

_______________________- is a monosaccharide that is a component of lactose.

Galactose

___________________ diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops in some pregnant women; usually during the 24th week of pregnancy

Gestational Diabetes

__________________ is a hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

________________ is a disaccharide composed of a glucose and a glactose molecule. " milk sugar"

Lactose

______________ is an enzyme that splits maltose molecules.

Maltase

________________ ______________ are a group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar.

Nonnutritive Sweeteners

List two general categories of carbhodyrates?

Simple Carbohydrates and Complex Carbohydrates

Absorbtion of monosaccharides occurs almost exclusively in the ____________ ___________.

Small intestine

____________________ is a nondigestible oligosaccharide made of FOUR monosaccharides.

Stachyose

_________________ is a storage polysaccharide in plants composed of amylose and amylopectin.

Starch

_____________ is an enzyme that splits sucrose moleccules:

Sucrase

_______________ ______________ are alternative sweeteners used to replace sucrose in some sugar free foods, sorbital, xylitol and mnnitol.

Sugar Alcohols

A _______________ is a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health probelm.

Syndrome

What do plants need in order to make carbohydrates?

THe suns energy (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water)

_____________ __________ Diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancrease. As a result, insulin must be supplied to the affected person regularly through exogenous sources.

Type I Diabetes

____________ ____________ Diabetes is the most common type of diabetes: beta cells of the pancrease produce insulin, but the hormones target cells are insulin resistant: leading to elevated blood glucose levels:

Type II diabetes:

Glucose is also called ______________

dextrosse (blood sugar)

A __________________ is a simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked (bonded) together.

disaccharide

___________ ___________________ is a form of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water: Includes: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Ligin:

insoluble Fibers

________________________ ________________ are substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods.

Nutritive sweeteners

__________________ are carbohydrates comprised of THREE to TEN or more monosaccharides bonded together.

Oligosaccharides

________________ _______________ is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules.

Pancreatic Amylase

__________________ are carbohydrates comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together.

Polysaccharides

What is the FDA definition of a food product labeled "whole grain"

Products that are made from ground, cracked or flaked ceral grains. Only if they contain the starch endosperm, oily germ, and fiber rich bran seed components.

__________________ is a nondigestible oligosaccharide made of three monosaccharides.

Raffinose

What are the two types of Oligosaccharides in food?

Raffinose Stachyose

____________ ________________ is low blood glucose that occurs within 4 hours of eating:

Reactive Hypoglycemia

__________________ ________________ are starches found in seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some fruits and veggies that resist digestion and are not broken down in the GI tract.

Resistant Starches.

List the primary sources of added sugars in the typical American Diet?

Soft Drinks, Cookies, CHips, and many other processed snacks.

Identify atleast two food sources of soluble fiber and two sources of insoluble fiber:

Soluble FIber = Apples, Bananas, fruits, carrots Insoluble Fiber = whole grain, wheat bran

WHat are the two types of dietary fiber?

Soluble Fiber Insoluble Fiber

________________ _______________ is a form of dietary fiber that dissolves or swell in water. Includes: Pectin, Gums, Mucilages and some Hemicelluloses

Soluble Fibers

Soluble fiber is also known as the ______________ ______________. because it usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is rapidly fermented by bacterial action.

Viscous fiber

what is the difference between a nutritive sweetener and a non nutritive sweetener?

look at definitions.

________________ IS A disaccharide composed of a glucose and fructose molecule " table sugar"

sucrose

__________________ fiber (FIBER) is a nondigestible plant material, most types are polysaccharide? Are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that cant be digested by humans.

Dietary Fiber

_________________ is the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells.

Glucose

____________________ is a monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells. "dextrose" or " blood sugar"

Glucose

List The Chemical Names for blood sugar, table sugar, milk sugar, and malt sugar:

Glucose = Blood Sugar ( monosaccharide) Sucrose = Table Sugar Lactose = Milk Sugar Maltose = Malt Sugar

The Three most important dietary monosaccharides are:

Glucose, Fructose, and glactose:

__________________ _______________ is a tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food.

Glycemia Index

___________ ___________ is a tool to measure the body's insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food : similar to Glycemia Index, but also factors in a typical serving size of food.

Glycemic Load

Muscle and Liver are the major sites of?

Glycogen

___________________ is highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals.

Glycogen

_________________________ __________________ _____________ ______________ is syrup obtained from the processing of corn.

High Fructose Corn Syrup ( HFCS)

_____________________ is a abnormally elevated blood glucose levels.

Hyperglycemia

_____________________ is a condition in which the pancreas releases an excessive aount of insulin, over time, the condition may contribute to the development of type 2 diabets:

Hyperinsulinemia

___________________ is a condition that occurs when blood glucose levels are too low:

Hypoglycemia

_____________________ is a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that helps regulates blood glucose levels.

Insulin

________________ ______________ are chemicals formed from the incomplete break down of fats. (excessive amounts of ketones)

Ketone bodies

_______________ is a condition in which ketone bodies accumulate in the blood and can result in loss of consciousness and death in severe cases.

Ketosis

_______________ is an enzyme that spliits lactose molecules:

Lactase

________________- ______________ is the inablility to digest lactose properly because of a deficiency in the enzyme lactase:

Lactose Intolerance

________________ is a process by which triglycerides (fats) are broken down and glycerol and fatty acids are relased into the bloodstream.

Lipolysis

____________________ is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules "malt sugar"

Maltose

Name The Monosacccharides that comprise each molecule of maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

Maltose (milk sugar) = two glucose molecules bound together Lactose (milk Sugar) = Galactose molecule binds to Glucose molecule. Sucrose (Table Sugar) = One glucose and One fructose

Examples of Disaccharides are

Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose

_____________ ______________ is a condition that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD:

Metabolic Syndrome

_________________________ is a simple sugar that is the basic molecule of a carbohydrate.

Monosacchardie Mono = one Saccharide = sugar

Classifying Diabetes Millitus: ______________ mg/dL = Normal _______________ mg/dL = Pre Diabetes _____________ mg/dL = diabetes

70-99 100-125 126 or more