Oceanography Ch. 1 - Combined
The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of
differing densities of the rock and mineral materials
The separation of the Earth into layers was the result of the:
differing densities of the rock and mineral materials.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a
divergent boundary
Hydrothermal Vents
divergent plate boundary
Arabs
dominated Mediterranean Sea in Middle Ages. Traded with East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Learned to use Indian Ocean monsoon winds for travel.
Water flowing out of an enclosed basin due to tides is called a/an
ebb current
Which of the following pairs doesn't belong together?
emerging shorelines; drowned beaches
John Cabot
englishman who arrived in northeast North America in 1497
The euphotic zone iss confined to the
epipelagic zone
Vikings
established temporary settlement in North America
An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as
euryhaline
Which one of the following INCREASES the salinity of seawater
evaporation of seawater
Autotrophs
evolved later. Manufacture own food supply.
All of the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the
exosphere
Christopher Columbus
financed by the Spanish to find new trade routes to Asia.
Balboa
first European explorer of the Pacific Ocean
Eratosthenes
first determination of Earth's circumerence
which gas was not abundant in earths early atmosphere
oxygen
Which ocean is the deepest on Earth?
pacific ocean
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as
parallel to and symettric about ocean ridges
Wentworth scale
particle size classification
Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the
plants lived near the poles, but land masses have drifted to current locations
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is
space
All of the following are baleen whales except
sperm whales
Radiometric age dating
spontaneous change/decay. Half-life.
The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its
standing stock
Ninety percent of people who die in hurricanes are killed by
storm surge
All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except
stromatolites
The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock
true
The deepest point in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high
true
The deepest spot in the ocean is deeper than Mount Everest is high.
true
continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
true
the origin of earths oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification
true
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are called
turbidity currents
Spring tide occurs about
twice per month
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland
A. Aleutian Islands
The percentage of biomass regulary decomposed within the euphotic zone is about
90%
Of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
The oceanic crust
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
halite
HYDRO
maganese nodules
HYDRO
metal sulfides
HYDRO
oolites
HYDRO
Atlantic Ocean
Half the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallower than the Pacific Ocean. Separates Old World from New World.
which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?
Halocline
The Physical property of the asthenosphere is best described as
Plastic
the oldest time unit?
Precambrian
The early Earth that was much larger than the present day earth was called the
Protoearth
mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
Ptolemy
The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago
True
When the Earth cooled, the layers of the earth separated based on density differences
True
Each hydrogen atom shares its single electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?
covalent bond
Which of the following landforms shows the least amoun tof erosion along US coasts?
crystalline bedrock of New England
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
deep focus earthquake
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except
deep sea trenches
Mariana Trench
deepest ocean trench at 11,022 meters
Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called
deltas
Earth is a layered sphere based on the property of
density
lysocline
depth at which carbonate begins to dissolve
The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called
desalination
Eratosthenes
determined Earth's circumference fairly accurately
The GPS system is a tool used for
determining surface location
Chlorophyll
developed by complex autotrophs that allowed use of the sun for photosynthesis.
Important marine autotrophs that have silica incoporated into their cell walls are
diatoms
If 10,000 kcal of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you except to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)
100 kcal
Great Oxidation Event
2.45 billion years ago. Increased oxygen and ozone eliminated the anaerobic food supply. Cyanobacteria adapted and thrived.
The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends
200 nautical miles from the coast
The Oceans are believed to have been formed about
4 billion years ago
The oceans are believed to have formed about
4 billion years ago.
The most widely accepted age of Earth is
4.6 billion years old.
The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number
7
Approx. what percentage of the earth is covered by oceans
71%
Approximately what percentage of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?
71%
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arc C. mountains D. oceanic trench E. volcanoes
A. hydrothermal vents
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash
A. siliceous ooze
Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?
All of the above
This wetland coastal areas occurs
All of the conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland
Reasons for the loss of coastal wetlands include all of the following except
All of these
Which of the following affect the ability of species to capture food
All of these affect the ability of pelagic organisms to capture food
All of the following are challenges to managing fisheries except
All of these are correct
Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?
All of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion
A small size is advantageous for marine organisms becasue it
All of these statements are advantageous to marine organisms
4000-5000 BC
Archaeological evidence suggests island occupation by New Guinea people as early as this
The four principle oceans of the Earth are the
Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans
The "Age of Discovery" began with
Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World"
Southern Ocean/ Antarctic Ocean
Circumnavigates Antarctica. Is really part of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans that lie south of 50 degree S latitude.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassia E. Tethys Sea
B. Panamerica
coccolithophores
BIO
diatomaceous ooze
BIO
silaceous ooze
BIO
stromatolitse
BIO
first European explorer to Pacific Ocean
Balboa
tektites
COSMO
During the age of discovery these events occurred
Captain James Cook explored the pacific, Magellan circumnavigated the earth, Columbus discovered the new world
composed of iron and nickel, liquid outer layer and solid inner layer
Core
outermost portion of the Earth, basalt and granite
Crust
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. turbidity currents B. graded bedding C. turbidite deposits D. abyssal plains E. deep-sea fans
D. abyssal plains
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Coccolithopores B. Diatoms C. Foraminiferans D. Oolites E. Radiolarians
D. oolites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Darwin
What determines the Order of earths layers
Density
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites
E. Tektites
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot
E. hot spot
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. continental margin B. active margin C. convergent active margin D. transform active margin E. rift valley
E. rift valley
first determination of Earth's circumference
Eratosthenes
Vikings
Explored North Atlantic Ocean in Middle Ages.
Density stratification has caused our earth to be homogenous throughout
FALSE
Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India.
False
Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land
False
Free oxygen was present in the Earth's primordial atmosphere
False
Heterotrophic organisms can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources
False
Production of the first free oxygen in the atmosphere caused organisms living at that time to flourish
False
Significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages
False
The mantle could not have produced enough water to fill the oceans
False
The salinity of the oceans has been steadily increasing
False
Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America
False
The first known circumnavigation of Earth was by the vessel, Victoria, the voyage of which was led by whom?
Ferdinand Magellan
Who circumnavigated the earth in the victoria
Ferdinand Magellan
Milky Way
Galaxy
4.6
How many billion years old is Earth
None
How many records exist of Pacific human history before 16th century
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Indian
The deepest part of the ocean
Is called the Mariana Trench The bottom of the trench was visited by Piccard and Walsh in the Trieste in 1960 is located in a trench off the coast of Japan The depth of the trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest
Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because
It increases the power output of muscle tissue
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Jurassic
The chronometer developed by John Harrison was valuable because it made possible the determination of
Longitude at sea
led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe
Magellan
rich in ferromagnesian minerals, between crust and core
Mantle
gaseous and dusty space cloud
Nebula
The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is called the
Nebular Hypothesis
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Oceanic trench
An _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in the older, denser, plate being subducted
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
Stanley Miller's Experiment
Organic materials formed by ultraviolet light, electrical spark (lightning), and a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and ammonia
What is the deepest ocean on earth
Pacific
In which ocean do most tsnuamis occur?
Pacific Ocean
The largest ocean in the world is the
Pacific Ocean
The free oxygen in our present atmosphere is thought to have been produced through the process of
Photosyntesis
Name the Seven Seas
Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, Caspian Sea, Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Seven percent the size of the Pacific Ocean. Shallowest world ocean. Permanent layer of sea ice a few meters thick.
The Seven Seas
Smaller and shallower than oceans. Salt water. Usually enclosed by land. Directly connected to the ocean.
Indian Ocean
Smaller than the Atlantic Ocean. Similar in depth as the Atlantic Ocean. Primarily in the Southern Hemisphere.
Spanish Armada
Spain's maritime dominance ended when England defeated this
Ferdinand Magellan
Spaniard who circumnavigated the globe.
abyssal clay
TERRI
70
The world's oceans cover this much percent of Earth
Which of the following is NOT true concerning density stratification?
This has caused our Earth to be homogeneous throughout.
Carbon dating is used to determine the absolute age of a rock or fossil.
True
Earth developed the first ocean by about 4 billion years ago.
True
In general, the chemical composition of ocean water has remained constant through geologic time
True
established temporary settlement in North America
Vikings
The group of Europeans known as the
Vikings were the first Europeans known to have traveled to North America
Pacific Ocean
World's largest ocean. Accounts more than half of the Earth's ocean space. World's deepest ocean. Earth's largest geographic feature. Named in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan.
The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and an _____ in salinity
a decrease; increase
CCD
a depth at which all carbonate is in solution
Sediments that are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals could have been deposited by
a glacier
One distinction between an "ocean" and a "sea" is that a sea:
a. Contains more shallow water. b. Is composed of salt water. c. Is smaller than an ocean. d. May be enclosed by either land or ocean currents.
Radioactive isotopes can sometimes be used to determine the
absolute age of the rock
The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by
absorbing surplus heat energy
The most likely place to find abudant manganese nodules is on the
abyssal plain far from a continent
Charles darwin suggested that the changes organisms display through time were the result of
adaptations to different environmental conditions
The nebular hypothesis suggest that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
Nebular hypothesis
all bodies in the solar system formed from nebula
Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following except:
all of the above
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is deterimental to coral growth because it increases the
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth
The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a/an
amphidromic point
During photosynthesis or respiration
an exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat energy.
On major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is
an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom dwelling or benthic animals
Which of the following is a characteristic of oceanic-contintenal convergent plate boundaries?
andesitic volcanoes
When compared to their warmer counterparts, cold-water plankton oftne
are larger in size
Winter beachers:
are narrower than summer beaches due to high energy waves during the winter
turbidite
associated with deep sea fans
ice rafting
associateed with glacial deposits
Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of
bar built estuaries
Oceanic crust is primarily
basalt
Organisms with small bodies, extrmeley large mouths, and shapre teeth are likely to be found in the
bathypelagic zone
When diving, rapid ascent from great depth can cause the
bends,a painful illness that may cause death
Most marine species are found in the
benthic environment
science supports the explanation of the natural world that
best explains all available observations
Based on the scientific method, science supports the explanation of the natural world that
best explains all available observations.
Mountains
both convergent plate & divergent plate boundary
The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by
calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die
Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintence of life on Earth because Oxygen
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included
carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane
Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the
chlorination of the liquid effluent
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Nebula
cloud of gases and space dust. Mainly hydrogen and helium
The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of
collision and/or sinking of oil tankers
The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynethic rate is reffered to as the
compensation depth
Juan Sebastian del Cano
completed the circumnavigation started by Ferdinand Magellan.
A _____ occurs where two plates of the same composition converge, resulting in neither plate being subducted
continental-continental convergence
Island Arc
convergent plate boundary
Oceanic Trench
convergent plate boundary
Lithosphere
cool, rigid shell. Includes crust and mantle. About 100 km thick
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called
cosmogenous
Phoenicians
first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts.Navigated circa 2000 BC. Explored Mediterranean Sea, Red Seam and Indian Ocean. First circumnavigation of Africa. Reached British isles.
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaC03)
foraminferans
All of the following are considered apart of the continental margin except the
fracture zone
The correct arrangement of astronomical bodies from oldest to youngest is:
galaxy, solar system, planet.
Organisms that breakdown organic molecules to release energy are called
heterotrophic organisms.
Density stratification
high density= heavy for its size
Core
high-density, mainly iron and nickel
sonar, robotics, computers, satellites
high-tech tools used in oceanography today (4)
Organisms such as a mackeral sharks and tunas that can maintain a relatively constant body temperature are referred to as
homeothermic
Oxygen
humans require 02. Early Earth had little of this. Lack of ozone may have helped originate life.
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is
in the same direction of plate movement
Of the following factors, all increase the amount of energy in waves except:
increasing water vapor content
Minamata disease is associated with
ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish
This marine mammal (sea otter)
is a small mammal with dense fur and lack an insulating blubber layer
Free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth because 4 oxygen
is necessary for photosynthesis to occur
The vertical movement of crust to accommodate additional weight or removal or weight is called
isostatic adjustment
Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern
krill-whale
In relation to ocean circulation, a gyre is a
large circular moving loop of surface water
Protoearth
larger than Earth today. Homogenous composition. Bombarded by meteorites. Moon formed from collision with large asteroid.
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by
latitude
Magellan
led voyage that first circumnavigated the globe
Productivity in polar oceans is
light limited
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks are called
lithogenous
The GPS system is a tool used for determining ocean
location
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of
loss of zooxanthellae
Eroded material is carried along coastlines from high wave-energy areas to
low wave energy areas
Crust
low- density, mainly silicate minerals
Hurricanes are assoicated with ____ atmospheric pressure and spin ______ in the Northern Hemispher
low; counerclockwise
An example of an organism that might be apart of the infauna is a/an
lug worm
The caudal fin of fast cruising fish such as a tuna
lunate
Mantle
mainly iron and magnesium silicate minerals
Ptolemy
mapped wordl with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
All of the following are typically characteristic of depositonal shores except
marine terraces
Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form, and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called
meroplankton
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere
methane CH4
The cosmological model for the formation of the sun and the rest of our solar system is the
nebular hypothesis
An increase in cloud cover and corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a
negative-feedback loop
The seasonal temperature in deep oceans is usually
negligible
Sediments found on continental margins are called
neritic
What is the most abudant gas in the atmopshere?
nitrogen
Nor'easters affect which area of the US coastline during the fall and winter months
northern Atlantic coast
Outgassing
occurred during density stratification. Water vapor. Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Other gases
An ______ occurs where two plates converge, and the denser plate is subducted
oceanic-continental converenge
An area the experiences diurnal tides will have
one high and one low tide daily
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment demonstrated that
organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in Earth's early atmosphere and ocean.
Stanley Millers 1952 experiment demonstrated
organic molecules could be created from the materials contained in earths early atmosphere and oceans
The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside Earth and were formed by a process called
outgassing
The early oceans and atmosphere are thought to have come from inside the earth from the process
outgassing
The relative productivity in the worlds oceans from most produtive to least productive to least productive is
polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to
primary productivity
In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter
primary productivty
Ptolemy
produced fairly accurate world map around 150 BC.
Herodotus
produced inaccurate world map around 450 BC
A layer of rapid change of ocean denisty with depth is called a
pycnocline
the most accurate scientific estimation of earths age is based on
radiometric dating on rocks
The most accurate scientific estimation of the age of Earth is based on
radiometric methods of detemining the age of meteorites and moon rocks
Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following except
reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas
Asthenosphere
relatively hot, plastic. Flows with high viscosity. Base of lithosphere to about 700 km
Catches above the maximum sustainable yield
result in overfishing
The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the
resultant force
Isostatic rebound
rising of crust formerly weighed down by glacier ice
Greek Pytheas
sailed northward using a simple method to determine latitude in 325 BC. Navigated using North Star.
Thor Heyerdahl
sailed on a balsa raft (KON TIKI) to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands
Scientific method
scientists discover processes and make predictions
All of the following are alternatives to hard stabilization except
seawalls
First autotrophs
similar to modern anaerobic bacteria
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent
some interior continental areas/coastal plains iand abyssal plains
Prince Henry the Navigator
sought trade routes around Africa.
Surface ocean currents are caused by ____, whereas deep currents are the result of ______
surface wind belts; density differences
A common body shape the streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that
tapers at the back end
The Age of Discovery is the time period in ocean exploration history when
the Western European world realized the vastness of Earth's water-covered surface
What is wave refraction?
the bending of waves as they approach a coastline
In primary production
there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms
The function of a swim bladder is
to allow a fish to change position in the water column
The principal goal of science
to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena
All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.
true
All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the pacific ocean
true
Continental crust is made of rock that is relatively light in color
true
Earth is layered based on density , with the highest density material located the deepest
true
Earths internal layers can be described by their composition or by their physical properties
true
Molten Material will rise if it is less dense than the surrounding material
true
Molten material will sink if it is more dense than the surrounding material
true
The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere toa depth of about 700 km
true
Captain James Cook
undertook three scientific voyages. Mapped many islands in the Pacific. Systematically measured ocean characteristics. Marine Chronograph (longitude)
Isostatic Adjustment
vertical movement of Earth's crust. Buoyancy of lithosphere on asthenosphere.
Heterotrophs
very earliest life. Require external food supply.
The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characterstic
very high tidal range
The Gulf Stream is a ____ current that flows _____
warm; north
Bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals for all of the folowing reasons except
warning coloration
The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is
water
Based on the equations for determining the speed of shallow water-waves, which one of the following variables is necessary to determine the speed of shallow water waves?
water depth
The subdivisions of the geological timescale
were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions and boundaries of sedimentary rock units
The subdivisions of the geologic time scale
were initially based on fossil evidence, extinctions, and boundaries of sedimentary rock units.
The age of discovery was the time period in ocean exploration history when
western europeans realized the vastness of the earths oceans
Gravity
what concentrates material at center of cloud
Protoplanets
what form from smaller concentrations of matter (eddies)?
A tidal current can produce a rapidly spinning body of water called a vortex or
whirpool
The muscle tissue of a "lunger" is predominatly
white