Ocng exam 2- review

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Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

Electrons

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to

Respiration

The zone ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called the:

SONAR channel

(T/F) The oceans have absorbed the majority of the increased heat in the atmosphere

TRUE

which word does not fit?

Tectonic Uplifting

The ______ involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmospheres, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere and cryosphere

The Earth's Climate System

(T/F) Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion

True

Most abundant greenhouse gas that also influences air density

Water Vapor

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:

Water Vapor

A typhoon

a tropical cyclone that forms in the western North Pacific ocean

About 47% of the incoming shortwave solar radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the______

oceans and the continents

Earth has a natural greenhouse effect, principally due to____ _____

water vapor

(T/F) There is a positve correlation between sunspot and activity and recent changes in mean global temperature

FALSE

(T/F) Worldwide retreat of mountains has not been documented to date

FALSE

(T/F)Carbon Dioxide has the greatest infrared absorption per molecule compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases

FALSE

(T/F) Precipitation, runoff, melting icebergs, and sea ice formation all decrease salinity

False (formation of sea ice & evap increase the salinity)

An increase in cloud cover due to high moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a

Negative- feedback loop

Component with the greatest concentration in the Earth's atmosphere

Nitrogen

The 2 most abundant components of dry air are:

Nitrogen and Oxygen

Westerlies

Prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes

Trade winds

Prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes

Polar easterlies

Prevailing wind patterns at polar latitudes

Greenhouse effect

Process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere

An area of the ocean where RAPID change in the ocean DENSITY occurs with a change in depth is the:

Pycnocline

Area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth

Pycnocline

Which word does NOT fit? -boiling point -rain -freezing point -heat capacity -surface tension

Rain/ precipitation doesn't fit

(T/F) Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air

TRUE

(T/F)Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed

TRUE

(T/F)The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the oceans surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed

TRUE

The 2 factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:

Temp. and Water Vapor content

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

Temperature

Which word does not fit? atmosphere biosphere cryosphere geosphere lithosphere

lithosphere does not belong here

what word does not fit? continent sea ice iceberg ice floes ice shelf

'continent' does not fit

what word does not fit? doldrums northeast polar easterlies southeast trade winds westerlies

'doldrums' does not fit

what word does not fit? max sustained winds min central pressure sea surface salinity storm surge storm diameter

'sea surface salinity' does not fit

What is TRUE about movement of the Earth's atmosphere?

- A column of cool, dense air produces high pressure at the Earth's surface. -A column of warm, less dense air produces low pressure at the Earth's surface. -Cool air is denser than warm air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. -The movement of air withing the atmospheric convection cells generate the Earth's major wind belts

The sources of info used by scientist to reconstruct climatic data prior to the era of modern climate records:

- air bubbles trapped in polar continental ice sheets - land-based ice, such as mountain glaciers --Growth rings in ancient trees. --Ocean sediment analyses about past climatic variation.

All about hurricanes (tropical cyclones):

- largest storm system -not associated with fronts -Large rotating masses of LOW pressure/ Strong winds & torrential rain

TRUE statements about pH:

-A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline -Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution -pH will be buffered in deeper waters where organisms with calcite shells sink -pH related to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution

What condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar?

-Bent geometry of water molecules -NEGATIVE charge to Oxygen side & POSITIVE charge to Hydrogen side -The SLIGHT SEPARATION =electrical polarity = dipolar

Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans?

-Decreasing ocean acidity {these are effects: Increasing ocean temperatures increasing hurrican intensity changes in deep water circulation melting of polar ice}

What are consequences of global warming?

-Droughts in prime agricultural areas -Increasing hurricane intensity -Melting of glacial ice -Shifts in world wide- distribution of plant and animal communities

The Saffir-Simpson scale-

-rates the relative intensity of topical cyclones

what word does not fit? ecliptic vernal equinoz autumnal equinox westerlies summer solstice

-westerlies does not fit

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by:

0.6 C

Earths axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of

23.5 Degrees

Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about:

3 millimeters/ year

Since 1750, the amount of Carbon Dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by almost:

30%

The average "albedo" of earths surface is about

30% {more is reflected back at higher latitudes}

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans continents?

47%

Called hurricanes in= Called typhoons in= Called cyclones in=

=N. & S. America =in Western N. Pacific =in the Indian Ocean

A reduction in the strength of the Gulf Stream and a decrease in North Atlantic Deep-water formation would most likely result in"

A cooling of the climate in northern Europe

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by

Absorbing surplus heat energy

describe some of the changes that are already occurring in the oceans because of global warming.

Although the number of tropical cyclones has not increased, scientists anticipate that warmer surface waters will cause more intense tropical cyclones. Other changes include ----->the melting of polar ice, changes in deep-ocean circulation patterns, rising sea level, and increases in ocean acidity

Which word does not fit? anthropogenic CO2 inputs changes in solar input tectonic plate movement variation in the earth's orbit volcanic activity

Anthropogenic CO2 inputs

What is false about pH?

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic

anticyclonic

As air leaves the high pressure region and curves to the right, creates a CLOCKWISE flow of air around high pressure cells

Basic Building block of all matter

Atoms

Winds blowing out of the North toward the South in the Southern Hemisphere will appear to:

Be deflected towards the EAST

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere____

COOLS with increasing altitude {all weather produced here}

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temp. of one gram of water by 1 degree C is the definition of:

Calorie

The gas(es) that has/have the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect is/are

Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the LEAST ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?

Carbon Dioxide

List the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration:

Chloride Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Calcium Potassium

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)

Change in state from gas to Liquid

Condensation

Rising and sinking air masses moving in a circular fashion

Convection cells

Cool, dense air causes ___ pressure at the surface, wheres warm, less dense air causes ____ pressure

Cool= High Warm=Low

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on lat.) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:

Coriolis effect

Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

Covalent Bonds

In the troposphere, air temperatures:

Decrease with Increasing latitudes

which doesnt fit? -changes in deep water circulation--decreased hurrican intensity--increased ocean acidity--polar ice melting--sea level rise

Decreased hurricane intensity

As the salinity of seawater increases, its

Density INCREASES

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's titled axis of the rotation and:

Difference in the heat capacities of the ocean and land.

Change in state from Liquid to Gas

Evaporation

All of the following processes DECREASE the salinity of water except:

Evaporation [rain, runoff, icebergs melting, sea ice melting do)

What increases sea water salinity?

Evaporation, High Temperature, & Sea Ice Formation

(T/F) Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation

False (just evap)

(T/F) In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts

False {This is "reverse osmosis"}

(T/F) Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to marine effect

False {continental effect causes the fluctuations}

(T/F) Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension

False {higher}

Changes in earth's climate system are large scale, complex and involve many ______, which are processes that MODIFY INITIAL CHANGES.

Feed back loops

The interactions among the Earth's five spheres that either amplify or diminish changes in climate

Feedback loops

All of the following are organisms most likely to be directly affected by ocean acidification EXCEPT:

Fishes {True answers= coccolithophores pteropods urchins hard corals}

The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near poles) is:

GREATER

Bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

Hydrogen Bonds

Which word does NOT fit? -sodium ion -calcium ion -potassium ion -hydrogen ion -magnesium ion

Hydrogen ion does not fit

The doldrums refer to the same region as the

Inter-tropical convergence zone

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Charged atoms due to gain or loss of one or more electrons

Ions

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water:

Is a polar molecule

A beaker contains a mixture of ICE and Pure Liquid water at 0 degrees C. What happens to the temp. of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

The strength of a hurricane stems from water's

Latent heat of condensation

Tropic of Cancer

Located at 23.5 Degrees N. Latitude {when sun is directly over this area=summer solstice}

What are 2 of the most important factors causing sea level rise?

Melting ice on land & Thermal expansion

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere?

Methane (CH4)

The concentration of _____ exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases

Methane (natural gas)

Heat Budget

Model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere

Which word does not fit? CH4 (methane) CO2 N2 (molecular nitrogen) N20 (nitrous oxide) O3 (ozone)

N2 (molecular nitrogen) does not fit

Fossil Fuels

Oil and natural gas are

The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is:

Polar

What decreases sea water salinity?

Precipitation & River input

Air warmed by the land that rises and is placed by cooler air from the ocean may produce a

Seabreeze

The covalent bonds between Hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the:

Sharing of electrons between the atoms

Hadley Cells

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30 Degree latitude in each hemisphere are called: {responsible 4 trade winds in tropics & control low lat. weather patterns}

The principle of constant proportions states that:

The relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change

How does the pH of seawater remain slightly alkaline AND relatively constant?

The salinity of seawater is maintained by the carbonate buffering system. {HCO3}

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include:

The shape of earths orbit (eccentricity) The tilt of earths axis of rotation (obliquity) The wobbling of earths axis of rotation (precession)

What causes most places on earth to have seasons?

The spin AXIS is TILTED 23.5 degrees to the plan of Earth's orbit, causing solar radiation to vary in angle as Earth revolves around the Sun.

A rapid change in ocean temp. with a change in depth occurs in the:

Thermocline

Explain how the pH of seawater remains slightly alkaline AND constant:

When the pH of seawater drops becoming weakly acidic, the carbonate ions (CO3-2) combine with hydrogen ions to form BICARBONATE, raising the pH. When the pH becomes too alkaline, the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater lose hydrogen ions (H+) lowering the pH.

Greenhouse gases

a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. {False: compounds in the earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat}

what word does not fit? nitrogen albedo oxygen troposphere water vapor

albedo does not fit

The Doldrums can be found____

at the equator {a global variable of light variable winds; resulting from vertical flow of low density air masses upward within the equatorial belt. Associated w/ rain}

Parts of the Earth's climate system:

atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere geosphere -Exosphere is NOT

what are the 5 components of earths climate system

atmosphere- (gases and water vape that form a thin insulating blanket over earths surface) biosphere (living portion of earths surface-all living organisms) cryosphere (all the frozen water on earth surface such as ice sheets, glaciers, floating sea ice) Hydrosphere (portion of earths surface covered by water) Geosphere (portion of earths surface covered by rock)

continental air masses are____ while maritime air masses are ____

continental= cold & dry air Maritime= cool & moist {And COLD air near the surface, WARM air in tropical regions}

LOW- pressure regions in the NORTHERN hemisphere rotate

counterclockwise

The Coriolis effect:

describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation. {North Hemisphere= to the RIGHT} {Southern Hemisphere= to the LEFT}

Dissolved carbon dioxide and pH in the oceans=

inversely related

The surface tension of water

is relatively HIGH

An increase in cloud cover & a corresponding decrease in absorption of soar radiation is an example of a

negative-feedback loop

Which word does NOT fit? -pH -latitude -precipitation -salinity -temperature

pH does NOT fit

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)

refrigerants

A cyclone

spinning mass of LOW pressure air characterized by STRONG winds and heavy rain -form in tropical latitudes -fueled bt the warm water of lower-latitude subtropical and tropical waters -extra tropical cyclones form outside of the tropics & result from the interaction of 2 different air masses

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the POLARITY of water molecules

what is osmosis?

the process by which water molecules move through a semipermeable from higher water molecule concentration (lower salinity) to lower water molecule concentration(higher salinity)

what is chlorinity?

the weight of the chloride ions

The trade winds

the wind belts with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds are

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the NORTHERN hemisphere, winds always are deflected:

to the RIGHT of their original direction

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is classed the

troposphere

Milankovitch cycle:

variations in Earth's orbit

Inter-tropical Convergence Zone

warm area where most air rises close to the equator {doldrums occur here-boundary between winds along the equator}

All of the following are true of movement of Earth's atmosphere EXCEPT:

{except: warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the earth's surface}

Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following:

-Drowning of beaches -Accelerated coastal erosion -Permanent inland flooding -Increasing damage from storms

How do latitude & climatological processes affect seawater salinity?

-Rain, Snow, River runoff, & sea ice melting decrease salinity -Evaporation increases the salinity bc water evaporates -When sea ice forms only water freezes in ice formation, leaving the salt ions behind, increasing salinity

Negative feed back loop

-balancing loop, has a diminishing effect that tends to COUNTERACT the initial climate change. -combination of things work against one another

Natural causes for global climate change include:

-changes in solar input -tectonic plate movement -variation in the earth's orbit -volcanic activity {NOT: increase in elevation}

What is the origin of the salt ions in seawater?

-chemically weathered rock material carried by rivers, volcanic gases, remnants of marine organisms {shells, tests, calcareous body parts} -atmosphere and biologic interactions

What methods is used to DESALINATE water? what is NOT used?

-electrolysis, freeze seperation, reverse osmosis, distillation -osmosis is not used{=lower salinity-->higher}

Briefly discuss the human-caused greenhouse gases in terms of their relative concentrations in the atmosphere and their relative contributions to global warming

-gases released by human activities into the atmosphere cause an enhanced greenhouse effect== carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, and CFCs. Of these, carbon dioxide currently has the greatest concentration and the second greatest rate of increase (next to methane). Although carbon dioxide has a lower infrared absorption capability (on a per mole basis) compared to other greenhouse gases, it is the most abundant and thus has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect. Methane concentration is increasing the fastest of these gases and has 25 times the infrared radiation absorption of carbon dioxide, but is currently three orders of magnitude lower in concentration. CFCs used as refrigerants and propellants have a disproportionately large absorptive effect, but are either stable or decreasing in concentration.

Which word does NOT fit? -desalination -solar distillation -pycnocline -electrolysis -reverse osmosis

-pycnocline does NOT fit

Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following EXCEPT

-reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc.) in urban and suburban areas. {other answers= install low flow plumbing fixtures planting trees & increasing green space areas purchasing recycled products use of compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs}

Positive feed back loop

-reinforcing loop, because it has an amplifying effect that fortifies or ADDS to an initial climate change. - A combination of things working together to help amplify an end result

Physical properties of the atmosphere {composition, density,water vapor content, pressure & movement}

-transfers heat and water vape from location to location on Earth (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, ) -Troposphere (lower portion of) -Temp: warm air rises//cool air sinks (more dense)===>Convection cells

(T/F) The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature

TRUE

______ has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Which word does NOT fit? -temp -salinity -thermocline -pycnocline -distillation

Distillation does NOT fit

The boundary between the 2 trade wind belts along the equator

Doldrums

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the:

Ecliptic {false=vernal equinox}

(T/F) Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic

FALSE

(T/F) At high latitudes, abundance precipitation & runoff from melting of fresh water icebergs both increase salinity

FALSE

(T/F)Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, with subsequent absorption by the oceans have caused an increase in pH

FALSE {A DECREASE in pH- when carbon dioxide mixes with water it forms carbon acid, so we are acidifying-LOWERING the pH- of the ocean}-Ocean acidification

(T/F) The Kyoto Protocol establishes limits on greenhouse gas emissions and is supported by the United States:

FALSE {It is NOT supported by the US- withdrew in 2001}

(T/F) The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March.

FALSE {Occurs around SEPTEMBER 23rd, not march}

(T/F) An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.

FALSE {Sea ice is frozen water, whereas icebergs are formed from ice that formed on the land and broke off from glaciers}

(T/F) Volcanic erptions have no impact on global climate patterns they only affect local climate

FALSE {affect atmosphere, earth for months}

(T/F) Tropical Cyclones derive their energy from the waters high latent heat of fusion

FALSE {high latent heat of condensation}

(T/F)The trade winds can be found between 30 and 60 degrees N and S latitudes

FALSE {=between 30N and 30S}

(T/F) The max Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slow rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes

FALSE {NO Coriolis effect @ equator}

(T/F) Wind is initiated by thermal heating from the sun and cooling by the ocean, creating a thermal convection cell

FALSE {a convection cell is caused by warm air rising and cool air sinking}{wind= high to low}

(T/F) A decrease in cloud cover due to a higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a "positive-feedback loop"

False

(T/F) Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in sea water including dissolved and suspended substances

False

(T/F) The overall electrical charge of most atoms is balanced because each atom contains equal # of protons and neutrons

False

(T/F)The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density of pure water

False

Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Geological uplifting of ocean basins {True answers= melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets melting of land based glaciers and mountain ice caps thermal expansion of deep ocean waters thermal expansion of surface ocean waters

The ion in Seawater that serves as a {buffer} is:

HCO3- {Bicarbonate=buffer}

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is:

HIGHER than other liquids

Area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth

Halocline

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

High heat capacity

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:

High surface tension

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a

Higher salinity

cyclonic

Northern hemisphere- air moving from high to low pressure curves to the right ----COUNTERCLOCKWISE

If you travel by airplane from New York to Paris (going West to east across the Atlantic Ocean) which way do you have to steer the airplane to arrive in at the Paris airport?

Slightly NORTH of a direct line between airports {N. Hemisphere deflected to RIGHT; S. Hemisphere deflected to LEFT}

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to

Storm surge

Paleoclimatology

Study of ancient climates

Change in state from solid to gas

Sublimation

The sun reaches its most Northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer during the:

Summer Solstice

Along the Arctic circle, how would the Sun appear during the summer solstice? During the winter solstice?

Summer solstice (June 21)- the sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, lying directly over the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 N Latitude. -to an observer, the sun at noon reaches its most northern or southern point in the sky -winter solstice: (dec 22) the sun is directly overhead of the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S. Latitude and is in the reverse position of the summer solstice in both hemispheres.

(T/F) Changes occur in the Earth's climate due to changes in the relative position of the Earth's tectonic plates

TRUE

(T/F) If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, the Earth is still projected to keep warming for the forseeable future.

TRUE

(T/F) The % of incident light radiation reflected back to space is termed "Albedo"

TRUE

(T/F) The 4th IPCC report on international climate change (2007) confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid 20th century

TRUE

(T/F) The Earth's average surface temperature has increased 0.6 Degrees C over the past 30 years

TRUE

Why are there HIGH pressure areas at each pole and a LOW pressure belt in the equatorial region?

The LOW pressure belt at the equator= more direct or indirect solar radiation during most of the year---->causes both land and ocean to heat up, along w/ the air above. Warmer temp= more evaporation-->creates light, warm, and humid air. This warm air rises vertically, creating LOW air pressure. In contrast, air at the poles is DRY and very COLD which causes the air --->to surface, creating HIGH air pressure.

The oceanic climate region where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are

Tropical

The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

Tropopause

Lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs

Troposphere

(T/F) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.

True

(T/F) Changes in the Earth's orbit can impact climate by increasing or decreasing solar input

True

(T/F) Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion, of a water sample can be used to calculate salinity

True

(T/F) Deep-ocean water contains more carbon dioxide than surface water because deep water is colder and has the ability to dissolve more gasses

True

(T/F) Evaporation causes cooling in the liquid left behind

True

(T/F) Except for water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in sea water

True

(T/F) Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of water

True

(T/F) Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium and magnesium are relatively constant

True

(T/F) The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C

True

(T/F) The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting

True

(T/F) Water is a polar molecule

True

(T/F) Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all 3 states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor)

True

Mount pinatubo, Philippines

Volcanic eruptions

Kyoto Protocol

Voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions

-The short term, day-to-day variations in the condition of the atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, and wind -At a given time and place

Weather

What is the difference between weather & climate?

Weather- the atmospheric conditions at a PARTICULAR PLACE AND TIME Climate- the average LONG TERM weather pattern for a specified geological area.

The temperate regions are characterized by

Westerly winds

A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be:

Wet (moist) and Warm

A hurricane

a tropical cyclone that forms in the waters off of North and South America

the role of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

began with more than 200 scientists studying human impact on the world's climate. Over 600 scientists in 40 countries contributed to the 2007 report. To date the IPCC has issued four reports on global climate change detailing growing scientific evidence that human activities are significantly impacting the world's climate

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a

change in State {invisible heat;does not change temp; amount of energy required to do phase changes}

Sunspots

changes in solar energy


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