Nutrition Exam 2

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If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be

Converted into fat and stored

Lecithin is a type of

Phospholipid

Which of the following statements describes lactic acid

Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions

In an incomplete protein, the is the essential amino acid found in the lowest amounts in the food source

Limiting amino acid

Every amino acid has in its chemical structure

Nitrogen

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins

Trypsin

Which types of diabetes is most common in the US

Type 2

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Walnut oil

In the body, lipids

provide insulation against cold temperatures

Which of the following statements is true

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega 3 fatty acids

The body uses proteins to make

Certain hormones

Which of the following statements is true

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream

Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as

Chemical pathways

Bile is made in the liver from___ . The bile is then stored in the ____ until needed.

Cholesterol; gallbladder

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, duncan's body forms more than normal

Ketone bodies

Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

Legumes (black beans)

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is

adipose cell triglycerides

The citric acid cycle is a process

aerobic

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles

mitochondria

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins would impair the ability of cells in the body to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA

niacin

Is a component of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

vitamin b-6

Which of the following foods is a rich source of saturated fat and cholesterol

whole milk

A amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions

Conditionally essential

A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during

Aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell

in the stomach, participate in the chemical digestion of protein

Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Florencia is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise % of her total energy intake

10-35

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid

Alpha linolenic acid

Involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

Anabolism

A remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed

Carbon skeleton

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids

Avocado

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called

Coenzymes

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose through a/an reaction

Condensation

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cells

DNA

Pancreatic amylase

Digests starch in the small intestine

Which of the following statements is true

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Exercising daily

Contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons

FAD

Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide

Fructose

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

Fructose

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits

Glucagon

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called

Gluconeogenesis

In the human interstitial tract, cooked rice is broken down into molecules that can be absorbed.

Glucose

Nervous system cells burn mostly for energy

Glucose

Insulin

Helps glucose enter cells

According to shawn's physician, shawn has a high risk of because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl

Metabolic syndrome

Raffinose is an example of an

Oligosaccharide

When he prepares food, Nick wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he select?

Olive oil

Which of the following statements describes pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid

Polysaccharides

Which of the following statements is true

Protein energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding

Leanora has poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Which of the following is a sign that leonoras body is in the potentially life threatening condition ketoacidosis

all the choices

Is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria

beta oxidation

the liver uses cholesterol to make

bile

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with abnormal blood urea nitrogen

colon cancer

Is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function

denaturation

Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules

electron chain transport

Maggie was a subject in a clinical study that was designed to determine the effects of certain diets on health. While participating in the study, she was given a synthetic formula diet that provides vitamins, minerals, egg protein, purified water, and potato starch. Within a few weeks, Maggie's hair began to fall out and she developed patches of scaly skin on her arms and legs. Which of the following substances should be added to her formula to treat her nutritional deficiency?

essential fatty acid

If you were to mix oil and water, the two substances would not form a solution. Rather, the water would rise to the top of the oil and form small globules

false, oil rises and forms top layer

Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein composed of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique manner.

false, quaternary structure

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the stomach.

false, small intestine

Final digestion of proteins occurs in the absorptive cells of the large intestine.

false, stomach to small intestine

Most lipids have in their chemical structures

fatty acids

which of the following characteristics is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)

increasing age

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a process

irreversible

A chylomicron is a type of

lipoprotein

the enzyme is found in the walls of capillaries. The enzyme breaks down triglycerides found in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol

lipoprotein lipase

Which of the following organs is key to the enterohepatic circulation of bile

liver

the ___ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans

liver

Sarah has not had anything to eat or drink for 12 hours. Which of the following is/are a source of stored energy that can be used to replenish blood glucose levels?

liver and muscle glycogen

Each of the following is a characteristic of a ketogenic diet except

low in fat

Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of

pyruvate

Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ___ form

quaternary

Lucia follows an exclusively plant-based diet. To meet her protein needs, you recommend that Lucia consumes protein dishes containing complementary proteins. Hummus on whole-grain pita bread is an example of a complementary protein dish.

true

Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and, as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption

true

Plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

true

Plants use glucose to make fiber and starch

true

Tertiary structure is a protein's final three-dimensional form

true

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that

stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine

A reaction is one in which the nitrogen containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as Krebs Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid

transamination

ATP is converted into when the last high energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved

ADP

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA

Is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta oxidation

Carnitine

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of

Catabolism

A scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________

Phospholipid

Alpha linolenic acid is a precursor for ,important for eicosanoid synthesis

Docosahexaenoic acid

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

Glycogen

Is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules

Glycogenolysis

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways

Glycolysis

Which of the following statements about hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is false

HSL acts predominantly in liver cells

Ava is trying to add more protein to her diet. Which of the following foods would you recommend to Ava as the richest source of natural protein?

Hamburger (80% lean), 4 oz

Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid

Has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond

Compared to triglycerides molecule, an amino acid molecule

Has nitrogen in its chemical structure

Which of the following statements about low density lipoprotein (LDL) is FALSE

High levels of LDL are beneficial in lowering a person's risk for heart disease

Starch

Is composed of amylose and amylopectin

Cholesterol

Is essential to health

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a

Peptide bond

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a________ fatty acid

Polyunsaturated

Which of the following statements about resistant starches is false?

Resistant scratches are more fully broken down in the human GI tract than regular starches, NOT BROKEN DOWN IN GI TRACT

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate

Soluble fiber

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT

Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use?

Sucralose

The enzyme is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose

Sucrase

Which of the following statements is true?

Sucrose is a source of glucose

Energy is defined as

The capacity to perform work

Which of the following statements is true

The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol

VLDL

Each of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells except

Vitamins

A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a

fatty acid

A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment

true

After absorption, amino acids travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

true

Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.

true

Intestinal bacteria produce gases when they metabolize fiber.

true

Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that enter the catabolic pathways as acetyl CoA.

true


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