ONE MASSIVE STUDY GUIDE 40 HOUR RBT EXAM
examples of negative punishers
you have it you like it, I take it away time out fines loss of priveleges
In which of the following preference assessments is the individual only allowed to choose each item one time?
multiple stimulus without replacement
A standardized assessment is one that
must be administered and scored in exactly the same manner every time
RBTs may participate in debriefing sessions as a
participant Yes. If the RBT was present for the crisis intervention, they may be asked to participate in the debriefing.
Punishment is more difficult for teenagers committing public misbehavior because...
peers reinforce the behavior
The teaching and feedback method your BCBA supervisor is most likely to utilize with you during supervision
Behavioral Skills Training
stimulus control
Behavioral response occurs in the presence of a particular stimulus, but not in its absence.
There are four types of task analysis.
false. there are three.
Fines for overdue library books are an example of negative reinforcement.
false....?
BIPS are often revised.
True. Yes, BIPS are revised as skills are obtained or new challenges arise.
You should not contrive teaching situations in the NET.
FALSE
Learning sign language impairs a person's ability to learn to speak.
False
Least effective prompt data collection is a method that is used to track progress in errorless learning.
False
Least-to-Most prompting follows this sequence: No prompt, gestural prompt, verbal prompt, model, physical prompt.
False
Listeners serve as both reinforcers of and discriminative stimuli for speaker behavior.
False
Multi-function behaviors do not really exist.
False
The key to success with extinction is to combine it with punishment.
False
Person-centered planning teams are the same as IEP teams.
False?
Overlearning is a concept related to...
Fluency
Negative Reinforcement
Process by which a behavior is followed immediately by the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus and increases the future frequency of the behavior.
Automatic Reinforcement
Process by which actions render sensations within the body and increase the future frequency of the behavior that produced them.
An RBT may use the results of an interview or questionnaire conducted by the BCBA to
collect items for a preference assessment.
Skills that serve as building blocks for larger behavior skills or skill sets are called
component skills
Behavior intervention plans are sometimes difficult to implement in natural settings due to which of the following
Systems barriers such as lack of resources and differing guiding philosophies Correct!
PLA-CHECK underestimates behavior
True
Point-to-point correspondence in motor imitation means the child exactly duplicates the movements of the adult model.
True
Preference assessments and reinforcer assessments are NOT the same thing.
True
Punishment is an acceptable therapeutic intervention if you cannot block delivery of the reinforcer.
True
RBTs must follow skill acquisition plans exactly.
True
Shared enjoyment of an activity is considered attention.
True
Social skills training is enhanced by teaching children and adolescents to use slang.
True
Some of Skinner's writing focused on educational applications of behavior analysis.
True
Stereotypical behaviors sometimes include objects.
True
Structured observations often occur in natural settings.
True
The BACB offers a "voluntary inactive" status for RBTs who are not working currently, but wish to retain their credential.
True
The IISCA conditions typically are run for 3-5 minutes at a time.
True
The best way to ensure a child maintains a skill learned through DTT is to select skills that are used in natural contexts.
True
The main difference between teaching communication goals with students who speak and those who cannot is that the RBT must also learn the mode of communication.
True
Your supervisor can use supervision time to help you with your plans to become a BCaBA.
True
Your supervisor may ask you to evaluate their supervisory style on a frequent basis.
True
Upon entering his workplace each morning, Mr. Miller will greet at least three coworkers with a wave, smile, or head nod for 3 consecutive days by the 14th treatment session.
True it's a good goal
Time-out is seclusion.
false. Sometimes seclusion is a part of time-out, but the terms are not interchangeable.
Give the echoic response. Therapist: "Bee" Response: __________________
Bee
The two domains of Autism Spectrum Disorder are...
Behavior and Social Communication Skills
Shaping
Behavior change method in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations toward the target behavior.
Component Skills
Basic skills that serve as building blocks to larger skills known as composite skills.
Generalization training and discrimination training can be conducted together.
True
Graphs provide clarity for making decisions about treatment.
True
Group membership can be rotated in the Good Behavior Game.
True
Making statements expressing empathy should not be required until the child learns to experience empathy.
false
Negative reinforcement is another word for punishment
false
RBTs are not allowed to enter data into standardized assessment instrument electronic data platforms.
false
Reinforcer is another word for "reward."
false
Typically a functional analysis session lasts
10 minutes
sign language
A mode of communication that employs signs made with the hands and other movements, including facial expressions and postures of the body, to communicate messages.
Preference Assessment
A set of procedures used to identify stimuli that might function as reinforcers.
Creating a task analysis can be enhanced by
A. Creating the TA by watching a video of someone completing the task. B. Following the steps of a completed TA to verify it is correct. both
A probe session is conducted to
A. assess whether a skill can be performed without prompts
Another name for the three-term contingency
ABCs of behavior
Shoe tying would be assessed using what type of assessment?
ADAPTIVE SKILLS
The three-term contingency is
Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
Choose the goal statement below that passes the dead man's test. A. Millicent will refrain from arguing with her parents when told to take a bath. B. When told to take a bath, Millicent will report to the bathroom within 2 minutes, without further prompting. C. When told to take a bath, Millicent will not protest by the third week of treatment.
B
Which of the following data collection methods poses a risk that the data may not actually belong to the client?
B. Permanent Product Recording
During reading assignments, Jamie looks away from his paper.
Better: Jamie spends more than 30 seconds of a five minute interval looking away from his paper during reading assignments, not including times when distracting variables occur that result in multiple students looking up from their reading assignments.
Jamil is always running around.
Better: Jamil gets out of his seat an average of 17 times per hour.
Instead of: Milton needs to learn to obey adults.
Better: Milton typically waits for the third instruction to comply with directives or requests.
When speaking with peers and authority figures, Miles curses.
Better: When speaking with peers and authority figures, Miles curses in 3 out of 4 interactions lasting a minimum of 2 minutes.
The description of the intensity of a behavior is a part of its
C. topographical assessment
Which method of differential reinforcement allows reinforcement for ANY behavior except the target behavior?
DRO
Treatment Integrity Check (program fidelity)
Data collection focused on the degree to which program components are implemented correctly.
Which of the following procedures includes extinction?
Differential reinforcement
Functional Analysis
Direct form of functional behavior assessment in which antecedents and consequences are systematically tested to determine the controlling variables of a specific target behavior.
Planned Activity Check (PLA-CHECK)
Discontinuous data collection method which applies momentary time sampling methodology to GROUPS. The number of people engaged in the target behavior at the designated time is recorded.
Countable Behaviors
Discrete - having a definite stop and start point - occur frequently enough to capture in the defined time period - do not occur so quickly as to make accurate counting unlikely
Behavior occurs in the presence of specific stimuli but not in the presence of similar stimuli.
Discrimination
Exposing a child to only round things to teach the concept of "circle" is then followed by pairing round things with triangles and asking the child to select the circle.
Discrimination
The form of functional behavior assessment that directly tests antecedents and consequences to determine function
Experimental Functional Analysis
Once you have your RBT credential, you must accrue 10 continuing education hours per year to keep it.
FALSE
Ray frequently takes an extended lunch. His boss discovered this, gave him a written reprimand, and told him to return on time from now on. Ray's coworkers reported that he returned on time for a few days, but then returned to his extended lunches.
His boss is using an intermittent schedule too soon. He should be on an FR 1 schedule.
Steps in creating a task analysis
Identify a Target Skill (This should be a multi-component skill that can be broken down into discrete steps.) Identify Pre-Requisite Skills (If the learner does not have those skills, the pre-requisites must be taught first.) Identify Teaching Materials Needed (Ensure everything is available so that there are no distractions from the process.) Record Each Step in Completing the Task (Record steps while completing them Observe someone else completing the task and record what they do Video yourself or someone else completing the task and record the steps you observe) Confirm the Steps (Follow the steps yourself and edit as necessary Have someone else follow the steps. Edit as you answer their questions or observe their mistakes.)
Child (cries, points at toy giraffe) RBT: (obtains giraffe) "say, giraffe" Child: (reaches for giraffe) RBT: "say, giraffe" Child: "giraffe" RBT: (gives giraffe)
Mand
Child: "French fry" Mother: (gives french fry)
Mand
The only verbal operant that directly serves the speaker.
Mand
Before a session, the RBT must ensure all ______________ are available, organized, and accessible.
Materials
M- smart
Measurable How will you count it, time it, weigh it, calculate it, measure it?
Choosing treatments based on diagnosis is based on the _________________ model of care.
Medical
Partial Interval Recording
Method of discontinuous data collection in which behavior is marked as occurring or not occurring at any point during the interval, regardless of duration or frequency.
Momentary Time Sampling
Method of discontinuous data collection in which the interval is marked if the behavior occurs at a designated point within the interval (usually the beginning of the interval).
Whole Interval Recording
Method of discontinuous data collection in which the interval is marked if the behavior occurs throughout the interval.
Greg does not like for his letters to be incorrectly formed, so he erases frequently. Sometimes he erases so much that he causes holes in his paper. His teacher decided to change this behavior, so she sat next to him while he wrote an essay. Every time he started to erase, she blocked the movement and firmly told him "no." Greg complained and begged to be allowed to erase, but she did not allow it. It took three times as long as usual to write the essay, and the next day he returned to frequent erasing.
NO ALTERNATE BEHAVIOR
Generalization
Opposite of discrimination. Behavior that occurs in reponse to similar stimuli without additional training
Momentary Time Sampling for groups
PLA-CHECK
To differentiate bars in a bar chart, use
Patterns
Variable Ratio (VR)
Provides reinforcement based on a varying number of responses. Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a five minute break when she completes an average of five academic tasks.
Which of the following is an example of a prompting strategy to prevent problem behavior?
Providing a model for how to complete an algebra problem...?
pica
Purposeful ingestion of inedible materials
Permanent Product Recording
Recording the outcome of a behavior instead of the behavior itself. ex: academic tasks, work products, personal care skills, domestic skills
FBAs seek to determine the purpose a problem behavior serves.
True
Conditioned Reinforcement
Reinforcement that is learned via pairing with primary reinforcement.
Jenny hates pep rallies because of the noise, physical closeness, and unpredictable movements of the crowd. She responded by screaming and pushing several of her fellow students to the floor as she eloped from the room. The principal made her write "I will not hurt my friends" 50 times on the blackboard. However, the next time there was a pep rally, she did the same thing.
She needs antecedent interventions.
Frequency Measure
Should only be used when the length of observation time is consistent from day to day. Ex: always two hours
Reinforcement for correct responding in a motor imitation trial is usually...
Social
A disorder similar to Autism Spectrum Disorder but without the related behavioral symptoms
Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
Interview skills and customer service skills are examples of _________ skills.
Soft
response effort
The amount of ease or difficulty with which a person can complete a task. This influences the frequency with which the task will be performed.
Inter-response Time
The amount of time that elapses between iterations (repetitions/another instance) of a behavior.
Frequency
The number of times a behavior occurs. Also called 'count.'
Data Level
The point on the y-axis around which the data converge.
Clinical Scientist Model
The practice of using a scientific approach to delivering clinical services.
inter response time
Time elapsing between two successive responses; response-interval-response
t - smart
Time-Based Identify a time frame for achieving the overall goal and the benchmark objectives.
A person with a complex vocabulary and multiple motor impairments would probably prefer
a standalone speech generating device
Token Economy
a system of behavior change in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens, which can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers.
When people engage in behaviors that function to get access to "stuff," the function is
access to tangibles
Monica is not sure whether the behavioral definition of off-task includes sitting quietly with pencil in hand, since the student might be thinking about the assignment. She decided not to mark the intervals as off-task when this occurred
accuracy
Skill acquisition goals are based on
assessment results
Planned ignoring includes contingent removal of ...
attention
The SD for a vocal echoic response is...
auditory
Functions of behavior can be classified in several ways, including social vs _____________
automatic
Anthony walks an extra three blocks so he will not run in to his ex-girlfriend on his way to work. This is an __________________ behavior.
avoidance
Antecedents come __________________ the behavior and ___________________ the consequence.
before, before
If you are not sure what to do next in your session, and a mistake might cause a significant problem, the best plan of action is to
contact your supervisor before implementing the procedure Correct. If the consequences of a mistake are likely to be significant, this justifies immediately contacting your supervisor.
7.14 is a...
continuous number
The data collection method for single stimulus preference assessment
duration
Child: "Tomowow" RBT: "TomoRRow" Child: "TomoRRow"
echoic
When stimuli fail to elicit the target behavior due to repeated presentation, _____________________ has occurred.
habituation
In which of the following types of group contingencies do all members win or lose together?
interdependent
Which type of language training requires the most sign language fluency from the RBT?
intraverbals
Percentage
involves counting the number of opportunities you give a person to perform some skill and then to calculate the number of correct and incorrect responses. only use if opportunity to see target behavior is easily observed and high frequency don't use for hard to observe opportunity or is continuous behavior
Fred is working with Ricky to decrease his ranting behavior by having him insert a pause before responding to stimuli that typically precede a rant. Inserting a pause is the replacement behavior. Which of the following methods could you use to measure Ricky's progress with using the replacement behavior?
it's not frequency of rants....idk
total task chaining
learner completes every task every task in the chain reinforcement is given for each step
backward chaining
learner completes steps in a chain, beginning with the last step. so the teacher does all the steps until the last step, then works backwards. etc.
Social justice reform movements designed to ensure minority groups are not disproportionally subjected to exclusionary or punitive practices and to ensure people with disabilities lead _____________________ lives have decreased the social acceptability of punishment procedures.
normalized
A bar chart might be used for
not just functional analysis results....possibly preference asssessment results or both
If the learner is responding in a way that is not addressed by the prompting, error correction, and reinforcement procedures, the RBT must
notify the BCBA idk
Behavior is
observable and measurable
Which of the following has been shown to prevent problem behavior among children?
opportunities for choice making, providing a consistent schedule
Which of the following is an example of a prompting strategy to prevent problem behavior?
opportunities for choicemaking and providing a consistent schedule both ... providing a model for how to complete an algebra problem
examples of negative reinforcers
pain attenuation (aches etc) sensory attenuation (light, bright crowded hot cold) emotional pain attenuation (worry etc) escape (getting out of unwanted demands or situations) avoidance (never entering into demands or situations)
Abby and Lucy had a huge argument on the playground last year. Lucy has refused to play with Abby since then. Her new best friend, Allie, recently started inviting Abby into their games. Lucy is now tolerating Abby as long as Allie is there, too. This is an early step in the process of
pairing
Uses of Treatment Integrity Data
part of RBT supervision session feedback to BCBA for program development purposes feedback to BCBA for training purposes
Which of the following data collection methods provides an overestimate of behavior?
partial interval
discontinuous data types
partial interval, whole interval, momentary time sample, planned activity check
prompting heirarchy
physical assist - model - specific instruction - vague instruction - cue (fade within categories, fade between categories)
Which form of sign language is used frequently by native oral speakers who later lose their hearing and study ASL?
pigdin sign
People who use picture communication may _______________ or _____________________ the pictures.
point to; exchange
Gesteral prompt
pointing, motioning, or nodding towards another person, thing or activity. often used as a part of an entire prompt or package. not typically used in isolation
One commonly used variation on a token economy is a
points system
Reprimand is considered...
positive punishment
Sr+ is the abbreviation for
positive reinforcement
reinforcement processes:
positive: desired consequence is presented after the behavior negative: unwanted stimuli is removed after behavior (negative is still good! it takes away something the client does not like around them like a loud noise or something)
Reinforcement for emitting a correct echoic is usually...
praise and attention
Placing your hand between the face and hand of a person who is attempting to hit themself in the eye is called...
response blocking
Prompt fading plans should include criteria for advancing and ____________________ .
reversing
Speakers serve as SDs for listeners to...
say and think
The preference assessment method in which children are presented with one item at a time.
single stimulus
Functional Analysis uses _______________________________ research design.
single subject
Reinforcer/punisher types
social, tangible, activities, sensory
By default, Excel will plot the x-axis based on
the number of rows in your data set
data trend
the overall direction of the data
Which of these situations should be immediately reported to your supervisor?
you realize that the recent death of your nephew is leading to you wanting to spend more time with clients who physically resemble him
What is wrong with including the following sentence in a report documenting a crisis situation? She wanted to be in control, so she threw the teacher's globe across the room.
It is not objective Right. It is not objective because it includes statements about what the person wanted instead of reporting only observable facts.
History of DTT
Ivar Lovass in 1960's institutionalized children with autism
Failing a test that you studied very hard for is punishing if...
You stop studying.
The earliest lessons on emotion management are focused on...
Labeling emotions as they occur
When is latency data collected
Latency data is collected for behaviors in which the goal is to increase or decrease the amount of time that passes between the stimulus and response
Latency of time
Latency measures the amount of time that elapses before action is initiated. Ex: she takes too long to start her homework
RBT: "Bobby" Bobby: (looks at RBT). In this scenario, Bobby's behavior is a(n) ___________________ skill.
Listener
joint attention
Looking where an adult looks - Following a point - Initiating joint attention
Early Intensive Behavior Intervention (EIBI) is based on the work of _________________.
Lovaas
Natural environment teaching method in which the teacher observes the child's point of interest, models the correct response, and requires the child to replicate the model.
MAND MODEL
Four-term contingency
MO (motivating operation) - antecedent - behavior - consequence
Estelle has repeatedly asked her husband not to throw his dirty socks in the floor. He continues to do so, even when she becomes very angry and yells at him about it. He laughs at her when she yells and says she doesn't know how to look and sound mad.
Magnitude of the punisher is too mild
Descriptive Functional Assessment
Method of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior by observing and recording events as they occur in the natural environment.
Smart goal for: When speaking with peers and authority figures, Miles curses in 3 out of 4 interactions lasting at least 2 minutes..
Miles will engage in conversation with his therapist for 10 minutes without using profanity on 5 consecutive trials by session 6.
Which of the following behaviors observed during a social skills group might be considered a red flag requiring immediate notification to the supervisor?
a child hints that she thought about suicide one day
tact
a label. tact a thing, action, emotion
repeated measures
a method of tracking progress by repeating assessments across time
mand
a request. mand for things, attention, info
intraverbal
a social exchange. a social greeting, a response to a question, a conversation
Validity Factors
accuracy: did you do it correctly representativeness: Does the data represent the behavior across time, conditions, and settings? relevance: Does the data capture the most relevant dimensions of the target behavior? significance: Is the measured behavior socially significant?
For a reinforcer to be positive, it must
add a stimulus to the environment
Celeste observes her client and marks whether or not a behavior is occurring at the end of a designated interval. Celeste is using
Momentary time sampling
Teaching multiple examples of the SD and the SΔ until the concept is able to be applied to untrained stimuli
Multiple Exemplar Training
Stickers are positive reinforcers.
NOT ENOUGH INFO
Tara was driving 90 mph in a 70 mph zone when she was pulled over by the Highway Patrol Officer. He gave her a ticket that cost her $200. Tara drives 70 mph on that highway since then.
Negative Punishment Behavior - Driving over the speed limit Consequence - Fine (Removal of money) Future Behavior - No more driving over the speed limit
The smoke detector malfunctioned at Langley's house, and started to alert once per hour. After the third time, Langley removed the batteries. The smoke detector made no more noise.
Negative Reinforcement Stimulus - Annoying sounds Behavior - Removing batteries Consequence - Annoying sounds stop
Marla does not read well. When called on in class, to read she always says she has a headache. Teachers stop calling on her.
Negatively reinforced
If Fred likes chocolate and gumdrops are not chocolate, is it correct to say Fred does not like gumdrops?
No
If a person is believed to talk too much, the best way to collect data on this in natural contexts would be to use a frequency count.
No, counting the words of a fast talker would be too difficult. Taking duration data would be more practical.
negative punishment techniques
Non-Exclusion Time-Out Expand Exclusion Time-Out Expand Response Cost
Some Schedules are Better for Special Situations
Noncontingent Reinforcement (time based)
Rate
Number of times a behavior occurs in a given time frame. Expressed "n occurrences per x time period"
Continuous Numbers
Numbers that occur in a range; used for collecting data on behaviors with unclear stop and start points.
When documenting crisis intervention, ensure your reports are ________________, sequential, and complete.
Objective
Behavior definitions should be:
Observable Measurable Complete Clear
Which of the following preference assessments usually takes the longest to administer?
Paired stimulus
Madelyn observed her client and marks an interval box if the behavior occurs at any point during the interval. Madelyn is using
Partial Interval Recording
The data collection method for free operant preference assessments is
Partial interval
Frequency and rate are the same thing.
People argue about this
Interobserver Agreement (IOA)
Percent agreement between data collected simultaneously by two independent observers recording the same observation. two people looking at the same situation same time same info collecting the same data
The Six Types of Prompts
Physical Prompts Modeling Verbal Prompts Gestural Prompts Textual / Graphic Prompts Stimulus Prompts
Response Blocking
Physically blocking the completion of a problem behavior
restraint
Physically holding or securing the individual, either briefly to interrupt and intervene with severe problem behavior or for an extended period of time using mechanical devices to prevent otherwise uncontrollable problem behavior that has the potential to produce serious injury
FCT often teaches the child to use ________________________ communication in the early stages, regardless of what communication is being used outside the sessions.
Picture
Meg is trying to lose weight. For every 100 calories she ingests over her diet plan, she requires herself to run an extra mile. Last week she had to run 4 extra miles. This week she exceeded her calorie allotment twice.
Positive Punishment Behavior - Ate excess calories 4 times in one week Consequence - Run one mile for every 100 extra calories Future Behavior - Ate excess calories only 2 times in one week
ADHD has three types
Predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, and combined type
Pairing
Presenting a stimulus with a highly reinforcing stimulus or highly punishing stimulus in order to condition it to have the same reinforcing or punishing properties. The term is often used to refer to pairing people with preferred items or activities in order to establish the person as a reinforcer.
r - smart
Relevant Socially valid Behavioral cusps preferred
When graphing in Excel, gridlines should be
Removed
learned helplessness
Repeated punishment in the absence of reinforcement for alternative behaviors leads to a cessation of all actions.
self-stimulatory behavior
Repetition of non-purposeful movement or sounds
Self-Stimulatory Behavior
Repetitive movements of the body or objects which serve no meaningful purpose. When they occur as a primary activity, they are also called stereotypical behaviors (or stereotypies).
positive punishment techniques
Reprimands and Social Disapproval Expand Response Blocking Expand Contingent Exercise Expand Overcorrection
Peggy penalizes her son $1 of his $20 per week allowance every day he fails to make his bed. This is a form of...
Response Cost
Caroline loves bubble gum. Her teacher gives bubble gum to every child who finishes their math facts work sheet in less than one minute. Caroline never finishes in one minute, and she cries when everyone gets bubblegum except for her. The faster she writes her answers, the more mistakes she makes. The most likely reason for the reinforcer not working is
Restricted range of options
Which of these is an example of indirect supervision activity?
Reviewing your progress in your professional development plan
Punishment is Preferred as a Clinical Intervention
Risk for serious physical harm warrants rapid suppression of the behavior Reinforcement has been tried, and the behavior continues at socially unacceptable levels The reinforcer maintaining the behavior cannot be withheld
Who conducts an AAC assessment?
SLP's
Observable, Measurable Components of Goal Behaviors
SMART specific measurable attainable relevant time-based
Discontinuous data collection requires
Sampling
Decreasing reliance on others to access resources and assert ones' rights.
Self-advocacy
Automatic reinforcement is usually related to ___________________ behaviors.
Sensory
normalization
Social justice movement designed to make available to all people with disabilities patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances and way of life or society.
The basic elements of a token economy include target behaviors, token schedule, reinforcer menu, and ____________________ .
Spending Rules
Cassie is trying to extinguish her use of curse words but substituting the words "sugar" and "fudge" for the curse words she uses most frequently. Her friends are helping by discontinuing conversation with her if she .says the curse words, and extending the conversation if she uses the substitute words. This is differential reinforcement of ___________________________ behavior.
alternative
The SD for the mand is...
an MO
A developmental disability is a(n)...
an umbrella term
Stimulus in the presence of which, reinforcement is not available.
Stimulus Delta
Drinking water because you are thirsty instead of waiting on an adult to tell you to drink is an example of
Stimulus control
David flew off the handle.
Subjective
If your client stops exhibiting the target behavior for a while after receiving reinforcement, what should you consider doing?
Switch to a variable schedule
People with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Level 1, may have been diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder, NOS in the past.
TRUE?
Child: (sees dog) "Doggie!" RBT: "Yes, that is a doggie!
Tact
Mother: (points to cat) says "what's this?" Child: Cat
Tact
In school-wide PBIS, emphasis is placed on
antecedent interventions
Interventions designed to prevent problem behaviors.
antecedent interventions
Ecological assessment results are used to develop
antecedent interventions and skill building goals, both
Stimuli are types of
antecedents and consequences both
When to use PLA-CHECK
appropriate for assessing the usefulness of group interventions, classroom routines, or workplace systems designed to improve overall productivity - ensure the behavior being assessed is practical for this type of scanning - ensure the purpose of the data collection is to look at the group as a whole
most to least promptng
begin with errorless learning prompt - reinforce after correct responding delivery for set number of correct responses decrease to slightly less intrusive prompt ex: like teaching a child how to cut with a knife. start with hand over hand then decrease
the science of human behavior
behavior analysis
Shaping is a procedure that is used for
behavior reduction and skill acquisition both
Problem Behavior
behavior that occurs too often, too intensely, or in the wrong context
JJ's mother objects to a goal his IEP team recommended (to identify his ABCs) because he has worked on it for 10 consecutive years and has not mastered it. JJ's mother is essentially saying the goal has no ______________________ .
behavioral momentum
Quincy wants to teach his student to complete a chain of tasks using Forward Chaining because the learner is more likely to comply with a difficult task if he has had several successes in a row before being presented with that difficult task. In other words, Quincy is relying on the concept of ____________________________________.
behavioral momentum
Duration Data is best for
behaviors that stop and start rapidly and repeatedly behaviors that are related to goals for increasing or decreasing endurance or persistence ex:
In order for your supervisor at an agency to serve as your official RBT supervisor, they must
both A. have additional training in supervision B. be listed on the BACB registry as your supervisor C. both a and b
We use graphs to
communicate with others, monitor progress, make treatment decisions
In order to ensure a behavior definition is complete, it is often important to include
confidence intervals
NET introduces certain concerns that are less prominent in clinic-based services, such as
confidentiality and safety both
Reinforcers
consequences that increase the future frequency of the behaviors that precede them. opposite of punishers
Time delay may be progressive or _______________________.
constant
Two types of Data
continuous: captures every possible instance of a behavior in a given time frame discontinuous: captures a sample of behavior in a given time frame
Which of the following should be considered when selecting an augmentative or alternative method of communication?
cost and visual acuity both
Measurable
count it time it measure it weight it score it. You rarely measure to determine an outcome but a precedent. Not needed for taking baseline or measuring outcomes.
Early intervention is important for language development because of __________________________.
critical periods for development
prompt fading in total task chaining
decrease prompts as each step as learning progresses you are at greater risk of keeping people total task dependent because you have to fade with each prompt in task chaining. you may hve unequal reinforcement sequences within the chain
Punishers
decrease the future frequency of the behavior that precedes them
Elements of a Token Economy
Target Behaviors, Token SChedule, reinforcer menu, spending rules
Multiple Exemplar Training
Teaching multiple examples of the SD and the SΔ until the concept is able to be applied to untrained stimuli
An author who has Autism and writes about the differences between how people with Autism and neurotypical people experience the world is
Temple Grandin
Standardized Assessment
Tests that are developed using psychometric science and are administered and scored in accordance with prescribed procedures .
Positive and negative reinforcement have this in common.
The behavior occurs more often in the future
Validity
The degree to which data accurately reflect the phenomenon they are reported to describe.
Reliability
The degree to which data is replicable.
Variability
The degree to which data points diverge from the line of best fit on a graph. High variability indicates poor control over behavior.
Social Validity
The degree to which treatment goals and procedures are acceptable and meaningful to recipients and their communities of support.
Evidence Based Practice
The integration of best available research with clinical expertise while taking into account client characteristics.
Point-to-Point Correspondence
The stimulus and response products match in entirety; that is, the response is an exact duplication of the stimulus.
The RBT code of ethics encourages you to solve most ethical conflicts by
deferring to your supervisor
Fixed Time Non-contingent schedule (FT / NCR)
deliver after a certain amount of time has passed regardless of behavior Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a five minute break every hour.
Fixed ratio (FR)
delivery after a certain number of responses is given ex: Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a five minute break every time she completes five academic tasks.
Confidentiality is a
Therapists duty?
variable-time schedule (non contingent, VT / NCR)
delivery after an unknown or changing amount of time has passed, regardless of behavior Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a break approximately every hour.
Fixed Interval (FI)
delivery after the target response is given after known amount of time has passed ex: Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a five minute break for every 30 minutes of on-task behavior.
Which of the following has ABA NOT been shown to be effective for treating?
depression, smoking, neither!
keys to effective use of reinforcement
deprivation contingency consistency dose scheduling
Practically speaking, we should spend more time helping people learn how to use _____________ currency than ___________ currency.
digital, paper
An FBA might include direct testing, parent interview, and
direct observations, record review both
Which of the following is NOT a teaching phase of DTT?
Toleration
Calculating IOA for Counted Data
Total Count IOA Mean Count IOA Exact Count IOA Trial By Trial IOA
Calculating IOA for Duration Data
Total Duration Mean Duration per Occurrence IOA
Pseudoscience
Treatments that are presented as if they have a scientific basis, but have not or cannot be supported scientifically.
Count of the number of trials required to achieve a predetermined level of performance.
Trials to criterion
A speaker's mand is an SD for the listener to act.
True
ABA is only interested in solving socially meaningful behavior problems of humans.
True
All Behavior Intervention Plans must include data collection procedures.
True
All data should be graphed.
True
All programs should be focused on increasing independence through prompt fading.
True
An advanced skill within the category of task-related behavior includes accepting feedback and correcting errors.
True
Behavior Intervention Plans are confidential documents.
True
Behavior Intervention Plans are derived from Functional Behavior Assessments.
True
Behavior Intervention Plans typically include strategies for prevention as well as response to problem behavior.
True
Behavior rate is expressed as n occurrences per x time period.
True
Discrete Trial Training consists of massed trials of stimulus - response - reinforcement.
True
Extinction is defined as eliminating a previously learned behavior by withholding reinforcement.
True
Frequency data is useless without a timeframe.
True
Group dependent contingencies may lead to stigmatization of one group member.
True
IOA is expressed as a calculated percent agreement between two observers.
True
If a client has an extraordinary day with a high rate of behavior that is not likely to be repeated in the future, you do not have to adjust the y-axis to accommodate it.
True
If you deliver RBT services without a supervisor, the BACB may immediately cancel your credential.
True
If you have personal issues that are interfering with your ability to do your work, you must report this to your supervisor.
True
In order to be classified as a developmental disability, a disorder must have three components.
True
It is acceptable to change two components of a single behavior in one shaping schedule.
True
Life skills instruction is enhanced by teaching the child to self-monitor his or her own efforts.
True
Maintaining social relationships is often a special challenge for older adults with developmental disabilities.
True
Maintenance trials usually occur less often over time.
True
Mary and Murray could be exhibiting the exact same behavior at the exact same time in the exact same setting for totally different functions.
True
Modern research indicates biology can influence behavior.
True
Modern research indicates environmental factors can influence genetic development.
True
Motor imitation skills are important precursor skills for verbal behavior.
True
Multiple Stimulus with Replacement is a hybrid of Multiple Stimulus without Replacement and Paired Stimulus preference assessments.
True
Multiple Stimulus with Replacement scored by rank ordering.
True
New requirements for hygiene arise in puberty.
True
Of all the communication modes, we are least knowledgeable about the effects of picture communication on the development of spoken language.
True
Pandora loves attention and likes to learn how to do new things for herself. Pandora is a good candidate for total task chaining programs.
True
Permanent product recording is an indirect method of data collection.
True
Picture communication is easy for naive communication partners to understand.
True
RBT: "say ball" Child: "ball" This is an example of an echoic skill.
True
RBTs are mandated reporters under the Elder Abuse laws.
True
Response Blocking has been shown to be useful in the treatment of self-injury.
True
Self monitoring is a good approach for ensuring you uphold a client's dignity.
True
Senior citizens with developmental disabilities are at increased risk for inappropriate prescribing of psychotropic medications.
True
Some devices will allow a person to say any word they can think of, even if it was not pre-programmed.
True
Supervisors may use a TA to monitor your work.
True
Task analysis steps may be used to create visual schedules for people to self-monitor their own activities.
True
The basic principle of reinforcement is: stimulus - response - consequence
True
The majority of high school students with disabilities receive accommodations and modifications, but most of them do not receive any accommodations in college.
True
The minimum standard for reliability in ABA is .80. However, your behavior analyst may set the bar higher.
True
The usefulness of environmental manipulation depends upon the degree of preparation.
True
There are two main approaches for conducting an FBA.
True
This is a good behavior goal: Upon entering his workplace each morning, Mr. Miller will greet at least three coworkers with a wave, smile, or head nod for 3 consecutive days by the 14th treatment session.
True
Tokens are conditioned reinforcers.
True
When teaching children to brush their teeth, we almost always use most-to-least prompting
True
Whole interval recording provides an underestimate of behavior.
True
A major condition change line is a solid vertical line.
True. Dashed for minor. Asterix for temporary or very small changes
In order for a consequence to be truly reinforcing, the person must engage in the behavior more often in the future.
True. The only indicator that a consequence is reinforcing is that future occurences of the behavior increase
Reprimands can function as positive reinforcement.
True. cause it's adding something to the situation
Behavior analytic services focus on skill acquisition and behavior reduction.
True?
Ethical codes in developmental disability services have emerged, in part, from past mistakes
True?
People who serve on person-centered planning teams keep within the boundaries of their professional roles.
True?
How many columns of data are required to create a scatterplot?
Two
Opal went to the casino for the first time and won $500 on a slot machine. She returned every week for a year, and ended up losing a total of $5000.
Two possible answers: Positive reinforcement, because the first win led to an increase in casino attendance. Failed negative punishment, because the money losses did not cause her to decrease casino attendance
Primary Reinforcement
Unlearned, biologically innate reinforcement that does not require teaching, such as food.
SMART goal for: Millie will learn to write her name.
Upon request, Millie will independently type her first and last name on a keyboard with no errors by Session 8 of treatment.
Jaime's RBT is going to collect 15 minute time samples of his hand-raising behavior in each class over a three-week period by a frequency count. This is
discontinuous data collection using discrete numbers
Rate and frequency counts require ___________________ behaviors.
discrete
Assessment of the environmental requirements for successful functioning is called
ecological assessment
Defining your research question is what step in the scientific method?
either 2 or 3 IDK
As an RBT you should expect to see your supervisor
either at least once per month or frequently idkl
This type of data collection is used to give the RBT feedback on performance in sessions with clients.
either least effective prompt or treatment integrity idk
The RBT Task list has ___________ areas of competencies.
either six or four idk
After brainstorming several possible options for how to resolve an ethical issue, you should narrow down your choices by
eliminating choices that are not supported by the BACB's ethics code
Which of the following is a a possible side effect of punishment?
emotional changes, aggression, both
I know you are hungry because I heard your stomach growl is a(n) ________________ argument.
empirical
A method of functional behavior assessment that combines the systematic comparison of variables used in functional analysis with ABC analysis in a natural setting is called
environmental manipulation
Lease Effective Prompt Data Collection
Used with least-to-most prompting procedures can be used with discrete tasks or chained tasks indicates the learner's response to each prompt in the hierarchy OR indicates the prompt require to elicit the correct response
behavioral momentum
Using a series of high-probability requests to increase compliance with low-probability requests.
The slot machine at the Daily Double Casino is programmed to payoff 10% of its intake at random times, averaging every 4 hours.
VI 4hrs
Daisy praises her student approximately every 15 correct responses on his flashcards.
VR 15
Nina kisses her baby about every hour, whether he is laughing or crying.
VT 1hr
Billy frequently curses in class. Knowing that he likes peer attention, his teacher sends him to sit in the hallway for the remainder of the class when he curses. However, his cursing is not decreasing.
Value of the punisher OR Incidental reinforcement
Inattention symptoms include three types of symptoms: task incompletion, disorganization, and _______________.
Verbal inattention
Driving skills are at risk for loss in senior citizens due to changes in __________________.
Vision and reaction time
language and communication skills
Vocal Imitation (Echoics) - Spontaneous Vocalization - Requesting (Mands) - Labeling (Tacts) - Intraverbals (Conversational Skills) - Listener Skills
Monique has Autism and limited verbal skills. When she is told it is time to stop a preferred activity to begin a task, she begins to hum. Her parents recognize this as a sign that she is becoming agitated and try to sooth her, but they do not allow her to escape the task. As they assist her through the task, she frequently becomes more aggressive, eventually hitting them. Once she hits, they remove her favorite toy that she keeps with her at all times. She will then calm down and comply to get the toy back.
Waiting too long in the behavioral chain to implement the punishment procedure.
Your supervisor is responsible for
everything you do as an RBT
When to use Partial-Interval Recording
ex: Recording used to measure humming, rocking. the behavior occurs frequently enough to collect samples sensitive to change during the designated time period it is better to over-estimate the occurrence of the behavior than to under-estimate it - it is not necessary to estimate the amount of time the behavior was actually engaged in during the observation
Risk/Benefit Analysis is an example of a(n) ___________________________.
executive functioning skill
Organizational skills are an example of...
executive functioning skills
If you believe someone else is failing to treat a client with dignity, your first step in resolving the issue is to
express your concerns to the person whose behavior is a concern. your code of ethics requires you to first attempt to work it out directly when possible
What type of stimuli are prompts
extra, auxiliary, or artificial stimuli
Usually, data collection in a functional analysis is based on
fREQUENCY
"Laura thinks she is the boss" is an observable statement.
false
Behaviors are responses to needs.
false
FCT stands for Frequency of Correct Topography
false
Research demonstrates time-out should cease when the time limit is up, even if the person is engaging in the problem behavior at that moment.
false
Sleep training is not a target for behavior analysis.
false
The best time to teach the mand for apple is when the child has just eaten an apple.
false
The good thing about negative punishment is you can use it with new problem behaviors as they emerge without revising your plan.
false
The most important thing for school readiness is pre-academic skill development.
false
When punishment leads to a behavior improvement in one context, it may also improve in other contexts without punishment. This is called behavioral contrast.
false
According to the BACB, punishment is only to be used after reinforcement has failed.
false. punishment is a last resort option
In the sentence "the ball is red," red is a __________________ of the ball.
feature
number one goal of creating a task analysis
figuring how much detail person needs to complete a task ex. making instant pudding (person who can cook vs person who does no familiarity with cooking)
A form of picture communication that is used to demonstrate a contingency
first-then schedule
Melanie is a salaried employee who receives a check every 14 days. What reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Benny and Elaine say "I love you" at the end of every phone conversation. What reinforcement schedule is that?
fixed ratio
Which of the following is an example of joint attention?
following a person's eye gaze + bringing a favorite toy to show a parent
Treatment integrity refers to the degree to which the RBT
follows the written instructions in a program plan
topographical elements of behavior
form, frequency and intensity, setting, impact
Patrick has a short attention span for watching others and displays problem behaviors when presented with too many tasks in a row. What chaining procedure is probably best for him?
forward chaining
Types of Chaining 3
forward chaining backward chaining total task chaining
continuous data types
frequency, rate, duration, latency, and inter-response time
The sentence "We play games with balls" indicates the ball's ___________________________.
function
For every target behavior, the behavior intervention plan should list the
function and replacement behavior both
When collecting ABC data in a descriptive functional behavior assessment, consequences are groups into _______________ categories.
functional
Mary is an RBT who has been taught to feed her client, John, who has swallowing problems. She now wonders if she could provide the same service to other people who have similar swallowing problems. She is wondering if her skillset ______________________________ between clients.
generalizes
GOT VVAST (deliver follow by desired behavior and see if they actually increase or reinforce behavior!)
gustatory: some children motivated by eat/drink olfactory: senses of smell tactile: motivated by things feel on their skin visual: the way things look in nature vestibular: the way things feel in a sense of balance auditory: the way things sound, push buttons and the noise they make etc. social: social interactions motivated by etc. Thermal: hot, cold, cool or lukewarm things
Problem behaviors may lead to negative outcomes such as
health problems social isolations restriction of rights, fewer opportunities to learn, reduced personal quality of life, health problems
Heidi wants to increase her exercise. Currently she works out after work on average one day per week. The other days she goes out with friends. She has decided to shape her behavior by asking her friends to refuse to go out with her unless she has met her exercise goal for the week. The goal rate of exercise will be incrementally increased each week. This is a method of differential reinforcement called differential reinforcement of
high rates of behavior
stimulus control transfer
how you get to stimulus control. Systematic reduction of prompts and reinforcement to achieve the final goal of stimulus control.
A behavior is generally considered problematic when it occurs too frequently, too intensely or
in the wrong context
A teacher of a child you are providing ABA services to is an example of a(n) ______________________ client.
indirect
Which graph is most commonly used in ABA
line graphs
Fade within categories of prompts by adjusting
magnitude
The most salient question when considering most-to-least vs least-to-most is the degree to which _____________ is likely to negatively impact learning.
making errors
Child: "Ball" RBT: (gives the child a ball) In this scenario, "ball" is a(n)...
mand
PECS are used mostly to
mand
In order to use a larger array of vocabulary words on an SGD, a user need to have ___________________ skills.
match to sample
One example of a pre-academic skill is
matching to sample and sitting in seat both
Visual Perception
matching, scanning, sorting
Skill acquisition plans include goals, objectives, ___________________, and data collection.
materials
Stimulus Control
When a stimulus reliably elicits a behavior even without direct, immediate reinforcement.
When cued to sit for tasks or leisure activities, Jamil gets out of his seat an average of 17 times per hour for tasks or activities that typically require a person to remain seated for the duration of the activity.
When cued to sit for circle time, Jamil will remain seated unless first raising his hand and receiving permission from the teacher to rise, on 10 consecutive trials by Session 18.
SMART goal for: When given a directive to begin a task, Milton typically waits for the third instruction to comply. Waiting to comply does not include asking clarifying questions, but does include making protest statements such as "why do I always have to do this?"
When given a directive to begin a task, Milton will comply or ask a clarifying question within 30 seconds, with no additional prompts, on 10 consecutive trials by Session 10.
Ben thinks he is the boss.
When: During transition times What: Ben verbally instructs peers where to go next How: Without being asked to help. Exception: when a peer is new to the routine. Statement: During transition times, Ben verbally instructs peers where to go next, although he has not been asked to help. This does not include giving instructions to peers who are new to the classroom.
Amy drives too fast.
When: When driving peers without an adult in the car What: Amy drives in excess of the speed limit How: no qualifiers needed. Statement: When driving peers without an adult in the car, Amy drives in excess of the speed limit.
Daniel gets upset.
When: When he makes errors on classwork or homework What: Daniel cries and/or yells out How: loud enough to distract others from their work. Statement: When he makes errors on classwork or homework, Daniel cries and/or yells out loudly enough to distract others from their work.
What method of chaining to use?
Where are the most dfficult steps located at the task analysis? Forward: steps n the earlier part of the chain are easier; you want to achieve behavioral momentum Backward: steps in the later part of the chain are easier; task completion or the resulting product is highly reinforcing ex: cooking! Total task: steps are about equal n difficulty throughout the chain; the learner is likely to be compliant/maintain attention throughout the whole task
Give the mand response Child: (wants to know location of Hawaii). "____________________________________"
Where is Hawaii?
delayed prompting
method of fading a prompt.
echoic
mimicry. jabber/jargon, repeating words, word approximations
The most conservative estimate of behavior is provided by the discontinuous data collection method known as
momentary time sampling
Behavior analytic assessments are used to identify specific target behaviors, collect baseline information, and
monitor treatment outcomes
The three-term contingency becomes the four-term contingency if we add
motivating operations
Benny dislikes the taste of vegetables and refuses to eat them anywhere except his grandmother's house. He eats whatever his grandmother puts on his plate. Benny's vegetable eating behavior is explained by
multiple stimulus control
Session notes are ________________ in form.
narrative?
The ultimate goal of prompting is to fade to
natural cues
What is the most important factor in determining how detailed your task analysis should be?
needs of the user
Marla does not read well. When called on in class, to read she always says she has a headache. Teachers stop calling on her. The behavior of claiming she has a headache is being...
negatively reinforced
One risk of using extinction alone to treat a problem behavior is
new problem behaviors may emerge
Developmental checklists are used with
nfants and toddlers
Time Reinforcement Schedule
no behavior contingency involved. can be variable or fixed schedule. point is to un pair delivery of reinforcement with the behavior contingency. - useful for: reducing or eliminating problem behaviors without an extinction burst - problematic for: chances of accidentally reinforcing problem behavior
Scored or Unscored IOA
(# of agreed intervals (scored or unscored) / # of intervals (scored or unscored) ) x 100 advantages: gives more precise info of where disagreement is occurring limitations: annoying setup used for: interval or sampling data So, now we know that Larry and Kathy are struggling in BOTH instances, but they struggle more to identify when the behavior is NOT occurring.
Exact Count IOA
(# of intervals 100% IOA / n intervals) x 100 advantages: easy to calculate and highly precise limitations: few situations require this level of precision; provides an underestimate of socially important reliability in many cases used for: counted data For situations such as this, where behavioral definitions are expected to be extremely clear and easy to recognize - exact count is a great standard. For situations where raters are expected to differ somewhat, such as judging whether a person is attending, sleeping, yelling, etc., exact count may set too high of a standard.
Mean Duration IOA
(Duration R1 IOA + Duration Rn IOA / n responses) x 100 advantages: better precision than Total Duration IOA limitations: more steps involved used for: timed data
Total Count IOA
(Smaller count/larger count) X 100 ex: observed number of bites in one hour advantages: simple, quick calculation limitations: little precision used for: counted data Accuracy here is jeopardized because we do not know if they EVER called the same behavior a bite.
Mean Count IOA
(interval 1 IOA + Interval n IOA / n intervals) x 100 advantages: better precision than total count IOA limitations: more steps involved used for: counted data This method shows us more accurately that Larry and Kathy have a great deal of variability in their data, and more closely examines where the disagreements occur.
least to most prompting
- begin with level of baseline assessment usually used for behaviors that have already been learned, but for some reason the student is not responding. Sometimes used for more complex behaviors like problem solving to allow students to independantly work through each step. It is also used when you are trying to avoid rote or memory induced responses
error correction with "no"
- determine prompt level from baseline assessment - provide prompt after SD (if response is correct, reinforce. if response is not correct, say no, re-present SD with prompt) - move onto next item - data is recorded as correct/error - prompt level changes are predetermined based on performance
uses of trials to criterion
- discrete trial training - dichotomous right/wrong responses - generalization training - behavioral cusps
When to use Whole Interval Recording
- the behavior occurs frequently enough to collect samples sensitive to change during the designated period - it is better to under-estimate the occurrence of the behavior than to over-estimate it - it is not necessary to estimate the mount of time the behavior was actually engaged in during the observation
When to use Momentary Time Sampling
- the behavior occurs frequently enough to collect samples sensitive to change during the designated time period - it is better to under-estimate the occurrence of the behavior than to over-estimate it - it is not necessary to estimate the amount of time the behavior was actually engaged in during the observation ex: Recording used to measure talking, on task behavior HELPFUL TIP: only Look up when the ding goes between intervals to see if the child is engaging in the behavior
when to use fixed reinforcement schedules
- useful for establishing new behavior - problematic if person has low motivation - problematic for reinforcement fading due to it being predictable, more likely to abandon behavior if you dont handle the fading of the reinforcement correctly. OH like a dog getting treats at first for sitting but then you stop giving them treats do they still sit
Discrete Trial Training has been criticized for which of the following?
. Creating inflexible learners B. Lack of generalization of skills C. Both a and b BOTH
One disadvantage of using automatic graphing software is
. garbage in, garbage out B. variances from ABA-approved graphing style C. both a and b BOTH
problems with punishment
1) emotional reactions / aggressive behavior 2) escape and avoidance behaviors 3) modeling the use of punishment 4) negative reinforcement for the use of punishment 5) establishing the user as a conditioned punisher
Prompting Hierarchy
1. Full Physical 2. Partial Physical 3. Modeling 4. Gesture 5. Verbal 6. Independent
Elements of Observable Statements
1. WHEN under what conditions Location Time When ________________ occurs In the presence of ________________________ When experiencing ______________________ 2. WHAT the action will be (verb) 3. HOW in what way - Descriptive qualifiers (magnitude, duration, force, speed, etc.)Must be descriptive enough for a stranger to know it is happening. May need to include non-examples.
Two elements of observability:
1. can be heard seen touched smelled tasted 2. can be heard seen touched smelled tasted by bystanders as well
when to use error correction with "no" prompting
1. dichotomous right/wrong skills 2. when the person can learn from errors 3. when teaching person to self correct or tolerate feedback
Limitations of Permanent Product Recording
1. indirect measure 2. cannot assess antecedents to errors 3. no proof the product was produced by your client 4. difficulties measuring improvement
assessment uses of task analysis
1. probe data: usually conducted at the beginning of a session you've already been working on in a program. Presenting a task or step without prompts to test learning. 2. performance monitoring: Using task analysis as a checklist to conduct observations 3. self-monitoring: Using the TA as a checklist of steps in a process .
treatment integrity data collection methods
1. self-report (guided questions, task analyzed checklist) 2. permanent product review (data sheets, client-generated products) 3. interview with feedback (self-report with performance, review of data and permanent products, problems and obstacles, role play and practice) 4. direct observation (general procedures, specific program elements, modes: video-based, live)
three purposes of prompt fading
1. to increase learner independence 2. to achieve stimulus control over the behavioral response 3. to avoid prompt dependence
when to use least to most prompting
1. when the person has partial skills in place 2. when intrusive prompts lead to problem behavior 3. when behavioral persistence is an issue, ex: if they stop working whenever the teacher walks away 4. when teaching to self-correct, check their own errors, or to tolerate receiving feedback
why choose most to least prompting
1. when the person is already prompt dependent (they wait for a person of authority to tell them what to do next) 2. ****when making errors would impede their learning 3. when fading stimulus prompts 4. when safety concerns are paramount
How many times must you meet with your supervisor each month?
2
When creating a scatterplot in Excel, how many places do you have to adjust the settings in order to create black data points?
2. marker fill and marker line
You are setting up a spreadsheet to graph data into a line chart. You are tracking three target behaviors across three major conditions on this graph. How many columns do you need in order to create this graph?
6 Phase Day Target Behavior 1 target behavior 2 target behavior 3 major
If you have a problem with a supervisor or coworker that is inspiring a great deal of emotion in you, the best way to address this is usually
?
Positive Reinforcement
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior occurring in similar circumstances.
positive reinforcement
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior occurring in similar circumstances.
negative reinforcement
A behavior is followed immediately by the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar circumstances The annoying sound your car makes that stops when you put your seatbelt on
Which of the following situations should be immediately reported to your supervisor?
A client is considering terminating services due to dissatisfaction with the organization
Trials to Criterion
A count of the number of trials required to achieve a predetermined level of performance.
habituation
A decrease in an individual's response to stimuli after the stimuli are repeated
satiation
A decrease in motivating operations resulting from over-exposure to the reinforcer. satisfied / full
Topography
A description of the behavior's form.
Epigenetic
A dynamic relationship between biology, genetics, and environment that creates change in all three.
Critical Period
A period of development in which proper development is necessary in order to acquire specific skills.
Functional Behavior Assessment
A process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior
functional behavior assessment
A process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior
overcorrection
A requirement to perform effortful behavior that is functionally or logically related to the problem behavior as consequence for the problem behavior.
Behavioral Crisis
A situation in which a person's behavior requires immediate intervention to prevent serious harm.
Prompt
A supplemental antecedent stimulus that is used when a stimulus does not reliably control a target response. Ie: if the learner does not initiate the action expected to initiate after a stimulus, you will intervene with a prompt. Prompts cue a learner to do a behavior - as instructions, gestures, demonstrations, or other things that we arrange or do to increase the likelihood that children will make correct responses
Chaining
A teaching procedure in which reinforcement is given for completing the steps in a task analysis.
total task chaining
A teaching process in which the learner is reinforced for completing every step in a task analysis, and prompts are faded at each step as the skill is acquired.
forward chaining
A teaching process in which the learner is reinforced for completing the first step in a task analysis, then for combining the first and second steps, and so on until responsibility for the entire chain is required.
backward chaining
A teaching process in which the learner is reinforced for completing the last step in a task analysis, then for combining the last two steps, and so on until responsibility for the entire chain is required.
Response to Intervention
A tiered approach to identification and support of students with learning and behavioral needs.
Verbal operant
A unit of verbal behavior that responds to motivating operations and/or discriminative stimuli and functions to obtain reinforcement from the environment.
Skill Acquisition Plan
A written plan outlining goals, objectives, teaching methods, and data collection procedures for teaching a specific skill or set of skills.
Behavior Reduction Plan / Behavior Intervention Plan
A written set of instructions for preventing and responding to problem behaviors, which is based on functional behavior assessment results.
J.R.'s boss read a book on reinforcement and decided to distribute paychecks on a variable interval schedule. Employees must be present to get their paycheck. If this method survives the courts, what would effect should it have on work attendance?
A. Attendance will improve and remain high.
Motor imitation is important for...
A. Developing a generalized repertoire of imitation B. Preparing to learn augmentative communication C. Both a and b Correct! Both a and b
A significant portion of time for behavioral gerontologists is spent on helping older adults __________________ skills.
A. Maintain existing skills B. Recover lost skills C. Both a and b Correct! Both a and b
In childhood, we teach learners to follow instructions of others during emergencies. In adolescence and adulthood, it is important to teach them to be in charge of handling the emergency.
A. Yes, if the person is ever going to be left alone.
Privacy is a
A. client's right B. therapist's obligation C. both a and b BOTH?
Echoics are taught before and during mand training because...
A. imitation skills are necessary precursors for training other skills B. echoics develop first in the normal developmental sequence C. both a and b Correct! Both a and b
Which of the following organizations is less focused on research and more focused on the practical side of being a behavior analysis professional?
APBA. BACB is more concerned with setting and maintaining professional standards for behavior analysis professionals.
Which of the following is a common application for permanent product recording data collection?
Academics
The stage of learning in which a new skill is taught
Acquisition
Repeated presentation of a single stimulus with a single response occurs during which phases of skill building
Acquisition and fluency
The processes involved in learning something well are
Acquisition, Fluency, Maintenance, Discrimination & Generalization
Latency
Amount of time that passes between a stimulus and initiation of the behavioral response.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
An ABA-based intervention in which skills are task analyzed, and each of the smaller (discrete) skills are taught through repetition of stimulus presentation, prompting, and reinforcement. These skills are then systematically recombined into the larger skills or skill sets and are taught for generalization, discrimination, and maintenance
three-term contingency
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Behavior
Any human action that can be observed and measured.
Implement the punishment correctly
Apply the Consequence Immediately (Time delay decreases effectiveness) Expand Start with an FR 1 Schedule - Intermittent punishment can work later, but only if continuous reinforcement remains in place until the behavior is effectively eliminated. Expand Assess the Value of the Punisher - Degree to which it addresses the function and effectively leads to behavior suppression - Ease of implementation - Social acceptability - Degree to which it leads to additional negative behaviors (and create a plan for dealing with those). Expand Adjust the Magnitude - It must be felt as punishment - It must not be excessive or abusive Expand Block Incidental Reinforcement - If the behavior is receiving reinforcement and punishment together, it will be more difficult to eliminate Expand Deliver the Punisher at the Beginning of the Behavioral Chain - To avoid contact with reinforcement Expand Use a Variety of Punishers - Prevents habituation Expand Teach Alternative Behaviors - If the individual has no alternative behaviors to exhibit in response to the stimulus, the behavior will be more difficult to eliminate (and other aberrant behaviors may emerge). Expand Use Antecedent Interventions - To decrease the MO for the problem behavior
Ecological Assessment
Assessment that seeks to discover the skills required for successful functioning in a given environment.
a - smart
Attainable Achievable, given baseline and learning time required Passes the Dead Man's Test
The most widespread use of ABA is in the treatment of
Autism
`A continuous reinforcement schedule is also called
B. FR 1
Repeated punishment in the absence of reinforcement for alternative behaviors leads to a cessation of all actions.
B. Learned helplessness
With regard to dating and intimacy, consent should be taught when the person is considering a sexual relationship.
B. No, consent must be taught long before this point.
In the sentence "Millicent is malevolent." The word malevolent is
B. an unobservable label
During maintenance training, we seek to determine how well the learner can
B. perform the skill when distracted. performing when timed would be fluency training
Which of the following is a a possible side effect of punishment?
BOTH
Implementing a behavior plan in a public setting brings new challenges because
BOTH A. there are new antecedents and consequences for the learner B. there are new antecedents and consequences for the RBT C. both a and b BOTH Yes! The situation is packed with new antecedents and consequences for the teacher and the learner, and these must be planned for in advance.
Nancy's RBT puts her shoes on for her, straightens the tongue, and pulls the strings tight. Nancy then ties her shoes. Nancy is learning to put on her shoes via
Backward chaining
Parasha is learning to make his bed. He struggles most with smoothing the sheets, but finds it easy to place his pillow and coverlet. He loves to see his bed completely made, but curses a great deal when smoothing the sheets. What form of chaining does this information suggest you try first?
Backward chaining. it's good for kids who like the end result most like cooking
The seminal 1968 article outlining the dimensions of applied behavior analysis was written by
Baer, Wolf, and Risley
Subjective vs Objective?
Be descriptive; avoid being derisive! Subjective = Emotional + Judgmental Objective = Observable + Measurable
automatic reinforcement
Behavior is maintained by sensory mechanisms, independent of the social environment.
Discrimination
Behavior occurs in the presence of specific stimuli but not in the presence of similar stimuli.
Explain the skill, model the skill, watch the learner perform the skill, and provide feedback
Behavioral Skills Training
When cued to sit for tasks or leisure activities, Jamil gets out of his seat an average of 17 times per hour.
Better: When cued to sit for tasks or leisure activities, Jamil gets out of his seat an average of 17 times per hour for tasks or activities that typically require a person to remain seated for the duration of the activity.
When given a directive to begin a task, Milton typically waits for the third instruction to comply.
Better: When given a directive to begin a task, Milton typically waits for the third instruction to comply. Waiting to comply does not include asking clarifying questions, but does include making protest statements such as "why do I always have to do this?"
Miles is obnoxious.
Better: When speaking with peers and authority figures, Miles curses.
Task Analysis (TA's)
Breaking a skill down into a sequence of smaller, more manageable components or steps.
When to use inter-response time data
Building behavioral fluency (like doing things that are dreaded like doing dishes, laundry, etc) Decreasing repetitive behaviors
Language and communication skills assessments conducted by behavior analysts will focus on
C. Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior
Three considerations for using restraint or seclusion, according to the ABAI's position statement, are:
C. welfare of the individual, right to choose, and least restrictiveness
Discontinuous Data Collection
Captures a sample of behavior during an observation by recording whether the behavior is occurring at designated points in time.
Continuous Data Collection
Captures every possible behavioral occurrence by recording either every instance of behavior or the actual duration of each instance of behavior.
Teaching by reinforcing the sequential completion of steps in a task analysis
Chaining
behavioral contrast
Changes in consequence delivery in one context that cause behavioral changes leads to opposite changes in behavior in other contexts.
Dynamic
Characterized by constant responsive change.
The sentence "a ball is a toy," demonstrates the ball's...
Class
tips for using negative punishement
Clear Behavior Targets Make sure the individual can state the rules Continuous Monitoring of Progress Combine with Skill Building Ensure Points are Tied to a Variety of Highly Reinforcing Activities Keep Time-Out Periods Under 15 minutes Define Exit from Time-Out Criteria Consistency, Consistency, Consistency Keep Detailed Records Know the Legal and Policy Rules for Exclusionary Time-Out
The part of the BACB ethical code for RBTs that is most relevant to issues of client dignity is
Client Dignity
In which of the following types of graph is it acceptable to use color?
Color is never to be used. black and white only
Three components of adaptive behavior are...
Conceptual, practical and social skills
prompt dependence
Continued reliance on a prompt to initiate the performance of a mastered behavior. prompt fading helps with this.
Some Schedules Are Better for Acquisition
Continuous, Fixed
The best reinforcement schedule for rapidly teaching a brand new behavior.
Continuous. You need a ratio schedule for teaching a new skill. Interval schedules are better for shaping effort.
Duration Data
Data that reports the amount of time that passed between the beginning and ending of a behavioral occurrence.
Crisis intervention plans often include procedures for
De-escalation
Endurance is shaped by gradually changing _______________ requirements.
Duration
Fred is working with Ricky to decrease ranting behavior (defined as high volume rapid speech containing curse words and complaints). The best way to measure this would most likely be
Duration of rant
What is a process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior?
EITHER antecedent analysis or functional behavior analysis idkl
Mother: "Apple Juice" Child: "Apple Juice"
Echoic
Importance of Reliability
Ensures new data collectors are properly trained. Guards against observer drift. Ensures behavior definitions are tight. Ensures data reflects reality.
Condition phase change lines are create in Excel with the ________________ function.
Error Bars
PBIS is not based on the principles of behavior analysis
FALSE
A process used to examine the antecedents and consequences of behaviors in order to determine the purpose of the behavior.
FBA functional behavior assessment
Eric allows himself an ice cream cone at the end of the week if he has not eaten potato chips.
FI 7days
A continuous reinforcement schedule is also called
FR 1
Chris receives $1 for every chore completed on his chore checklist.
FR 1
Palmer kisses his wife goodnight every night before going to bed, regardless of how they are getting along.
FT 24 hours
The Hubbard family implemented a "curse jar" in which anyone caught using swear words had to deposit a quarter into the jar. The first week, Mr. Hubbard contributed 18 quarters. The second week, he contributed 16 quarters. The third week, he contributed 25 quarters. The fourth week, he contributed 19 quarters.
Failed Negative Punishment Behavior - cursed 18 times in one week Consequence - lose 25 cents per curse word Future behavior - cursed an average of 20 curse words per week
Joe's mother nagged him to clean his room until he finally cleaned it. When he showed her his work, she responded with "Well, it is about time. Why do you always wait so long? Why do I have to stay on you like this?"
Failed Negative Reinforcement (The nagging should stop when the task is completed).
Kelly worked really hard on a project proposal for a client, but her boss criticized her work and refused to present it to the client. Kelly was upset; she cried and complained a lot. Still, she believed in the project so she created a similar version of the same proposal for the next client.
Failed Positive Punishment, because the criticism did not lead to Kelly changing her approach to developing project proposals.
Lincoln's father was so proud of him for building a bookcase. He lavished praise on Lincoln and showed the bookcase to everyone who came to the house. Lincoln enjoyed the attention, but never built another thing.
Failed positive reinforcement, as the behavior did not increase in the future.
Behavior Intervention Plans are used in clinical settings only.
Fale or rather, False
A tact is a procedure - short for tactic.
False
After the BCBA has conducted initial training with parents on their child's BIP, it is ok for the RBT to do an occasional refresher training if she observes them implementing it incorrectly.
False
All token economy systems should include a response cost component.
False
American Sign Language is a word-for-word translation of American English.
False
Another name for a noncontingent schedule is a continuous schedule.
False
Automatic reinforcement is reinforcement delivered noncontingently.
False
Behavior analysis is usually not provided alongside other types of services, such as speech therapy or occupational therapy.
False
Behavior analytic conferences hosted by organizations such as ABAI and APBA are primarily focused on professional development of behavior analysts and are not a good source of information for RBTs.
False
Behaviors that have a sensory function are always reinforced via automatic positive reinforcement.
False
DTT sessions usually expose the child to only one question repeatedly to ensure correct responding.
False
Data collection is an important part of ABA, but not essential as long as we are using evidence-based practices.
False
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) is another name for Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).
False
Discrete Trials are usually presented at a slower pace so that the child with Autism has enough time to process what is being asked.
False
During mand training, if the child requests an item that is visible to him, the therapist can reinforce by either giving him the item or praising him for asking nicely.
False
Functional analysis provides higher certainty results with lower response effort than descriptive functional assessment.
False
Goals are more specific versions of benchmark objectives.
False
Graphing is required, but RBTs have a great deal of flexibility about how to set up their graphs to best show the data.
False
Holding up your open hand is a graphic prompt to stop.
False
If a child struggles with changes in routine, it is best to design the family's schedule around the needs of the child.
False
If one or more students sabotage the group contingency, the teacher should never do intervene; the children will work it out themselves.
False
If you are having difficulty establishing instructional control in a clinic setting, you may have better luck with natural environment training.
False
If you are uncertain about cultural preferences of a family in whose home you are working, the best thing to do is to read many books about the culture and act according to what you learn through your reading.
False
In ABA, we never tell the learner they are wrong.
False
In partial interval data collection, the behavior must occur for the duration of a time interval.
False
In single stimulus preference assessments, children are given free access to a room full of toys, but must choose only one to play with.
False
In the Good Behavior Game, students are divided into teams and the team with the most points at the end of the day earns a special reward.
False
It is not acceptable to discuss conflicts you are having with coworkers during supervision.
False
It is only necessary to discuss ethical conflicts with your supervisor if you are not sure how to resolve them.
False
It is uncommon for the students that RBTs work with to use idiosyncratic signs.
False
It is unethical for an RBT to be an interventionist and to be an informant on a skills assessment.
False
James is hyperactive is a behavioral statement.
False
Memory loss is almost always irreversible.
False
One way to complete a descriptive functional behavior assessment is to derive a function based on interviews and questionnaires.
False
Only a BCBA or BCaBA can provide supervision for an RBT.
False
Only persons who have the ability to touch a screen or keyboard accurately can use a speech-generating device
False
People with severe intellectual disabilities who engage in self-injurious behavior are usually trying to commit suicide.
False
Permanent Product Recording means archiving data in such a way that it is available for future comparisons.
False
Picture communication is typically only used by people who cannot speak.
False
Positive behavior support is only used in school settings.
False
Preferences are subject to satiation effects, while reinforcers are not.
False
Problem behavior associated with Dementia does not respond to ABA approaches.
False
RBTs are not allowed to administer standardized assessments.
False
RBTs do not have their own code of ethics but are bound by certain portions of the behavior analysts' code.
False
RBTs may be asked to conduct interviews or administer questionnaires as part of the FBA process.
False
Research unequivocally supports the idea that authoritarian parenting is bad for children.
False
Retirement usually does not bring about the same kinds of feelings of loss for people with developmental disabilities as it does for people without disabilities.
False
Scatterplot markers should be connected by a line.
False
School-wide PBIS eliminates the need for functional assessment and individualized behavior intervention plans.
False
Severe self injury and aggression, should not be assessed via functional analysis because of safety concerns.
False
Skinner believed his research was too scientific for the average person to understand and apply.
False
Social skills instruction should only occur in natural settings.
False
Speech Generating Devices should not be used if the person has some ability to speak unaided.
False
Standardized assessments must be administered by a proctor.
False
Tacts are easier to teach than mands.
False
Teaching should always occur in the same setting and at the same time.
False
Teenage boys have the highest incidence of suicide in the U.S.
False
The IISCA is an approach to functional assessment that moves Iwata's test conditions into the natural environment.
False
The U.S. political system is designed to ensure citizens are provided with access to evidence-based education and treatment.
False
The four main conditions of an experimental functional analysis are: attention, escape, demand, and alone.
False
The great thing about single subject design is it does not require baseline data.
False
The main advantage of automatic graphing software is that you do not have to double-check the accuracy like you do with human-generated graphing.
False
The main difference between direct clients and indirect clients is the power to consent.
False
The mnemonic to remember for performance feedback is BURRITO
False
The nature-nurture debate is decided.
False
The only symptom of ADHD that is typically outgrown is inattentiveness.
False
The processes used in problem behavior intervention vary across the lifespan.
False
To create a bar chart in Excel, select the Bar Chart option from the Chart menu.
False
To get the best results from a preference assessment, be sure to include items the person has never seen.
False
To reinforce a correct tact, allow the child to interact with the item for a few minutes.
False
Topography is the most important part of assessing problem behavior.
False
Treatment integrity is best assessed through self report.
False
When conducting listener skills training, it is best to have the child master one skill before introducing a second skill.
False
When reporting your ABC recording data, the narrative should explain the graph.
False
When setting up your data to graph in Excel, begin with baseline and enter no other data on that line except for the height of the major phase change line that marks it.
False
When starting a new match-to-sample program, it is a good idea to choose items the child finds highly reinforcing.
False
When using games to teach skills, you should never modify the rules because you may confuse the learner.
False
Your supervisor must observe you working with a client at every supervision session.
False
It is a good idea to crop unimportant data out of your graph.
False.
Jamil's teacher gives partial points for math questions that are worked correctly except for a calculation error. Jamil's total score on his last homework page was 99.3. Jamil's score is based on a discrete scoring system.
False.
RBTs must have supervision for 10% of their hours worked delivering behavior analytic services.
False. 5%
Behavioral skills training is not recommended for generalization training.
False. BST is great for skills that have moved into generalization
Bar charts can be used for categorical data or time series data.
False. Bar charts are only used if x-axis doesn't relate to time
The first thing you should do when you see your customer/client is outline the plan for the session.
False. First thing you should do is smile and greet
The goal of motor imitation training is to have the child exhibit the behavior without a model.
False. The ultimate goal of motor imitation training is for the child to follow the model with no additional prompts.
The Good Behavior Game and Token Economy are not intended to be implemented simultaneously.
False. They don't have to go together, but they can.
The ABAI approves requests to sit for the RBT exam.
False. This is a responsibility of the BACB
After a crisis situation has stabilized, the first thing the RBT should do is complete the required written documentation.
False. Verbal reports come first.
The size of a graph should be adjusted to emphasize change in the behavior.
False. don't manipulate the data.
The title of a graph should always be centered at the top.
False. no title on top.
If a problem behavior has a lower-value precursor behavior, it is usually better to wait until the behavior has escalated before implementing the punishment.
False...?
Milton's RBT is collecting duration data on how much time he spends with friends all day on Friday. This is continuous data collection using continuous numbers.
False...?
Most video conferencing software is HIPAA complaint.
False?
Person-Centered Planning is a systems-oriented approach to planning services for people who have developmental disabilities.
False?
RBTs cannot be members of person-centered planning teams unless their BCBAs are on the same team.
False?
Will is a waiter who receives a tip for every customer he serves. What reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed ratio
Forms of Sign Language
Formal Sign Language Pidgin Sign Languages Idiosyncratic Signing
Debriefing
Formal, systematic questioning of participants following a mission or undertaking in order to obtain useful information.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Forms of communication that do not require speaking.
Nicholas is reinforced for smoothing his sheets, tucking them in, and pulling the comforter up to the top of the bed,. His RBT places the pillows. This is an example of teaching bed making via
Forward chaining
Which of the following statements is both observable and measurable?
Fred took three bites of his sandwich
In a _________________________ preference assessment, the individual is allowed to approach any stimulus desired and interact with it for as long as they want.
Free Operant
In this preference assessment, children have access to a variety of toys and can interact with one or more as they choose.
Free Operant
In ABA, graphing is
Fundamental, required, standardized
GETACAB (ABA treatment as science)
Generalizable: skills occur in contexts other than where they are taught Effective: they work! Technological: no voodoo, can be done by anyone trained to implement Applied: things we are teaching apply to their lives Conceptually Systematic: consistent with supporting literature Analytic: decisions are data-based Behavioral: observable and measurable behaviors are targeted
Behavior that occurs in response to similar stimuli without additional training
Generalization
Teaching the child to identify a circle using a picture of a circle, a ball, and a round puzzle piece, then presenting a hamburger and a ham sandwich and asking them to choose the round object.
Generalization
Which of the following can cause a developmental disability?
Genetics and Injuries
The acronym for remembering the dimensions of applied behavior analysis
Get a Cab
Jamie spends more than 30 seconds of a five minute interval looking away from his paper during reading assignments, not including times when distracting variables that result in multiple students looking up from their reading assignments occur.
Given reading material of his choice, Jamie will keep his eyes on the paper for at least 280 seconds of a five minute trial, for 8 consecutive trials, by session 12.
Stimulus Fading
Gradually decreasing the saliency of a stimulus prompt. Salience is the Degree to which an object or characteristic is noticeable.
prompt fading
Gradually reducing prompting procedures.
Play Skills
Guided - Independent - Group
Clyde is supposed to do his homework every night and show it to his parents. He frequently refuses to comply. His parents began grounding him from his video games when he did not comply. Initially this worked, but now he just rolls his eyes and says, "No video games again, I know." They increased the amount of time he was grounded but this had no effect on the behavior.
Habituation to the punishment.
You are working with a learner whose BIP defines "tantrum" as screaming, crying, and throwing self to floor. While implementing her BIP today, she slapped the leg of a peer who walked by during a tantrum. The peer was not harmed, but was startled. What should you do?
Have someone else check on the peer while you continue to implement the tantrum procedure. Notify your BCBA as soon as the tantrum ends. Yes, this is the best decision. Your BCBA needs to know a new behavior occurred and that another child was targeted for aggression. This is an unusual occurrence but it is not a crisis, so you need to keep your eyes on the learner until the tantrum ends
Behavior Function
How a behavior is used to meet the reinforcement needs of the person exhibiting it. The purpose of a behavior.
Which of the following teacher questions about a BIP is most likely appropriate for an RBT to answer?
How many minutes do I put on the timer for his break today? Correct! This is a small detail with a definite right/wrong answer that is likely to be included in a BIP. It is usually fine to issue a reminder about such things.
Jesse kicked his sister. His mother separated them and said, "Wait until your father gets home!" When his father came home six hours later, he was verbally reprimanded and his video game unit was removed for the next two days. He kicked and spit on his sister the next day.
IMMEDIACY
Intellectual disability must be manifested in childhood and the person must have deficits in
IQ and adaptive behavior
Which of the following is included in a functional behavior assessment?
Identification of reinforcers that are maintaining the behavior.
Dead man's test
If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior. Dead Men Can... Be silent Be still Stay where they are put Refrain from....everything
Teacher takes advantage of naturally occurring situations to teach the targeted skills.
Incidental Teaching
If I use shaping to gradually reduce prompt levels, I am increasing
Independence
Mrs. Sallis has set a goal for everyone to score 50% higher on their post-test than they scored on their pre-tests. Every student who meets that goal will be able to participate in a pizza party at the end of the instructional unit. This is a(n) __________________ group contingency.
Independent
Which type of group contingency capitalizes least on positive peer pressure?
Independent
When adding explanatory text to a graph, where should it go?
Inside the plot area
S - smart
Instead of categorial "catch-all" labels, state the exact behavior. Specify under what conditions the behavior should occur. Specify prompts
How much time passed between iterations of the same behavior.
Inter-response time
The importance of teaching ______________________ safety has increased drastically over the past decade.
Internet
In ABA, reliability is demonstrated through
Interobserver Agreement
Three types of IOA data formulas were taught: those were for counted data, timed data and ____________________ .
Interval Data
Calculating IOA for Discontinuous Data
Interval by Interval IOA Scored Interval IOA Unscored Interval IOA
Mother: "The wheels on the bus go round and _______________" Child: "round" Intraverbal
Intraverbal
RBT: "Where should we go?" Child: "The aquarium!." In this scenario, the child's response is a(n) ____________________.
Intraverbal
RBT: "Why did Elsa cry?" Child: "She was sad."
Intraverbal
Conversing and answering questions are examples of...
Intraverbals
Frequency and Rate
Involve counting the number of times behavior occurs in a specific time period. Easily counted. Clear beginning and end. Do not use if behavior occurs at such a high rate that an accurate count is impossible, or if the behavior occurs at extended periods of time.
seclusion
Isolating an individual from others to interrupt and intervene with problem behavior that places the individual or others at risk of harm.
While at work one day, you learn your BCBA supervisor has been in a car wreck and is expected to be in the hospital for several months. What do you do?
While at work one day, you learn your BCBA supervisor has been in a car wreck and is expected to be in the hospital for several months. What do you do?
Discrete Numbers
Whole numbers used for measuring behaviors that have an easily discernible stop and start.
verbal prompts
Words, instructions, or questions that direct a person to engage in a target response
Speak behaviorally?
Yes. Catch your own slips. Re-phrase non behavioral language in a friendly way
An intraverbal response is a verbal response to a verbal SD with...
no point to point correspondance
To determine whether a preference is a reinforcer, compare behavior rates when the preferred item is presented after the behavior with behavior rates when
no specific consequence is delivered, and a known neutral consequence is delivered. both
Reinforcement can be based on...
presentation or removal
Complexities of contingencies
previous learning history sensitivity to the consequence (reinforcer or punisher) multiple stimuli (the behavior is under control of a different stimulus) range of response options re-conditioning through pairing
Amy has been biting her fingernails for five years. Her mother applied a terrible tasting medication to her fingernails to discourage her from biting them. So far, the nail biting has not decreased much even with the medication. What's one possible reason?
previous learning history, sensitivity to the consequence. either
HIPAA is a law protecting
private health info?
The first step in the prevention of sexual abuse is teaching...
private vs. public
Task analysis is used for
progress monitoring?
Systems such as schools and workplaces usually deal with problem behavior through the process called ____________________________.
progressive discipline
Three methods of stimulus control transfer are: prompt fading, stimulus fading, and
prompt delay
The process of gradually reducing prompts is called
prompt fading
methods of stimulus control transfer
prompt fading, prompt delay and stimulus fading
Interventions marketed to cure Autism that have little empirical support and may be dangerous are called
pseudoscientific I tHINK
Diagnostic assessments may be completed by
psychologists
negative reinforcement vs punisher
punisher decreases behavior, neg reinforcement increases it
The end product of a Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement preference assessment is items scoring based on _______________________________________________________.
rank ordering (median rank)
ratio or interval?
ratio: for teaching skills, honing skills like writing the letter A (behavior that you will count) interval: for shaping effort or speed (behavior that you will time)
Crisis plans typically include components for prevention, de-escalation, and
re-integration
Punishment procedures are best used in combination with...
reinforcement for alternative behaviors
variable schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement only accompanies some responses. (aka intermittent reinforcement schedule) is most effective designed so the client can't predict when reinforcement is coming useful for: maintaining previously learned behaviors, reinforcement fading problematic for: teaching new behaviors
Teaching procedures include prompting methods. error correction, and ______________.
reinforcement procedures
variable interval (VI)
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz Ruth's behavior plan instructs staff to give her a five minute break for an average of 30 minutes of on-task behavior.
Consequences may be subdivided into...
reinforcing and punishing
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs it IS a fixed reinforcement schedule useful for: establishing new behavior, something new they have never tried before. problematic when: maintaining established behaviors becomes problematic when someone stops wanting the encouragement for the behavior they obtain. such as someone constantly getting praise for climbing stairs when they were afraid of heights beforehand
Rachel's student engages in spitting behavior when he wants to escape tasks. However, his teacher cannot tolerate the spitting and never presents tasks; therefore Rachel's data indicates the spitting behavior is well controlled.
relevance
Valid data are accurate, representative, _____________________, and significant
relevant
valid data must be reliable BUT
reliable data is not necessarily valid
Behavior analysis professionals engage in a process of assessment / treatment / assessment. This is called
repeated measures
Problem behavior is best addressed if a ____________________ behavior is taught.
replacement
Joey's schedule is packed! He is only available to collect data on the student's off-task behavior during math class, though the intervention is run in all of his classes.
representativeness
Whole Interval Recording
requires the person you are observing to engage in the target behavior for the whole (or entire) interval ex: having a child practice playing a musical instrument for an entire 5 minutes
rewards vs reinforcers
rewards are socially decided. reinforcers are individually decided. ex: employee of the month
Which of the following affects reinforcer effectiveness?
schedule and consistency
One example of an antecedent control strategy for a child motivated by escape
scheduled breaks ?
One example of an antecedent control strategy for a child motivated by escape
scheduled breaks???
permanent product
selecting a product or a result that indicates the occurrence of the target behavior don't use a primary form of data collection. good as supplemental data collection
SEAT stands for
sensory, escape, attention, tangibles
Task analysis is the process of breaking a task down into a ___________________ of smaller steps.
sequence
One example of a permanent product your supervisor might review is a
session note and video recording both
The term "successive approximations" refers to the behavior change methodology called
shaping
Total Duration IOA
shorter duration/longer duration x 100 advantages: simple, quick calculation limitations: little precision used for: timed data
Phoebe's student engages in a broad range of behaviors described as "disrespectful," including everything from cursing and threatening to rolling eyes and sighing loudly. His data rates are always high for this target behavior, even though the more disruptive behaviors occur rarely. Significance
significance
Trixie's student engages in a high rate of self-injurious behaviors. She collects data on head banging, eye gouging, and self-biting. She does not include hair tugging because compared to the other behaviors, hair tugging is not _______________.
significant
Reinforcer assessments are a specific form of
single subject design
ABA-based treatments for problem behavior include antecedent interventions, consequence management, and
skill building
I scream at my friend and he leaves. The next time I want him to leave, I scream at him again. What process of reinforcement is at work?
social negative
When a behavior is said to lead to escape or avoidance of tasks, the reinforcement category is
social negative
For the purposes of assessment, sexuality is considered a(n)
social skill
Telling someone to do something is a verbal prompt.
sometimes
The earliest form of intraverbal training is...
song fill ins
One example of a repetitive, stereotypical behavior is
spinning in circles I THINK
Problematic self-stimulatory behavior is often also categorized as
stereotypical
Prompt contingency
stimulus - prompt - behavior - reinforcement
When a behavior is elicited by a stimulus without additional prompts and reinforcers, ________________________ has been attained.
stimulus control
Todd's teacher is teaching him to write his letters. First she had him trace the letters, then she had him trace dotted lines of the letters, then half the dots were removed, then he wrote the letters on plain paper. This is called
stimulus fading
Basic principle of reinforcement
stimulus, response, consequence. A stimulus is presented, a behavioral response is made, and either a punishing or reinforcing consequence occurs.
RBT: shows picture of a ball and asks "what is this?" Child: "Ball" In this scenario, the word "ball" is a(n)...
tact
One way the Hanley model differs from the Iwata model is
target behaviors are less specific
graduated guidance
teacher provides manual prompts so the learner can complete the action and then fades the prompts by changing in intensity or location
Which of the following is an example of a cuing strategy to prevent problem behavior?
telling the child to ask for a break when tired
Give the intraverbal response. RBT: "Tell me a joke." Child: "_____________________________________"
tells a joke. Here's mine: What do you call someone with no body and no nose? Nobody knows.
Extinction bursts are
temporary
Establishing operations are often associated with
temporary emotional states and sensory processing issues both
A widely held principle or belief is a
tenet
Intervals of Time
the Direct Service Provider or teacher divides the observation period. Yes or No method. Considered a partial interval method - use for high frequency or continuously occurring behavior
Forward chaining
the learner completes the steps in the chain from beginning to end reinforcement is given after the required number of steps is completed in the sequence
If students are not earning reinforcement in the Good Behavior Game, the first thing your BCBA will consider adjusting is
the reinforcement interval
Who holds the power in a service relationship?
the service recipient
Scatterplots are used to determine
the time distribution of a behavior
One way to prevent yourself from insulting your client's dignity is to
think of yourself as a service providor rather than a service enforcer AND identify power culture behaviors you do not wish to replicate
One advantage of automatic graphing software is
time savings, error reduction both
The x-axis of a line chart represents
time?>
goal of prompts
to eliminate and fade use of prompts and transfer control of correct responding to natural stimuli. to use the least intrusive form of prompts in order to teach and or prevent your learner from making errors
Nathan's Mom stands beside him while he brushes his teeth, allowing him to complete the tasks alone but prompting him if he skips steps or performs them incorrectly. Nathan is learning to brush his teeth via
total task chaining
Which of the following is listed as a possible support need for people with developmental disabilities?
transportation
Any variation from standardized testing procedures should be reported to your BCBA supervisor.
true
In order for a consequence to be truly reinforcing, the person must engage in the behavior more often in the future.
true
Many children with Autism are selective eaters.
true
Picture communication training might lay a good foundation for later training on a speech generating device.
true
Problem behaviors are culturally determined.
true
Problem behaviors often occur because of skill deficits.
true
System-wide approaches such as positive behavior support and trauma-informed care have decreased the social acceptability of punishment procedures.
true
The most intrusive prompt type is the full physical prompt.
true
The six schedules of reinforcement covered in this course are: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Time, and Variable Time
true
Some problem behaviors disappear when personally valued outcomes are honored through the process of person-centered planning.
true?
Token economy can be a group or individual intervention.
true?
demonstrate prompt (or model a response)
typically done in collaboration with a verbal prompt. model is done with a same age peer or adult near the learner. good for people with good imitation skills
Pseudoscience GETACAB
unbelievably generalizable effectiveness unproven proprietary technology personally applied conceptually unsystematic nonanalytic nonbehavioral
Thaddeus' therapist is giving him tokens for completing his tasks, which are all new to him. He currently puts forth good effort for 3 minutes without tokens.
use FI 3m
Dixie is learning to write her letters, and she finds the process very frustrating. She's never moved beyond "C."
use FR1
Clifford bangs his head forcefully against the floor to get his mother's attention. This happens about every 3 hours.
use FT 2hrs
Thaddeus has begun to pause his work after earning his reinforcer on his FI 15 schedule. He can do about 7 tasks in 15 minutes.
use VR 6 or VI 14m
Sybil begins to interrupt class if her teacher does not give her attention. This occurs about twice per hour.
use VT 20mins
to change a complaint into an observable behavior to target for reduction
use active words, remove labels, remove the words of doom (never cant etc), focus on the component that makes the behavior unsatisfactory
Duration measure
use if primary concern if the length of time someone engages in a behavior like how long they stay on a bicycle. don't use if behavior starts and stops rapidly
Rate Measure
use if the Length of observation time varies from one recording interval to the next ex: 60 mins on tues, 260 mins on wed
stimulus prompting
use the actual stimuli we are using to do the prompting for us. these are alterations of the physical properties of features of stimuli themselves, that increase the likelihood that the target response will occur
Latency recording
use when you are interested in how long a person takes to respond once the opportunity has been presented
textual stimuli
used for the purpose of prompting a performance
prompt delay
used once the learner has mastered a skill. A stimulus control transfer procedure in which the trainer inserts a pause between the discriminative stimulus and the supplemental prompt in order to give the learner time to respond without depending on the prompt. Delays may be constant (always the same amount of time) or progressive (the pauses are gradually increased).
Purpose and Application of Task Analysis
used to make large tasks simpler to complete. - creating checklists for performance monitoring, self-monitoring or token economy - creating visual schedules or visual prompts - creating chaining programs for teaching
Trial by Trial
useful for discrete trials (# of agreed trials/ n trials) x 100 advantages: easy, broadly informative calculation limitations: limited range of usefulness used for: interval or sampling data This method allows us to see how often they agreed and the data is easily scanned to see where the discrepancies occurred. It is perfectly designed for discrete trial data, and any other type of yes/no data, as long as the data remains available for scanning.
manual or physical prompting
uses physical contact from an instructor that is designed to help a learner display a behavior of interest. could also help teach a non verbal child who does not have imitation skills, how to use sign language
Myrtle does not like it when her husband drinks alcohol. If he goes to the bar after work, she refuses to speak to him for the rest of the night. He continues to go to the bar about once per week.
value of the punisher or incidental reinforcement
Joey likes to hear his mother scream, so he walks around the house making a squeaky noise she does not like. She tries to ignore it, but after about 8- 10 iterations, she screams. What reinforcement schedule is this?
variable ratio
Some Schedules are Better for Maintenance
variable schedules
Time Sampling
variation of interval recording, specifically small intervals of time usually at the beginning or end of an interval good for: A. just trying to get a sample of a childs behavior b. working with a group of children don't use for low frequency behavior
two variations of modeling
video of modeling, video of self modeling (you would show video of the learner successfully doing the behavior. when the child watches themselves they see an independent, unprompted correct behavior!). very effective
Matching, scanning, and sorting are examples of _________________________________ skills.
visual perception
A behavior is most observable if you can answer the questions
when, what, how
In teaching echoics, we shape by reinforcing ____________________________ before requiring correct words.
word approximations
when using prompts
you can use a system of decreasing intensity from most to least or increasing assistance from least to most (ex verbal or gestural prompts)
