Nutrition Test 2 (Lecture 1, Test 2)

Epidemiological studies

Populations that consume a high-fiber diet have lower colon cancer than populations that eat a low fiber diet

Polysacharrides

Complex Starch, fiber, glycogen

National Cancer Institute:

Eat a variety of high fiber foods and a large number of fiber containing foods

Insoluble Fiber

Feces bulkier Stronger colonic muscles

Simple Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Glucose: Not commonly found in food by itself Most important: primary fuel source for brain, muscle and other cells Fructose: (Levulose or Fruit Sugar) Sweetest natural sugar found in fruits and vegetables Galactose Not commonly found in food Lactose/Milk

Complex Carbohydrates-Glycogen

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose for animals-humans Very little exists in food... not a dietary source of carbohydrate

Alternative Sweeteners- On the market today

Saccharin (Sweet-n-Low) (200 - 700) 300 x sweeter Acesulfame -K (Sunette and Sweet One) 200 x sweeter Aspartame (Equal and NutraSweet) 200 x sweeter Contains 4 kcals/1 gram Sucralose (Splenda) 600 x sweeter Neotame 7,000 to 13,000 x sweeter Truvia Derived from Stevia plant

Simple Sugars

Simple Table sugar, honey, molasses, raw sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, sorbitol, turbinado sugar, powdered sugar, fruit juice sweetener, dextrose, maltose All sugars have 4 kcals/1gram

Complex Carbohydrates-Starch

Storage form of glucose in plants Amylose: Amylopectin: Our bodies easily break them down into glucose Found in: Grains Legumes Tubers

Simple Carbohydrates: Disaccharides

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) Sugar cane and sugar beets, syrups Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) Malted drinks, candies, toasted cereals Important as substrate for yeast in beer production Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) Buttermilk, yogurt, whey sugar, milk

Alternative Sweeteners- Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

Sugar substitutes, sugar replacers, artificial sweeteners Pregnant women should talk with Dr. Follow acceptable daily intakes (ADI) Most people consume well below the ADI

Carbohydrates

A group of organic compounds made of single or multiple sugars Essential source of energy for humans and other animals Provide 4 kcal per gram Carbohydrates are found in grains (wheat, rice), vegetables, fruits, and legumes.

Soluble Fiber

Binds bile acids and reduces serum cholesterol

Simple Carbohydrates: Sugars

Monosaccharide mono= one saccharide= sugar Disaccharide di= two saccharide= sugar

Complex Carbohydrates-Fiber

Non-digestible parts of plants Consists of long polysaccharide chains Fiber passes through the body without being broken down Dietary Fiber Soluble Fiber Found inside plant cells Dissolves/swells in water Sources: Beans, oats, fruit and vegetables Non-soluble Fiber Found in cell walls (skeleton) Increase fecal bulk and speed up the passage of food through the digestive tract Good food sources: oat & wheat brans, oats, wheat, rye, barley, brown rice, seeds, legumes, fruits, & veggies.