org theory final study
What term is defined as the ways an organization ensures that actions and outcomes meet requirements for quality, timeliness, cost, and so forth?
Standardization
The _____ is attributed to Frederick Fiedler.
contingency approach to leadership
Technology may lead to the end of organizational structure and refocus managers on _____.
corporate strategies and cultures
The key to successful organizational change is _____.
planning
A process where two or more groups come together to discover commonalities and reach a mutually acceptable resolution to conflict is known as _____.
negotiation
Which of the following are strategies for integrative negotiations? Select all that apply.
- Downplaying emotions - Offering alternatives - Relying on external or fair standards
Which of the following increases when a leader develops a bond of mutual respect with a follower?
Motivation of the follower
The four steps of organizational design are assess, plan, implement, and _____.
evaluate
In the third stage of conflict, known as _____ conflict, there is often tension and discomfort as both parties become aware of the conflict.
felt
Apple's Steve Jobs is an example of a company's _____ establishing its organizational culture.
founder
A(n) _____ leader emphasizes the importance of values.
values-based
_____ is/are a method used to help familiarize new employees with the company's organizational culture.
Onboarding
John is looking to buy a new pontoon boat to keep at his lake house. He decides that his maximum reservation point for the boat he wants to buy is $25,000. What minimum reservation point for the seller would allow for the widest window for negotiation?
$20,000
Which of the following strategies are part of the direct conflict management model? Select all that apply.
- Accommodation - Collaboration
Which of the following make up the indirect conflict management strategies? Select all that apply.
- Altering scripts and myths - Reduced independence
Which of the following are types of third-party negotiators? Select all that apply.
- Arbitrators - Consultants - Mediators
Which of the following are cultural dimensions pertinent to business and leadership theory? Select all that apply.
- Assertiveness - Gender egalitarianism
Which activities display some measure of informal leadership? Select all that apply.
- Encouraging coworkers when they face difficulties in project work - Sharing creative ideas - Exemplifying a strong moral direction within the company
Which traits most strongly correlate with management team dedication? Select all that apply.
- Inspirational - Visionary - Integrity
Which traits are correlated with inferior CEOs? Select all that apply.
- Internally competitive - Autocratic
Which of the following examples are considered unethical in the negotiations process? Select all that apply.
- Making false threats - Misrepresentation - Selective disclosure
Which of the following conditions are necessary for organizational conflict to occur? Select all that apply.
- Ongoing issues and problems are involved. - A reason exists for wanting to stop the opposing side from achieving their goal.
Which of the following traits are part of the "Big Five" traits? Select all that apply.
- Openness - Neuroticism - Extraversion
Which of the following types of conflict form organizational conflict? Select all that apply.
- Process - Relationship-related - Task-related
How does leadership matter within a department? Select all that apply.
- Provides initiative - Supports a vision - Provides insight
Which traits most strongly correlate with high competitive performance of a firm? Select all that apply.
- Visionary - Decisive - Team integrator
Leadership is the process of _____. Select all that apply.
- directing - organizing - unifying
Which unit would report to Technology Services within a functional structure?
Computer security
_____ distributes authority.
A shared leadership leader
_____ organizations tend to encourage competition rather than collaboration.
Aggressive
Before an organization can change, what must its leadership do?
Agree upon the necessary changes
What does machine learning apply to software to gather data?
Artificial intelligence
_____ are beliefs that an individual or organization may not realize they hold.
Assumptions
What does the LPC score measure?
Attitude about coworkers
What element is most important in a hierarchy?
Authority
What reward is an outcome-oriented company most likely to offer its employees?
Bonuses for meeting or exceeding goals
Which is a drawback to the division of labor?
Boredom
Which kind of situation would warrant a third-party negotiator to step in and help?
Casey's loud, combative attitude has made the other team members feel resentful, causing communications to shut down.
What is the ranking of positions in a hierarchy?
Chain of command
Which of the following is NOT a leadership style proposed by Daniel Goleman?
Communicative leader
What needs to be established before the assess step of the organizational design can be done?
Company strategy
_____ are traditions that help an organization demonstrate its organizational culture.
Customs
Which is a primary benefit of digitization to today's businesses?
Data-driven changes can be made.
Which type of conflict is poorly managed and allowed to express itself in unproductive ways leading to stress, poor communication, and divisiveness?
Dysfunctional conflict
What process would help in analytical processing?
Digitization
A narrow span of control can lead to what issue for a company?
Disconnect between decision makers and employees
_____ is the practice of dividing work into tasks and assigning them to different individuals.
Division of labor
Which of the following is NOT a cultural dimension pertinent to business and leadership theory?
Effective communication style
What the main purpose of division of labor?
Efficiency
What is NOT a benefit of using social media tools internally in businesses?
Employees responding to social media queries may get bogged down by answering them.
Tracking customer satisfaction is part of which organization design process?
Evaluate
True or false: All managers have leadership qualities.
False
True or false: Charismatic leadership is a developed intellectual theory of leadership.
False
True or false: For a company to be successful, its founder must establish an organizational culture.
False
True or false: Larger companies are unable to make organizational changes, due to their complexity.
False
True or false: Management is less formal than leadership.
False
True or false: Organizational design process did not exist until the advent of technology.
False
True or false: Task-oriented and people-oriented approaches are mutually exclusive styles of leadership.
False
True or false: The only key resource needed for success in organizational design is a good leader.
False
What effect of technological advances has NOT affected organizational structures?
Fewer creative thinking positions are available.
What is a downfall of relying on charismatic leadership?
Followers can become too confident in one individual and agree to unwise decisions.
_____ is leadership that is practiced from a position of official authority.
Formal leadership
Which cultural dimension pertinent to business and leadership is the extent to which the genders are treated equally?
Gender egalitarianism
When can evaluation lead back to assessment?
If a problem identified needs to be addressed through organization design
What part of the organizational design process moves the plan forward?
Implement
What have computers allowed management scientists to do as part of their jobs?
Improve decisions
Which is a potential drawback of the matrix structure?
It can be difficult to please two supervisors.
What is one reason a company would create a divisional structure?
It has grown and has many product lines and regions it does business in.
How does a matrix structure compare to a standard hierarchical structure?
It violates the principle of having one chain of command.
Which statement is true?
Job descriptions and standards need to be suitable for the organizational structure.
Which theory proposes that leadership effectiveness depends on the bonds that a leader develops with his or her followers?
Leader-member exchange theory
What does the leader-member exchange theory propose?
Leadership effectiveness depends on the bonds a leader develops with his or her followers.
_____ is the application of artificial intelligence to software to gather data about the results of decisions.
Machine learning
Which of the following statements about leadership is true?
Not all leaders have official authority in a company.
Which of the following is an example of management?
Objectively organizing tasks for others
Which of the following would represent a change in organizational culture?
Relaxing the dress code
John, a computer programmer, is negotiating for a raise in his salary. He has brought with him the published wage and salary reports for programmers in his region to help strengthen his argument. What type of integrative negotiation is John using?
Relying on external or fair standards
_____ is the process of choosing which prospective employees are the best fit for an organization.
Selection
Which of the following is NOT a way in which leadership makes a difference in an organization?
Supports career goals
_____ is a key resource in organizational design that can be used to achieve goals at a lower cost.
Technology
Which is the most likely outcome when an individual's values have irreconcilable differences with an organization's values?
The individual will find other working situations to better match their own values.
Where does the request of greatest impact come from in a hierarchy?
The top level of the company
Why are detail-oriented companies more likely to be in the service industry?
They focus on providing everything a customer might want.
What is the purpose of a matrix structure?
Think broadly on how a product line contributes to the company's success
_____ is important to ensure that all employees have the same understanding of changes being made to an organization.
Training
_____ is required for employees to have the ability to implement organizational change.
Training
Read the statement: Overly agreeable people are unlikely to make good leaders because they will not oppose wrong behaviors. Which approach to leadership is echoed in this statement?
Trait approach
True or false: Due to the use of mobile devices, work locations and shared space are less of an issue in day-to-day operations.
True
True or false: When an organization changes, its reward system must change as to match the new organizational culture.
True
True or false: When the parties involved have a relationship (or hope to establish one) and multiple issues need to be addressed, this is considered an integrative negotiation.
True
True or false: Wide spans of control allow more responsibility and authority to employees lower in the hierarchy.
True
How many reporting relationships are in a matrix structure?
Two
_____ is the extent to which individuals and organizations value stability and avoid high-risk activities. Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Examine the following leadership traits and behaviors: malevolent behavior, internally competitive behavior, autocratic leadership. These leadership behaviors and traits describe _____.
an inferior CEO
A(n) _____ is an independent, unbiased entity called in, usually as a last resort, to settle a stalled negotiation. Parties must agree beforehand that the decision of this negotiator is binding and cannot be appealed.
arbitrator
Also known as the lose-lose strategy, the _____ strategy emphasizes similarities and differences are downplayed and ultimately the real conflict is ignored.
accommodation
In the fourth stage of the negotiation process, known as the _____ step, both sides should feel that they have gained something positive and that their points of view have been acknowledged.
agreement
A manager of a department within a functional structure should be _____ in the function.
an expert
A company's reward systems and traditions are _____ that support its organizational culture.
artifacts
The values of organizational culture are supported by _____.
artifacts
A company's _____ are the beliefs held and promoted by its organizational culture.
assumptions
If an employee does not fit a company's organizational culture and leaves the company, this is called _____.
attrition
The region between a seller's reservation point and the buyer's reservation point is known as the _____.
bargaining zone
The most important aspect of a matrix structure is _____.
communication
A _____ focuses on the manner in which a leader acts.
behavioral approach to leadership
If a company's leaders are resistant to necessary change, an organization may need to _____.
change leaders
A(n) _____ leader draws followers through personal attributes that create a sense of awe in others.
charismatic
Organizational _____ refers to the way the company is perceived or experienced by its members.
climate
Changing a company's slogan or logo to reflect a change in organizational culture is an example of _____.
creating new stories and symbols
Vision, mission, and values statements help to define an organization's _____.
culture
Holding an annual holiday party for employees is an example of an organization's _____.
customs
A strong organizational culture can help a large business overcome _____.
differences in employee backgrounds and world views
Only when the substantive and emotional reasons for conflict are identified and dealt with head-on can real resolution occur, a type of conflict management is known as _____ conflict management.
direct
The type of negotiation known as _____ involves a single issue to be decided, usually price.
distributive bargaining
A form of conflict known as _____ conflict encourages creativity, is beneficial to the organization, and deters groupthink.
functional
Conflict that is _____ encourages creativity, combats groupthink, and acts as a beneficial part of the workplace.
functional
A _____ is a grouping of work into function-based departments.
functional structure
The basic activities that take place in a business are _____.
functions
A _____ negotiator is less likely to veer away from his or her reservation point in a negotiation.
hard
Examine the following leadership traits and behaviors: visionary, team integrator, administratively competent, decisive, and inspirational. These leadership behaviors and traits are most strongly correlated with _____.
high competitive performance of a firm
Samira provides guidance to new recruits by sharing her experiences with them. This is an example of _____.
informal leadership
In the fifth step in the negotiation process, it is made very clear that without _____ there can be no binding agreement.
implementation
When discussion and compromise have come to a standstill because of strong emotions and difficult personalities, managers may choose to attack the problem with a workaround strategy known as _____ conflict management.
indirect
Aggressive companies are more likely to reward _____.
individual achievement
A company with a stable organizational culture is less likely to value _____.
innovation
LEGO uses their block product in new designs each year. LEGO is an example of a company with a(n) _____ organizational culture.
innovative
In a _____ situation, there are often many different points to address.
integrative negotiation
Slogans and jargon are an example of an organizational culture's _____.
language
In the first stage of conflict, known as _____ conflict, the elements that could become a cause of conflict exist but have not yet emerged.
latent
The first stage of conflict is _____ conflict, in which conflict exists but has yet to emerge.
latent
Examine these leadership traits and behaviors: inspirational, visionary, integrity, performance-oriented, administratively competent, and diplomatic. These leadership behaviors and traits are most strongly correlated with _____.
management team dedication
Outcome-oriented organizations focus on _____.
meeting goals
The process of planning an organization's structure based on its resources and strategy is called _____.
organizational design
In a hierarchy, people have authority _____.
over employees below them
An organization that is _____ is more likely to focus on the needs and desires of employees and customers.
people-oriented
The second stage of organizational conflict, known as _____ conflict, is characterized by one party believing that another person is likely to interfere with his or her work or goals; however, the conflict is still limited to one person at this point.
perceived
During the _____ stage of the negotiation process, each side makes a case for their position and states their understanding of the issue.
presentation
In the second stage of the negotiation process, known as the _____ step, each person or group involved gives their side of the story.
presentation
Organizational-level problems such as goal incompatibility, employee competition, vision, and mission statements make up _____ conflicts.
process
When properly managed, _____ conflicts can be beneficial to organizations. This kind of conflict is comprised of organizational-level issues such as goal incompatibility, employee competition, scarce resources, and economic uncertainty.
process
Interpersonal problems and personality incompatibilities are examples of _____ conflicts, which are difficult to resolve because they require substantial investments of time and effort by the manager.
relationship-related
When Whitney became manager of one of Verizon Wireless's locations, she encountered interpersonal struggles and personality clashes. The conflict she was trying to manage is known as _____ conflict.
relationship-related
Juan is at the local BMW dealership looking at a new sport sedan he has had his eyes on. He has a fixed maximum amount in mind that will work within his budget. This fixed maximum amount he is willing to pay is known as a maximum _____ point.
reservation
Managers should serve as _____ during the change process.
role models
An unethical negotiation practice where positive data is highlighted while negative information is downplayed or hidden is known as _____.
selective disclosure
Creating a _____ is the best way to convince employees that organizational change is necessary.
sense of urgency
A strategy that should be used in an integrative situation is to _____.
separate the people involved from the problem
According to the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP) developed by O'Reilly, Chatman, and Caldwell, employees should _____.
share the cultural assumptions and values of the company they work for
An organization creates two CEO positions, each with special authority in special areas. This is an example of _____.
shared leadership
The _____ approaches are similar in that they both have the basic tenant that the best leadership style depends on circumstances.
situational and contingency
The _____ suggests that effective leadership is not a "one size fits all" matter.
situational approach to leadership
Companies with a(n) _____ organizational culture are more likely to favor traditional structures and procedures.
stable
Fairly common and relatively easy to resolve, _____ conflicts primarily consist of the direction, content or goals of work assignments.
task-related
The _____recognizes personality traits as the most important ingredient in a good leader.
trait approach to leadership
Companies can promote _____ by providing cues that help employees understand the organizational culture.
unity
When all employees understand an organization's culture, this leads to _____.
unity
Google's motto, "Don't be evil," is an example of their _____.
values
Organizational culture describes the _____ of an organization.
values and beliefs
A _____ span of control gives more responsibility and authority to employees lower in the hierarchy.
wide
To qualify as a _____ the parties must decide that the strategy meets the goals of both parties, is acceptable to both, and creates a standard of cooperation between the parties in the future.
win-win strategy