Organic Chemistry - Chapter 22 (CHEM 2)

contain a "carbonyl" group -carbon double bonded to oxygen -this occurs at the end of a chain named by adding the suffix "-al" to the end of the hydrocarbon

aldehydes

all single bonds -have the generic formula CnH2n+2 -these with 3 or fewer carbons have only straight chains -alkanes with >3 carbons are branched

alkanes

hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds -the general formula is CnH2n -because of the double bond, they can have geometric isomers (cis-2-butene vs trans-2-butene)

alkenes

contain triple bond(s)

alkynes

hydrocarbons with triple bonds -the generic formula for it is CnH2n+2 -the simplest is Ethyne, commonly called acetylene

alkynes

characterized by a carbonyl group with an amine group -named by adding "-amide" to the end of the parent chain

amides

characterized by a nitrogen group bonded to the hydrocarbon chain -named by naming the parent chain and adding "-amine" to the end

amines

the formation of proteins happens through condensation reactions when ____________ ________ continue to join together

amino acids

how many functional groups

9

hydrocarbons that have 6-carbon rings and delocalized electrons -the electrons are not localized around one atom or another, they move between atoms -this created multiple double bonds and multiple resonance structures (bcuz the double bonds can be between different carbons, there are multiple structures an so the method of writing the formula has been simplified)

aromatic hydrocarbons

because carbon can bond so easily with so many elements, it allows for different ______________________ of atoms

arrangement

contain double bond(s)

alkenes

made from different monomers

copolymer

what is step 3 in naming alkenes

number the carbons in the parent chain so that the lowest number is nearest the double bond(s)

contain a carbonyl group -carbon double bonded to an oxygen -occurs in the middle of a chain -named by adding the suffix "--one" to the end of the hydrocarbon -properties are the same aldehydes (most common is acetone, or propanone)

ketones

small units of polymers

monomers

what is step one in naming alkenes

name the longest chain that includes the double bond, use the same prefixes for the number of carbons, but the suffix changes to -ene. if there is more than 1 double bond, u have to change the suffix using prefixes for the number of double bonds-diene, -triene, etc.

what is step 3 in naming alkanes

number the carbon atoms in the longest chain so that the alkyl groups are on the lowest number carbon atoms

the study of covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides -very organized chemistry -organic families are the key to studying this (members of the same family have the same chemistry)

organic chemistry

what is step 4 in naming alkenes

place position numbers for the double bond in front of the parent chain name, and then position numbers for the alkyl groups in front of the names of the groups

properties of esters

polar molecules, low boiling and melting points, typically have fruity smells

large molecules made of many small units joined to each other through organic reaction -can be made from identical or different monomer

polymers

non-polar molecules -similar to alkanes in boiling points and physical states -ethene is the most common alkene (used in commercial synthesis of plastics and alcohols) -plant hormone responsible for ripening -makes the natural wax covering on apples

properties of alkenes

nonpolar molecules -follow the same trends in physical state and boiling points as other hydrocarbons

properties of alkynes

What are the 2 bonds that hydrocarbon bonds form?

saturated and unsaturated

all of the carbon atoms in the molecule from 4 single covalent bonds -called alkanes

saturated hydrocarbons

alkanes with 3 or fewer carbons have only ________________ chains

straight

the easiest way to represent organic compounds is a ___________________ ______________ -indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms -allow you to see the different isomers -DO NOT accurately show the 3 dimensional shape of the molecule

structural formula

how are alkyl halides (halocarbons) formed -dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane are examples (trichloromethane is chloroform and tetrachloromethane is carbon tetrachloride, CFC's are formed by reacting chloroalkanes with HF)

substitution reactions

one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

substitution reactions

naming alkynes is the exact same as naming alkenes, with the only difference being the ____________ -alkynes use the suffix -yne in place of -ene

suffix

properties of amides

these bonds are called peptide bonds which link amino acids together to form proteins -also found in synthetic fibers like nylon -otherwise similar to amines

vegetable oils are ________________ or unsaturated fatty acids -they contain many double bonds

triesters

have at least one multiple bond -can be either double or triple bonds -2 types

unsaturated hydrocarbons

what is step 4 in naming alkanes

use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names, and use commas to separate the numbers

properties of halocarbons

very nonpolar -poor conductor of electricity -low boiling and melting pts -not soluble in water

different boiling points are used to separate ________________ -a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition -contains anywhere from 1-50 carbons atoms

petroleum

also called constitutional isomers -the atoms are bonded together in different orders -ex: C4H10 -can also have different physical and chemical properties

structural isomers

isomers can be classified into 2 groups

structural isomers and geometric isomers

properties of ethers

-smaller ethers are soluble in water, the larger the ether, the less soluble -used as solvents for organic compounds -previously used as anesthetics in hospitals -methoxybutane is used in gas to reduce pollution

properties of alcohols

-sometimes polar -smaller than 4 carbons will dissolve in water -mucher higher boiling points than normal hydrocarbons (stronger intermolecular forces)

carbon can bond to itself to from 2 types of compounds:

1. Long Chains (Pentane) 2. Rings (cyclic) (cyclopentane)

organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogens -named by naming the halogens with the suffix "-o" before the name of the parent chain (also must tell were the halogen is located)

Halocarbons

the boiling points of alkanes also increase with increasing mass for the same reason -increased mass lead to stronger _______

LDF

the larger the mass of the molecules, the stronger the ______________ _________________ ____________, making larger alkanes liquids and solids -gasoline and kerosene are liquid alkanes -paraffin wax is a solid alkane molecule

London Dispersion Forces

contain one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) -named by adding the suffix "-ol" to the chain of the hydrocarbon (if multiple hydroxyl groups exist, change the suffix to represent how many, "diol, triol, etc." -tell where located

alcohols

properties of amines

act as weak bases due to unshared electron pair on nitrogen -amino acids are made of amines which make proteins -integral part of DNA -present in many addictive drugs (nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines)

what is step two in naming alkenes

add names of the alkyl groups, just like with alkanes

what is step 2 in naming alkanes

add the names of the alkyl groups in front of the name of the parent hydrocarbon in alphabetical order, if there is more than one group, add the numerical prefix to tell how many (di=2, tri=3, etc.)

a polymer formed by addition reactions between monomers that contain double bonds -used to form many of the plastics that we use

addition polymers

2 parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule, increasing the saturation of the molecule

addition reactions

________________ is the most common aromatic hydrocarbon -all other aromatic hydrocarbons are considered derivatives of this -does not behave like other alkenes because the molecule lies on one plane

benzene

alkanes with >3 carbons are _______________ -these can have structural isomers

branched

What element makes up so much of our plant and living things on it?

carbon

contain a carboxyl functional group -carbon double bonded to an oxygen with a hydroxyl group on the end -COOH -named by adding the suffix "--oic" to the end of the hydrocarbon chain and adding the word acid

carboxylic acids

the carbon is a very unique element in that it undergoes __________________

catenation

the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings

catenation

in 1, 2-dichloroethene, the isomer with 2 chlorine atoms on the same side of the molecule is called what? What about the isomer with 2 chlorine atoms on opposite sides of the molecule?

cis, trans

formed by condensation reactions -usually copolymers with 2 monomers in an alternation order -nylon is an example -polyester is also

condensation polymers

2 molecules or parts of the same molecule combine -usually a small molecule, such as water, is removed when this happens

condensation reactions

alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure -have the generic formula CnH2n -they don't have free ends where the carbon can bond to 3 hydrogens

cycloalkanes

a simple molecule such as water or ammonia is formed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule -removing an H20 from an ethanol molecule to ethene -(think of the sugar demo)

elimination reactions

have the carboxyl functional group, and the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group is replaced by another hydrocarbon chain -formed by a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid -named by naming the alcohol chain as an alkyl group on the name of the acid chain with "-oate" as the suffix

esters

characterized by 2 hydrocarbon groups bonded to the same oxygen atom -R-O-R -named by adding "oxy" in between the 2 chains

ethers

properties of carboxylic acids

far more soluble than other hydrocarbons -similar to alcohols, can form intermolecular bonds giving them higher boiling and melting points -many are found in food. acetic acid (vinegar) citric acid (fruits) maleic acid (green apples)

by removing one of the double bonds from vegetable oils and replacing it with hydrogen, the oil changes to a __________ -this is "hydrogenated"

fat

what is step one in naming alkanes

find longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that have straight-chain branches and add suffix -ane to prefix corresponding to number of carbons

example of polymers -they are found everywhere

food (starch and cellulose), proteins, clothes (nylon)

_____________ distillation allows refinery plants to separate the different components of petroleum -as the petroleum is heated to over 370 degrees celsius, all the petroleum becomes vapor -larger hydrocarbons condense at higher temps and are collected 1st -lubricating oils are collected lower in the cooling tower than gasoline

fractional

an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound

functional groups

hydrocarbons with 1-4 carbons are _____________ -natural gas is a fossil fuel made of alkanes with 1-4 carbons

gases

the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different -ex: 1, 2-dichloroethene

geometric isomers

properties of aldehydes

higher boiling and melting pts, than hydrocarbons, but lower than alcohols -used as flavorings or fragrances due to their appealing smell -formaldehyde, or methanol, is the most common aldehyde, used as a preservative for biological specimens in the past

carbon will also bond readily with other elements -What are compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen? (simplest organic compounds) -other compounds will contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens

hydrocarbons

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen -the simplest class of organic compounds -are broken into 2 groups based on the bonds that they form

hydrocarbons

example of addition reactions -hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated molecules which take the place of one or more double bonds (turns vegetable oil into margarine or shortening)

hydrogenation

some compounds may have the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms, this is called ___________________ -the different structures give isomers different properties

isomerism