Open questions

what does qualitative research seek to receive and what does it not concern? Give an example of qualitative research

seeks to recieve in-depth information and is generally not concerned with numbers in-depth interviews, focus group interviews

What is the difference between theoretical and applied research?

theoretical seeks to draw conclusions about the phenomena being studied while applied research is designed to find solutions to problems which arise in particular planning or management situations

Name 3 types of research and briefly explain each

Descriptive research - finding out, describing what is explanatory research - explaining how and why things are the way they are. Using this to predict Evaluative research - evaluation of policies and programmes

What are techniques for reducing resistance to change?

- Education employees and communicating the need for change, - allowing employees to participate in the change process, - giving employees the support to facilitate the change, - negotiating with employees in exchanging something of value to reduce resistance, - manipulation and co-option in using negative actions to influence, - coercion which are direct threats or force

What is deduction

- deduction is a method of reasoning - from general theory to a specific finding

Explain what induction is

- induction is a method of reasoning - systematic observation that leads to a new finding or law of nature - From specific finding to a general theory - rely on things that have always been the same

Philosophy of science describes what?

-how science works within a range of sciences -deals with science and its preconditions, methods, objectives and statement of reason of knowledge

Explain what secondary data is and give an example (3 points to mention)

1 already collected data for purposes other than problem at hand 2 the researcher is the secondary user 3 existing data example is journal articles that review or interpret research

Name the 5 things that qualitative research involves

1 documenting real events 2 recording what people say 3 observing specific behavior 4 studying written documents 5 examining visual images

Explain what primary data is & give an example (3 points to mention)

1 originated by a researcher for specific purposes 2 researcher is first user 3 new/original data example research results

What are the 3 main research paradigms?

1 post positivism (objectivism) 2 critical theory (emancipatory research, critique of idealogy) 3 interpretivism (relativism)

What is the purpose of research? (4 points to remember)

1 to improve knowledge about world in order to design it 2 to provide answers to current questions 3 to think critically and deeply 4 to find out what is accurate and right

What is the aim of research and what are the 3 criteria for research?

Aim is to make something previously unknown, known to humans in order to advance human knowledge 1 needs to be conducted within rules and conventions of science 2 Ideally should be replicated 3 contributes to body of knowledge

Explain what are flexible working arrangements and give 3 examples used by organisations?

Flexible work arrangements give organisations the flexibility to deploy employees when and where they are needed. Structural options include telecommuting, compressed workweeks, flextime, and job sharing

What are contemporary issues in managing force?

In changing an organisations culture (which is difficult to so as it is stable) , a manager must be a positive role model, create new stories, symbols and rituals. redesign the socialization process Changing the reward system clearly specifying expectations shaking up current subcultures getting employees to participate in change.

What is required in making an organisation's change successful?

It involves focusing on making the change of an organisation doable. Making sure that managers understand their own role in the process of change and giving individual employees a role in the process.

What is a model?

It is a framework for looking at reality

What is a concept?

It is a general idea/notion/theme (deriving from a given model)

What is telecommuting?

It is a work arrangement in which employees work at home and are linked to the workplace by computer

What is flextime?

It is a work arrangement that allows employees to work a specific amount of hours per week but are free to vary within those certain limits

What is a compressed workweek?

It is a work arrangement when employees work longer hours per day but on fewer days per week

What is job sharing?

It is a work arrangement where 2 people share 1 full-time job

What is stress and how can a manager help deal with it?

It is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from over demands. To help employees deal with stress , managers can address job-related factors such as ensuring the the employee's abilities match the job requirements, improve organizational communication, develop a performance planning program or redesign jobs. Employers can offer employees stress councelling, time management programs, and wellness programs

What is ontology?

It is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality,

What is theory building?

It is the purpose of a study in seeking out the meaning and understanding of the phenomena (interpretivism)

Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organisations

Just like an iceberg its the hidden organisational elements (attitudes, perceptions, norms) that make understanding behavior so challenging Organisation behavior has 3 areas: individual behavior, group behavior and organisational aspects. The goals OB are to explain, predict, and influence behavior Employee productivity is a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness. Organisational Citizenship behavior OCB is not a formal part of job requirement but it promotes effectiveness in the functioning of an organisation.

How can people be changed in organisational change?

One can change their attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behaviours

What is the definition of sampling?

Sampling is to reduce the amount of data you need to collect by considering only data from a subgroup rather than all possible cases or elements

What is a research paradigm?

a comprehensive belief system, world view, or framework that guides research and practice in the field

What does qualitative research aim to provide?

aim to provide in-depth and interpreted understanding of the social world of research participants by learning about their social and material circumstances, their experiences, perspectives and histories

What is theory testing?

an existing theory of hypothesis is taken as a guide to a piece of research and tested using methods that will allow it to be measured and evaluated (positivism)

How can structure be changed in organisational change?

change through structural components or design. Example is the change from organic to mechanism structure when a business grows.

Organisational change

changing people, structure or technology. Requires catalyst to guide and change process.

How can technology be changed in organisational change?

it can be changed through introducing new tools, methods or equipment. Example is modernization in fast food chains allows more efficient service

On what is the choice of sampling technique dependent on?

it is dependent on the research question/s and objectives When needing to estimate the characteristics of a population statistically, then you need probability sampling When you do not require such generalizations, then you can make use of non-probability sampling techniques

What does quantative research rely on and what does it involve? Give an example of quantative research

it relies on numerical evidence to draw conclusions or to test hypotheses it involves statistical anaylsis questionaire surveys, observations

Describe today's organizational design challenges

keeping employees connected in offering flexibility but also keeping widely dispersed and mobile employees connected to the organization. and managing global structural issues in that managers need to familiar with different structures in different countries

Why do people resist change?

people resist change because uncertainty, old habits, concerns over own loss and belief that the change is not in the interest of the company/organisation

Why is acknowledging a paradigm important?

we make a number of assumptions about fundamental issues such as the nature of truth (ontology) and what it means to know (epistemology)