Nutrition Exam 2
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
Converted into fat and stored
Lecithin is a type of
Phospholipid
Which of the following statements describes lactic acid
Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions
In an incomplete protein, the is the essential amino acid found in the lowest amounts in the food source
Limiting amino acid
Every amino acid has in its chemical structure
Nitrogen
Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins
Trypsin
Which types of diabetes is most common in the US
Type 2
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Walnut oil
In the body, lipids
provide insulation against cold temperatures
Which of the following statements is true
Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega 3 fatty acids
The body uses proteins to make
Certain hormones
Which of the following statements is true
Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream
Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as
Chemical pathways
Bile is made in the liver from___ . The bile is then stored in the ____ until needed.
Cholesterol; gallbladder
Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, duncan's body forms more than normal
Ketone bodies
Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?
Legumes (black beans)
The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is
adipose cell triglycerides
The citric acid cycle is a process
aerobic
ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles
mitochondria
A deficiency of which of the following vitamins would impair the ability of cells in the body to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA
niacin
Is a component of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
vitamin b-6
Which of the following foods is a rich source of saturated fat and cholesterol
whole milk
A amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions
Conditionally essential
A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during
Aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell
in the stomach, participate in the chemical digestion of protein
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Florencia is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise % of her total energy intake
10-35
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid
Alpha linolenic acid
Involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism
A remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed
Carbon skeleton
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids
Avocado
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called
Coenzymes
Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose through a/an reaction
Condensation
Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cells
DNA
Pancreatic amylase
Digests starch in the small intestine
Which of the following statements is true
Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes
According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Exercising daily
Contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons
FAD
Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide
Fructose
Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?
Fructose
Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits
Glucagon
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called
Gluconeogenesis
In the human interstitial tract, cooked rice is broken down into molecules that can be absorbed.
Glucose
Nervous system cells burn mostly for energy
Glucose
Insulin
Helps glucose enter cells
According to shawn's physician, shawn has a high risk of because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl
Metabolic syndrome
Raffinose is an example of an
Oligosaccharide
When he prepares food, Nick wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he select?
Olive oil
Which of the following statements describes pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion
Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid
Polysaccharides
Which of the following statements is true
Protein energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding
Leanora has poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Which of the following is a sign that leonoras body is in the potentially life threatening condition ketoacidosis
all the choices
Is a chemical pathway involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid and occurs in the mitochondria
beta oxidation
the liver uses cholesterol to make
bile
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with abnormal blood urea nitrogen
colon cancer
Is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function
denaturation
Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules
electron chain transport
Maggie was a subject in a clinical study that was designed to determine the effects of certain diets on health. While participating in the study, she was given a synthetic formula diet that provides vitamins, minerals, egg protein, purified water, and potato starch. Within a few weeks, Maggie's hair began to fall out and she developed patches of scaly skin on her arms and legs. Which of the following substances should be added to her formula to treat her nutritional deficiency?
essential fatty acid
If you were to mix oil and water, the two substances would not form a solution. Rather, the water would rise to the top of the oil and form small globules
false, oil rises and forms top layer
Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein composed of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique manner.
false, quaternary structure
Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the stomach.
false, small intestine
Final digestion of proteins occurs in the absorptive cells of the large intestine.
false, stomach to small intestine
Most lipids have in their chemical structures
fatty acids
which of the following characteristics is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
increasing age
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a process
irreversible
A chylomicron is a type of
lipoprotein
the enzyme is found in the walls of capillaries. The enzyme breaks down triglycerides found in chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol
lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following organs is key to the enterohepatic circulation of bile
liver
the ___ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans
liver
Sarah has not had anything to eat or drink for 12 hours. Which of the following is/are a source of stored energy that can be used to replenish blood glucose levels?
liver and muscle glycogen
Each of the following is a characteristic of a ketogenic diet except
low in fat
Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of
pyruvate
Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ___ form
quaternary
Lucia follows an exclusively plant-based diet. To meet her protein needs, you recommend that Lucia consumes protein dishes containing complementary proteins. Hummus on whole-grain pita bread is an example of a complementary protein dish.
true
Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and, as a result, plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption
true
Plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
true
Plants use glucose to make fiber and starch
true
Tertiary structure is a protein's final three-dimensional form
true
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that
stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine
A reaction is one in which the nitrogen containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as Krebs Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid
transamination
ATP is converted into when the last high energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved
ADP
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
Is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta oxidation
Carnitine
The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of
Catabolism
A scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________
Phospholipid
Alpha linolenic acid is a precursor for ,important for eicosanoid synthesis
Docosahexaenoic acid
When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as
Glycogen
Is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules
Glycogenolysis
During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways
Glycolysis
Which of the following statements about hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is false
HSL acts predominantly in liver cells
Ava is trying to add more protein to her diet. Which of the following foods would you recommend to Ava as the richest source of natural protein?
Hamburger (80% lean), 4 oz
Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid
Has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond
Compared to triglycerides molecule, an amino acid molecule
Has nitrogen in its chemical structure
Which of the following statements about low density lipoprotein (LDL) is FALSE
High levels of LDL are beneficial in lowering a person's risk for heart disease
Starch
Is composed of amylose and amylopectin
Cholesterol
Is essential to health
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a
Peptide bond
A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a________ fatty acid
Polyunsaturated
Which of the following statements about resistant starches is false?
Resistant scratches are more fully broken down in the human GI tract than regular starches, NOT BROKEN DOWN IN GI TRACT
Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate
Soluble fiber
What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber
Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water
Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT
Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals
Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her coffee with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use?
Sucralose
The enzyme is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose
Sucrase
Which of the following statements is true?
Sucrose is a source of glucose
Energy is defined as
The capacity to perform work
Which of the following statements is true
The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol
VLDL
Each of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells except
Vitamins
A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a
fatty acid
A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment
true
After absorption, amino acids travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
true
Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.
true
Intestinal bacteria produce gases when they metabolize fiber.
true
Ketogenic amino acids are amino acids that enter the catabolic pathways as acetyl CoA.
true