Ocng exam 2- review
Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus
Electrons
Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to
Respiration
The zone ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called the:
SONAR channel
(T/F) The oceans have absorbed the majority of the increased heat in the atmosphere
TRUE
which word does not fit?
Tectonic Uplifting
The ______ involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmospheres, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere and cryosphere
The Earth's Climate System
(T/F) Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion
True
Most abundant greenhouse gas that also influences air density
Water Vapor
The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:
Water Vapor
A typhoon
a tropical cyclone that forms in the western North Pacific ocean
About 47% of the incoming shortwave solar radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the______
oceans and the continents
Earth has a natural greenhouse effect, principally due to____ _____
water vapor
(T/F) There is a positve correlation between sunspot and activity and recent changes in mean global temperature
FALSE
(T/F) Worldwide retreat of mountains has not been documented to date
FALSE
(T/F)Carbon Dioxide has the greatest infrared absorption per molecule compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases
FALSE
(T/F) Precipitation, runoff, melting icebergs, and sea ice formation all decrease salinity
False (formation of sea ice & evap increase the salinity)
An increase in cloud cover due to high moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a
Negative- feedback loop
Component with the greatest concentration in the Earth's atmosphere
Nitrogen
The 2 most abundant components of dry air are:
Nitrogen and Oxygen
Westerlies
Prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes
Trade winds
Prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes
Polar easterlies
Prevailing wind patterns at polar latitudes
Greenhouse effect
Process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
An area of the ocean where RAPID change in the ocean DENSITY occurs with a change in depth is the:
Pycnocline
Area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth
Pycnocline
Which word does NOT fit? -boiling point -rain -freezing point -heat capacity -surface tension
Rain/ precipitation doesn't fit
(T/F) Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air
TRUE
(T/F)Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed
TRUE
(T/F)The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the oceans surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed
TRUE
The 2 factors that are most important in determining the density of air are:
Temp. and Water Vapor content
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:
Temperature
Which word does not fit? atmosphere biosphere cryosphere geosphere lithosphere
lithosphere does not belong here
what word does not fit? continent sea ice iceberg ice floes ice shelf
'continent' does not fit
what word does not fit? doldrums northeast polar easterlies southeast trade winds westerlies
'doldrums' does not fit
what word does not fit? max sustained winds min central pressure sea surface salinity storm surge storm diameter
'sea surface salinity' does not fit
What is TRUE about movement of the Earth's atmosphere?
- A column of cool, dense air produces high pressure at the Earth's surface. -A column of warm, less dense air produces low pressure at the Earth's surface. -Cool air is denser than warm air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. -The movement of air withing the atmospheric convection cells generate the Earth's major wind belts
The sources of info used by scientist to reconstruct climatic data prior to the era of modern climate records:
- air bubbles trapped in polar continental ice sheets - land-based ice, such as mountain glaciers --Growth rings in ancient trees. --Ocean sediment analyses about past climatic variation.
All about hurricanes (tropical cyclones):
- largest storm system -not associated with fronts -Large rotating masses of LOW pressure/ Strong winds & torrential rain
TRUE statements about pH:
-A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline -Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution -pH will be buffered in deeper waters where organisms with calcite shells sink -pH related to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution
What condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar?
-Bent geometry of water molecules -NEGATIVE charge to Oxygen side & POSITIVE charge to Hydrogen side -The SLIGHT SEPARATION =electrical polarity = dipolar
Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans?
-Decreasing ocean acidity {these are effects: Increasing ocean temperatures increasing hurrican intensity changes in deep water circulation melting of polar ice}
What are consequences of global warming?
-Droughts in prime agricultural areas -Increasing hurricane intensity -Melting of glacial ice -Shifts in world wide- distribution of plant and animal communities
The Saffir-Simpson scale-
-rates the relative intensity of topical cyclones
what word does not fit? ecliptic vernal equinoz autumnal equinox westerlies summer solstice
-westerlies does not fit
Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by:
0.6 C
Earths axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of
23.5 Degrees
Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about:
3 millimeters/ year
Since 1750, the amount of Carbon Dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by almost:
30%
The average "albedo" of earths surface is about
30% {more is reflected back at higher latitudes}
Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans continents?
47%
Called hurricanes in= Called typhoons in= Called cyclones in=
=N. & S. America =in Western N. Pacific =in the Indian Ocean
A reduction in the strength of the Gulf Stream and a decrease in North Atlantic Deep-water formation would most likely result in"
A cooling of the climate in northern Europe
The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by
Absorbing surplus heat energy
describe some of the changes that are already occurring in the oceans because of global warming.
Although the number of tropical cyclones has not increased, scientists anticipate that warmer surface waters will cause more intense tropical cyclones. Other changes include ----->the melting of polar ice, changes in deep-ocean circulation patterns, rising sea level, and increases in ocean acidity
Which word does not fit? anthropogenic CO2 inputs changes in solar input tectonic plate movement variation in the earth's orbit volcanic activity
Anthropogenic CO2 inputs
What is false about pH?
As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic
anticyclonic
As air leaves the high pressure region and curves to the right, creates a CLOCKWISE flow of air around high pressure cells
Basic Building block of all matter
Atoms
Winds blowing out of the North toward the South in the Southern Hemisphere will appear to:
Be deflected towards the EAST
Within the troposphere, the atmosphere____
COOLS with increasing altitude {all weather produced here}
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temp. of one gram of water by 1 degree C is the definition of:
Calorie
The gas(es) that has/have the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect is/are
Carbon Dioxide
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the LEAST ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?
Carbon Dioxide
List the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration:
Chloride Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Calcium Potassium
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
Change in state from gas to Liquid
Condensation
Rising and sinking air masses moving in a circular fashion
Convection cells
Cool, dense air causes ___ pressure at the surface, wheres warm, less dense air causes ____ pressure
Cool= High Warm=Low
The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on lat.) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:
Coriolis effect
Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
Covalent Bonds
In the troposphere, air temperatures:
Decrease with Increasing latitudes
which doesnt fit? -changes in deep water circulation--decreased hurrican intensity--increased ocean acidity--polar ice melting--sea level rise
Decreased hurricane intensity
As the salinity of seawater increases, its
Density INCREASES
Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's titled axis of the rotation and:
Difference in the heat capacities of the ocean and land.
Change in state from Liquid to Gas
Evaporation
All of the following processes DECREASE the salinity of water except:
Evaporation [rain, runoff, icebergs melting, sea ice melting do)
What increases sea water salinity?
Evaporation, High Temperature, & Sea Ice Formation
(T/F) Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation
False (just evap)
(T/F) In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts
False {This is "reverse osmosis"}
(T/F) Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to marine effect
False {continental effect causes the fluctuations}
(T/F) Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension
False {higher}
Changes in earth's climate system are large scale, complex and involve many ______, which are processes that MODIFY INITIAL CHANGES.
Feed back loops
The interactions among the Earth's five spheres that either amplify or diminish changes in climate
Feedback loops
All of the following are organisms most likely to be directly affected by ocean acidification EXCEPT:
Fishes {True answers= coccolithophores pteropods urchins hard corals}
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near poles) is:
GREATER
Bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together
Hydrogen Bonds
Which word does NOT fit? -sodium ion -calcium ion -potassium ion -hydrogen ion -magnesium ion
Hydrogen ion does not fit
The doldrums refer to the same region as the
Inter-tropical convergence zone
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Charged atoms due to gain or loss of one or more electrons
Ions
Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water:
Is a polar molecule
A beaker contains a mixture of ICE and Pure Liquid water at 0 degrees C. What happens to the temp. of the liquid water as heat is added?
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
The strength of a hurricane stems from water's
Latent heat of condensation
Tropic of Cancer
Located at 23.5 Degrees N. Latitude {when sun is directly over this area=summer solstice}
What are 2 of the most important factors causing sea level rise?
Melting ice on land & Thermal expansion
Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere?
Methane (CH4)
The concentration of _____ exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases
Methane (natural gas)
Heat Budget
Model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere
Which word does not fit? CH4 (methane) CO2 N2 (molecular nitrogen) N20 (nitrous oxide) O3 (ozone)
N2 (molecular nitrogen) does not fit
Fossil Fuels
Oil and natural gas are
The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is:
Polar
What decreases sea water salinity?
Precipitation & River input
Air warmed by the land that rises and is placed by cooler air from the ocean may produce a
Seabreeze
The covalent bonds between Hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the:
Sharing of electrons between the atoms
Hadley Cells
The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30 Degree latitude in each hemisphere are called: {responsible 4 trade winds in tropics & control low lat. weather patterns}
The principle of constant proportions states that:
The relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change
How does the pH of seawater remain slightly alkaline AND relatively constant?
The salinity of seawater is maintained by the carbonate buffering system. {HCO3}
Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include:
The shape of earths orbit (eccentricity) The tilt of earths axis of rotation (obliquity) The wobbling of earths axis of rotation (precession)
What causes most places on earth to have seasons?
The spin AXIS is TILTED 23.5 degrees to the plan of Earth's orbit, causing solar radiation to vary in angle as Earth revolves around the Sun.
A rapid change in ocean temp. with a change in depth occurs in the:
Thermocline
Explain how the pH of seawater remains slightly alkaline AND constant:
When the pH of seawater drops becoming weakly acidic, the carbonate ions (CO3-2) combine with hydrogen ions to form BICARBONATE, raising the pH. When the pH becomes too alkaline, the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in seawater lose hydrogen ions (H+) lowering the pH.
Greenhouse gases
a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. {False: compounds in the earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat}
what word does not fit? nitrogen albedo oxygen troposphere water vapor
albedo does not fit
The Doldrums can be found____
at the equator {a global variable of light variable winds; resulting from vertical flow of low density air masses upward within the equatorial belt. Associated w/ rain}
Parts of the Earth's climate system:
atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere geosphere -Exosphere is NOT
what are the 5 components of earths climate system
atmosphere- (gases and water vape that form a thin insulating blanket over earths surface) biosphere (living portion of earths surface-all living organisms) cryosphere (all the frozen water on earth surface such as ice sheets, glaciers, floating sea ice) Hydrosphere (portion of earths surface covered by water) Geosphere (portion of earths surface covered by rock)
continental air masses are____ while maritime air masses are ____
continental= cold & dry air Maritime= cool & moist {And COLD air near the surface, WARM air in tropical regions}
LOW- pressure regions in the NORTHERN hemisphere rotate
counterclockwise
The Coriolis effect:
describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation. {North Hemisphere= to the RIGHT} {Southern Hemisphere= to the LEFT}
Dissolved carbon dioxide and pH in the oceans=
inversely related
The surface tension of water
is relatively HIGH
An increase in cloud cover & a corresponding decrease in absorption of soar radiation is an example of a
negative-feedback loop
Which word does NOT fit? -pH -latitude -precipitation -salinity -temperature
pH does NOT fit
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
refrigerants
A cyclone
spinning mass of LOW pressure air characterized by STRONG winds and heavy rain -form in tropical latitudes -fueled bt the warm water of lower-latitude subtropical and tropical waters -extra tropical cyclones form outside of the tropics & result from the interaction of 2 different air masses
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:
the POLARITY of water molecules
what is osmosis?
the process by which water molecules move through a semipermeable from higher water molecule concentration (lower salinity) to lower water molecule concentration(higher salinity)
what is chlorinity?
the weight of the chloride ions
The trade winds
the wind belts with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds are
As a result of the Coriolis effect in the NORTHERN hemisphere, winds always are deflected:
to the RIGHT of their original direction
The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is classed the
troposphere
Milankovitch cycle:
variations in Earth's orbit
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
warm area where most air rises close to the equator {doldrums occur here-boundary between winds along the equator}
All of the following are true of movement of Earth's atmosphere EXCEPT:
{except: warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the earth's surface}
Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following:
-Drowning of beaches -Accelerated coastal erosion -Permanent inland flooding -Increasing damage from storms
How do latitude & climatological processes affect seawater salinity?
-Rain, Snow, River runoff, & sea ice melting decrease salinity -Evaporation increases the salinity bc water evaporates -When sea ice forms only water freezes in ice formation, leaving the salt ions behind, increasing salinity
Negative feed back loop
-balancing loop, has a diminishing effect that tends to COUNTERACT the initial climate change. -combination of things work against one another
Natural causes for global climate change include:
-changes in solar input -tectonic plate movement -variation in the earth's orbit -volcanic activity {NOT: increase in elevation}
What is the origin of the salt ions in seawater?
-chemically weathered rock material carried by rivers, volcanic gases, remnants of marine organisms {shells, tests, calcareous body parts} -atmosphere and biologic interactions
What methods is used to DESALINATE water? what is NOT used?
-electrolysis, freeze seperation, reverse osmosis, distillation -osmosis is not used{=lower salinity-->higher}
Briefly discuss the human-caused greenhouse gases in terms of their relative concentrations in the atmosphere and their relative contributions to global warming
-gases released by human activities into the atmosphere cause an enhanced greenhouse effect== carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, and CFCs. Of these, carbon dioxide currently has the greatest concentration and the second greatest rate of increase (next to methane). Although carbon dioxide has a lower infrared absorption capability (on a per mole basis) compared to other greenhouse gases, it is the most abundant and thus has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect. Methane concentration is increasing the fastest of these gases and has 25 times the infrared radiation absorption of carbon dioxide, but is currently three orders of magnitude lower in concentration. CFCs used as refrigerants and propellants have a disproportionately large absorptive effect, but are either stable or decreasing in concentration.
Which word does NOT fit? -desalination -solar distillation -pycnocline -electrolysis -reverse osmosis
-pycnocline does NOT fit
Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following EXCEPT
-reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc.) in urban and suburban areas. {other answers= install low flow plumbing fixtures planting trees & increasing green space areas purchasing recycled products use of compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs}
Positive feed back loop
-reinforcing loop, because it has an amplifying effect that fortifies or ADDS to an initial climate change. - A combination of things working together to help amplify an end result
Physical properties of the atmosphere {composition, density,water vapor content, pressure & movement}
-transfers heat and water vape from location to location on Earth (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, ) -Troposphere (lower portion of) -Temp: warm air rises//cool air sinks (more dense)===>Convection cells
(T/F) The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature
TRUE
______ has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Which word does NOT fit? -temp -salinity -thermocline -pycnocline -distillation
Distillation does NOT fit
The boundary between the 2 trade wind belts along the equator
Doldrums
The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the:
Ecliptic {false=vernal equinox}
(T/F) Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic
FALSE
(T/F) At high latitudes, abundance precipitation & runoff from melting of fresh water icebergs both increase salinity
FALSE
(T/F)Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, with subsequent absorption by the oceans have caused an increase in pH
FALSE {A DECREASE in pH- when carbon dioxide mixes with water it forms carbon acid, so we are acidifying-LOWERING the pH- of the ocean}-Ocean acidification
(T/F) The Kyoto Protocol establishes limits on greenhouse gas emissions and is supported by the United States:
FALSE {It is NOT supported by the US- withdrew in 2001}
(T/F) The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun is directly overhead along the equator in March.
FALSE {Occurs around SEPTEMBER 23rd, not march}
(T/F) An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.
FALSE {Sea ice is frozen water, whereas icebergs are formed from ice that formed on the land and broke off from glaciers}
(T/F) Volcanic erptions have no impact on global climate patterns they only affect local climate
FALSE {affect atmosphere, earth for months}
(T/F) Tropical Cyclones derive their energy from the waters high latent heat of fusion
FALSE {high latent heat of condensation}
(T/F)The trade winds can be found between 30 and 60 degrees N and S latitudes
FALSE {=between 30N and 30S}
(T/F) The max Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slow rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes
FALSE {NO Coriolis effect @ equator}
(T/F) Wind is initiated by thermal heating from the sun and cooling by the ocean, creating a thermal convection cell
FALSE {a convection cell is caused by warm air rising and cool air sinking}{wind= high to low}
(T/F) A decrease in cloud cover due to a higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a "positive-feedback loop"
False
(T/F) Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in sea water including dissolved and suspended substances
False
(T/F) The overall electrical charge of most atoms is balanced because each atom contains equal # of protons and neutrons
False
(T/F)The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density of pure water
False
Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:
Geological uplifting of ocean basins {True answers= melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets melting of land based glaciers and mountain ice caps thermal expansion of deep ocean waters thermal expansion of surface ocean waters
The ion in Seawater that serves as a {buffer} is:
HCO3- {Bicarbonate=buffer}
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is:
HIGHER than other liquids
Area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth
Halocline
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?
High heat capacity
Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:
High surface tension
When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a
Higher salinity
cyclonic
Northern hemisphere- air moving from high to low pressure curves to the right ----COUNTERCLOCKWISE
If you travel by airplane from New York to Paris (going West to east across the Atlantic Ocean) which way do you have to steer the airplane to arrive in at the Paris airport?
Slightly NORTH of a direct line between airports {N. Hemisphere deflected to RIGHT; S. Hemisphere deflected to LEFT}
The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to
Storm surge
Paleoclimatology
Study of ancient climates
Change in state from solid to gas
Sublimation
The sun reaches its most Northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer during the:
Summer Solstice
Along the Arctic circle, how would the Sun appear during the summer solstice? During the winter solstice?
Summer solstice (June 21)- the sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, lying directly over the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 N Latitude. -to an observer, the sun at noon reaches its most northern or southern point in the sky -winter solstice: (dec 22) the sun is directly overhead of the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S. Latitude and is in the reverse position of the summer solstice in both hemispheres.
(T/F) Changes occur in the Earth's climate due to changes in the relative position of the Earth's tectonic plates
TRUE
(T/F) If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, the Earth is still projected to keep warming for the forseeable future.
TRUE
(T/F) The % of incident light radiation reflected back to space is termed "Albedo"
TRUE
(T/F) The 4th IPCC report on international climate change (2007) confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid 20th century
TRUE
(T/F) The Earth's average surface temperature has increased 0.6 Degrees C over the past 30 years
TRUE
Why are there HIGH pressure areas at each pole and a LOW pressure belt in the equatorial region?
The LOW pressure belt at the equator= more direct or indirect solar radiation during most of the year---->causes both land and ocean to heat up, along w/ the air above. Warmer temp= more evaporation-->creates light, warm, and humid air. This warm air rises vertically, creating LOW air pressure. In contrast, air at the poles is DRY and very COLD which causes the air --->to surface, creating HIGH air pressure.
The oceanic climate region where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are
Tropical
The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere
Tropopause
Lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs
Troposphere
(T/F) As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.
True
(T/F) Changes in the Earth's orbit can impact climate by increasing or decreasing solar input
True
(T/F) Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion, of a water sample can be used to calculate salinity
True
(T/F) Deep-ocean water contains more carbon dioxide than surface water because deep water is colder and has the ability to dissolve more gasses
True
(T/F) Evaporation causes cooling in the liquid left behind
True
(T/F) Except for water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in sea water
True
(T/F) Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of water
True
(T/F) Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium and magnesium are relatively constant
True
(T/F) The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C
True
(T/F) The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting
True
(T/F) Water is a polar molecule
True
(T/F) Water is the only naturally occurring substance on Earth that readily exists in all 3 states of matter simultaneously (ice, water, and water vapor)
True
Mount pinatubo, Philippines
Volcanic eruptions
Kyoto Protocol
Voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions
-The short term, day-to-day variations in the condition of the atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, and wind -At a given time and place
Weather
What is the difference between weather & climate?
Weather- the atmospheric conditions at a PARTICULAR PLACE AND TIME Climate- the average LONG TERM weather pattern for a specified geological area.
The temperate regions are characterized by
Westerly winds
A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be:
Wet (moist) and Warm
A hurricane
a tropical cyclone that forms in the waters off of North and South America
the role of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
began with more than 200 scientists studying human impact on the world's climate. Over 600 scientists in 40 countries contributed to the 2007 report. To date the IPCC has issued four reports on global climate change detailing growing scientific evidence that human activities are significantly impacting the world's climate
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a
change in State {invisible heat;does not change temp; amount of energy required to do phase changes}
Sunspots
changes in solar energy
