Organic Chemistry - Chapter 22 (CHEM 2)
contain a "carbonyl" group -carbon double bonded to oxygen -this occurs at the end of a chain named by adding the suffix "-al" to the end of the hydrocarbon
aldehydes
all single bonds -have the generic formula CnH2n+2 -these with 3 or fewer carbons have only straight chains -alkanes with >3 carbons are branched
alkanes
hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds -the general formula is CnH2n -because of the double bond, they can have geometric isomers (cis-2-butene vs trans-2-butene)
alkenes
contain triple bond(s)
alkynes
hydrocarbons with triple bonds -the generic formula for it is CnH2n+2 -the simplest is Ethyne, commonly called acetylene
alkynes
characterized by a carbonyl group with an amine group -named by adding "-amide" to the end of the parent chain
amides
characterized by a nitrogen group bonded to the hydrocarbon chain -named by naming the parent chain and adding "-amine" to the end
amines
the formation of proteins happens through condensation reactions when ____________ ________ continue to join together
amino acids
how many functional groups
9
hydrocarbons that have 6-carbon rings and delocalized electrons -the electrons are not localized around one atom or another, they move between atoms -this created multiple double bonds and multiple resonance structures (bcuz the double bonds can be between different carbons, there are multiple structures an so the method of writing the formula has been simplified)
aromatic hydrocarbons
because carbon can bond so easily with so many elements, it allows for different ______________________ of atoms
arrangement
contain double bond(s)
alkenes
made from different monomers
copolymer
what is step 3 in naming alkenes
number the carbons in the parent chain so that the lowest number is nearest the double bond(s)
contain a carbonyl group -carbon double bonded to an oxygen -occurs in the middle of a chain -named by adding the suffix "--one" to the end of the hydrocarbon -properties are the same aldehydes (most common is acetone, or propanone)
ketones
small units of polymers
monomers
what is step one in naming alkenes
name the longest chain that includes the double bond, use the same prefixes for the number of carbons, but the suffix changes to -ene. if there is more than 1 double bond, u have to change the suffix using prefixes for the number of double bonds-diene, -triene, etc.
what is step 3 in naming alkanes
number the carbon atoms in the longest chain so that the alkyl groups are on the lowest number carbon atoms
the study of covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides -very organized chemistry -organic families are the key to studying this (members of the same family have the same chemistry)
organic chemistry
what is step 4 in naming alkenes
place position numbers for the double bond in front of the parent chain name, and then position numbers for the alkyl groups in front of the names of the groups
properties of esters
polar molecules, low boiling and melting points, typically have fruity smells
large molecules made of many small units joined to each other through organic reaction -can be made from identical or different monomer
polymers
non-polar molecules -similar to alkanes in boiling points and physical states -ethene is the most common alkene (used in commercial synthesis of plastics and alcohols) -plant hormone responsible for ripening -makes the natural wax covering on apples
properties of alkenes
nonpolar molecules -follow the same trends in physical state and boiling points as other hydrocarbons
properties of alkynes
What are the 2 bonds that hydrocarbon bonds form?
saturated and unsaturated
all of the carbon atoms in the molecule from 4 single covalent bonds -called alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons
alkanes with 3 or fewer carbons have only ________________ chains
straight
the easiest way to represent organic compounds is a ___________________ ______________ -indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms -allow you to see the different isomers -DO NOT accurately show the 3 dimensional shape of the molecule
structural formula
how are alkyl halides (halocarbons) formed -dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane are examples (trichloromethane is chloroform and tetrachloromethane is carbon tetrachloride, CFC's are formed by reacting chloroalkanes with HF)
substitution reactions
one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule
substitution reactions
naming alkynes is the exact same as naming alkenes, with the only difference being the ____________ -alkynes use the suffix -yne in place of -ene
suffix
properties of amides
these bonds are called peptide bonds which link amino acids together to form proteins -also found in synthetic fibers like nylon -otherwise similar to amines
vegetable oils are ________________ or unsaturated fatty acids -they contain many double bonds
triesters
have at least one multiple bond -can be either double or triple bonds -2 types
unsaturated hydrocarbons
what is step 4 in naming alkanes
use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names, and use commas to separate the numbers
properties of halocarbons
very nonpolar -poor conductor of electricity -low boiling and melting pts -not soluble in water
different boiling points are used to separate ________________ -a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition -contains anywhere from 1-50 carbons atoms
petroleum
also called constitutional isomers -the atoms are bonded together in different orders -ex: C4H10 -can also have different physical and chemical properties
structural isomers
isomers can be classified into 2 groups
structural isomers and geometric isomers
properties of ethers
-smaller ethers are soluble in water, the larger the ether, the less soluble -used as solvents for organic compounds -previously used as anesthetics in hospitals -methoxybutane is used in gas to reduce pollution
properties of alcohols
-sometimes polar -smaller than 4 carbons will dissolve in water -mucher higher boiling points than normal hydrocarbons (stronger intermolecular forces)
carbon can bond to itself to from 2 types of compounds:
1. Long Chains (Pentane) 2. Rings (cyclic) (cyclopentane)
organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogens -named by naming the halogens with the suffix "-o" before the name of the parent chain (also must tell were the halogen is located)
Halocarbons
the boiling points of alkanes also increase with increasing mass for the same reason -increased mass lead to stronger _______
LDF
the larger the mass of the molecules, the stronger the ______________ _________________ ____________, making larger alkanes liquids and solids -gasoline and kerosene are liquid alkanes -paraffin wax is a solid alkane molecule
London Dispersion Forces
contain one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) -named by adding the suffix "-ol" to the chain of the hydrocarbon (if multiple hydroxyl groups exist, change the suffix to represent how many, "diol, triol, etc." -tell where located
alcohols
properties of amines
act as weak bases due to unshared electron pair on nitrogen -amino acids are made of amines which make proteins -integral part of DNA -present in many addictive drugs (nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines)
what is step two in naming alkenes
add names of the alkyl groups, just like with alkanes
what is step 2 in naming alkanes
add the names of the alkyl groups in front of the name of the parent hydrocarbon in alphabetical order, if there is more than one group, add the numerical prefix to tell how many (di=2, tri=3, etc.)
a polymer formed by addition reactions between monomers that contain double bonds -used to form many of the plastics that we use
addition polymers
2 parts of a molecule are added to an unsaturated molecule, increasing the saturation of the molecule
addition reactions
________________ is the most common aromatic hydrocarbon -all other aromatic hydrocarbons are considered derivatives of this -does not behave like other alkenes because the molecule lies on one plane
benzene
alkanes with >3 carbons are _______________ -these can have structural isomers
branched
What element makes up so much of our plant and living things on it?
carbon
contain a carboxyl functional group -carbon double bonded to an oxygen with a hydroxyl group on the end -COOH -named by adding the suffix "--oic" to the end of the hydrocarbon chain and adding the word acid
carboxylic acids
the carbon is a very unique element in that it undergoes __________________
catenation
the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings
catenation
in 1, 2-dichloroethene, the isomer with 2 chlorine atoms on the same side of the molecule is called what? What about the isomer with 2 chlorine atoms on opposite sides of the molecule?
cis, trans
formed by condensation reactions -usually copolymers with 2 monomers in an alternation order -nylon is an example -polyester is also
condensation polymers
2 molecules or parts of the same molecule combine -usually a small molecule, such as water, is removed when this happens
condensation reactions
alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structure -have the generic formula CnH2n -they don't have free ends where the carbon can bond to 3 hydrogens
cycloalkanes
a simple molecule such as water or ammonia is formed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule -removing an H20 from an ethanol molecule to ethene -(think of the sugar demo)
elimination reactions
have the carboxyl functional group, and the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group is replaced by another hydrocarbon chain -formed by a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid -named by naming the alcohol chain as an alkyl group on the name of the acid chain with "-oate" as the suffix
esters
characterized by 2 hydrocarbon groups bonded to the same oxygen atom -R-O-R -named by adding "oxy" in between the 2 chains
ethers
properties of carboxylic acids
far more soluble than other hydrocarbons -similar to alcohols, can form intermolecular bonds giving them higher boiling and melting points -many are found in food. acetic acid (vinegar) citric acid (fruits) maleic acid (green apples)
by removing one of the double bonds from vegetable oils and replacing it with hydrogen, the oil changes to a __________ -this is "hydrogenated"
fat
what is step one in naming alkanes
find longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that have straight-chain branches and add suffix -ane to prefix corresponding to number of carbons
example of polymers -they are found everywhere
food (starch and cellulose), proteins, clothes (nylon)
_____________ distillation allows refinery plants to separate the different components of petroleum -as the petroleum is heated to over 370 degrees celsius, all the petroleum becomes vapor -larger hydrocarbons condense at higher temps and are collected 1st -lubricating oils are collected lower in the cooling tower than gasoline
fractional
an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound
functional groups
hydrocarbons with 1-4 carbons are _____________ -natural gas is a fossil fuel made of alkanes with 1-4 carbons
gases
the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different -ex: 1, 2-dichloroethene
geometric isomers
properties of aldehydes
higher boiling and melting pts, than hydrocarbons, but lower than alcohols -used as flavorings or fragrances due to their appealing smell -formaldehyde, or methanol, is the most common aldehyde, used as a preservative for biological specimens in the past
carbon will also bond readily with other elements -What are compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen? (simplest organic compounds) -other compounds will contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens
hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen -the simplest class of organic compounds -are broken into 2 groups based on the bonds that they form
hydrocarbons
example of addition reactions -hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated molecules which take the place of one or more double bonds (turns vegetable oil into margarine or shortening)
hydrogenation
some compounds may have the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms, this is called ___________________ -the different structures give isomers different properties
isomerism