OT CH 15 Endocrine System

adenoma

(-oma, tumor) Tumor of a gland.

diabetes mellitus

(DM), the well-known type of diabetes that produces hyperglycemia and is associated with insufficient or improper use of insulin. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by abrupt onset of symptoms and a dependence on insulin injections to sustain life. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is usually characterized by a gradual onset; dietary control, sometimes combined with oral hypoglycemic medications, may be effective in regulating the disorder.

acromegaly

(acr/o, extremity + -megaly, enlarged) Disorder in which there is abnormal enlargement of the extremities of the skeleton— nose, jaws, fingers, and toes—caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity

gigantism

(gigant/o, large + -ism, condition) Condition in which a person reaches an abnormal stature; it results from hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood. Compare dwarfism and gigantism

myxedema

(myx/o, mucus + -edema, swelling) Condition resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland, characterized by a dry, waxy swelling of the skin.

thyrotoxicosis

(thyr/o, thyroid + toxic/o, poison + -osis, condition) Morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion.

6. Describe two ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormones. _____ _____ 7. Write the name of the master gland: _____ 8. In no particular order, list the names of seven endocrine glands, not including the master gland (hint: two are the male and female sex glands): (a) ______________________, (b) ______________________, (c) ______________________, (d) ______________________, (e) ______________________, (f) ______________________, and (g) ______________________.

6. hormones are released in response to nervous system; or, endocrine glands respond to hormones produced by the pituitary gland. 7. pituitary (hypophysis) 8. (no particular order): pancreas, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes

Write the suffix 1. beginning _____ 2. growth _____. 3. origin _____. 4. stimulate _____. 5. that which stimulates _____ 6. urination _____

1. -gen 2. -physis 3. -gen 4. -tropic 5. -tropin 6. -uria

_____ 1. acromegaly _____ 2. cretinism _____ 3. diabetes insipidus A. abnormal enlargement of the extremities B. abnormally tall stature C. condition caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion D. disorder associated with insufficient or improper use of insulin E. disorder caused by insufficient ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH F. enlarged thyroid gland that results in swelling of the neck G. outward protrusion of the eyeballs

1. A 2. C 3. E

_____ 1. adrenal gland _____ 2. giant _____ 3. gland _____ 4. iodine A. aden/o B. adren/o C. andr/o D. gigant/o E. iod/o F. myx/o G. ren/o H. toxic/o

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E

_____ 1. adrenals _____ 2. ovaries _____ 3. pancreas _____ 4. pituitary A. androgen B. antidiuretic hormone C. epinephrineD. estrogen E. insulin

1. C 2. D 3. E 4. B 5. A

1. What is the function of the endocrine system? ___________________ 2. What is the meaning of hyposecretion? ___________________ 3. What is the meaning of hypersecretion? ___________________

1. Coordinates with the nervous system to regulate the body's activities 2. insufficient secretion 3. excessive secretion

Endocrine glands release hormones in one of two ways:

1. Hormones are released in response to the nervous system. 2. The pituitary produces stimulating (or tropic) hormones that act on endocrine glands, which then produce hormones.

1. disorder associated with a deficiency of ADH 2. disorder associated with insufficient or improper use of insulin 3. decreased activity of the thyroid 4. frequent urination

1. diabetes insipidus 2. diabetes mellitus 3. hypothyroidism 4. polyuria

1. What is the general name for the structures that compose the endocrine system? _____ 2. What is the term that means the chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine glands? _____ 3. Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands. _____ _____ 4. Which type of gland functions as part of the endocrine system? _____ 5. What is the general term for the organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are directed? _____

1. glands (endocrine glands) hormones 2. endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their hormones into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands open into a body surface and discharge their hormones through ducts. 4. endocrine 5. target organ

Humberto Cordova suddenly began experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Laboratory findings showed a normal level of antidiuretic hormone, but hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria. Further testing indicated diabetes mellitus. 1. a greater than normal amount of glucose in the blood _____ 2. excessive, uncontrolled eating _____ 3. increased urination _____ 4. pertaining to the suppression of urine excretion _____ 5. presence of sugar, especially glucose, in the urine _____

1. hyperglycemia 2. polyphagia 3. polyuria 4. antidiuretic 5. glycosuria

Write the terms 1. abnormally low blood sugar 2. aniodine-containing thyroid hormone 3. excessive secretion of insulin 4. normal thyroid function 5. tumor of a gland

1. hypoglycemia 2. thyroxine 3. hyperinsulinism 4. euthyroid 5. adenoma

1. A term for surgical removal or destruction of the pituitary gland is ______. 2. Type 1 diabetes is controlled by administration of ______,, proper diet, and exercise. 3. Type 2 diabetes is generally controlled by diet, exercise, and ______-lowering agents, if needed. 4. The term for removal of a gland is ______. 5. The term for removal of the thyroid gland is ____

1. hypophysectomy 2. insulin 3. glucose 4. adenectomy 5. thyroidectomy

cretinism

Condition caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion and marked by arrested physical and mental development

hypoparathyroidism

Decreased activity of the parathyroid glands.

androgen (aka testosterone)

Development and maintenance of masculinizing characteristics. endocrine gland: testicles

_____ 4. diabetes mellitus _____ 5. exophthalmos _____ 6. gigantism _____ 7. goiter A. abnormal enlargement of the extremities B. abnormally tall stature C. condition caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion D. disorder associated with insufficient or improper use of insulin E. disorder caused by insufficient ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH F. enlarged thyroid gland that results in swelling of the neck G. outward protrusion of the eyeballs

4. D 5. G 6. B 7. F

_____ 5. kidney _____ 6. male or masculine _____ 7. mucus _____ 8. poison A. aden/o B. adren/o C. andr/o D. gigant/o E. iod/o F. myx/o G. ren/o H. toxic/o

5. G 6. C 7. F 8. H

5. increased level of blood glucose 6. increased thirst 7. protrusion of the eyeballs8. sugar in the urine

5. hyperglycemia 6. polydipsia 7. exophthalmos 8. glycosuria

Physical indications of endocrine disorders also include: Laboratory testing includes:

Physical indications of endocrine disorders also include unusually tall or short stature, coarsening of facial features, edema (accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues), hair loss, or excessive facial hair in women. Laboratory testing includes blood tests and urine tests, depending on the symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in identifying tumors involving the pituitary.

adrenaline (aka epinephrine)

Potent stimulator of the "fight or flight" response, increasing blood pressure and cardiac output. endocrine gland: adrenals

insulin:

Regulation of blood glucose by coordinating with other hormones. endocrine gland: pancreas

growth hormone

Stimulation of body growth and maintenance of size once growth has been obtained. endocrine gland: pituitary

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Suppression of urine formation. endocrine gland: pituitary

function of the endocrine system:

The endocrine system coordinates with the nervous system to regulate body activities. This is accomplished by endocrine hormones that affect various processes throughout the body, such as growth, metabolism, and secretions from other organs. Dysfunctional hormone production may involve either a deficiency (hyposecretion) or an excess (hypersecretion).

Target Cell Concept

The hormone recognizes the target tissue through receptors (the site that interacts with the hormone), so the hormones act only on cells that have receptors specific for that hormone. The shape of the receptor determines which hormone can react with it.

Hyperthyroidism is : -What is a classic finding associated?

abnormally increased activity of the thyroid. A classic finding associated with hyperthyroidism is ex+ophthalmos, that is, protrusion of the eyeballs, but further tests are required with this condition because hyperthyroidism is not always the cause. They can also have a goiter which is pronounced swelling in the neck

acr/o = -megaly =

acr/o = extremities -megaly = enlargement

Write a term that means removal of a gland, but not a specific one: ____

adenectomy

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal gland

It may be necessary to surgically remove adrenal tumors that cause the adrenals to produce excess corticoids. Using adrenal/o, write a word that means excision of an adrenal gland: _______

adrenalectomy

The pineal gland, - aka

also called the pineal body, is shaped like a pinecone and is attached to the posterior part of the brain. It uses information regarding changing light levels to adjust its output of the hormone melatonin, helping control circadian rhythms and also the function of females' ovaries.

The pancreas is : what are the cells called?

an elongated structure that has digestive functions and endocrine functions. The islets of Langerhans are pancreatic cells that perform an endocrine function.

dys- =

bad, impaired

-gen

beginning, origin

hypo- =

below normal

thyroxine (iodine-containing hormone)

cell metabolism. endocrine gland: thyroid

Hypothyroidism is : what is used to determine this?

decreased activity of the thyroid. Several blood tests and radiologic studies are used to determine thyroid function. Thyroid scans consist of administering a radioactive substance, allowing time for the thyroid gland to absorb the radiation, scanning the thyroid, and imaging the radiation distribution.

endo- = -crine =

endo- = inside -crine = secrete

Treatment of hypoglycemia may consist of a glucose paste placed inside the cheek, administration of glucose (dextrose) such as that found in orange juice, or intravenously if the person is unconscious. Strict attention to diet is important for patients with hypoglycemia caused by ____ secretion of insulin.

excessive

The treatment of hyperthyroidism is destruction of large amounts of the thyroid tissue by either surgery or radioactive materials or the use of antithyroid drugs to block the production of thyroid hormones. Thyroidectomy is ______ of the thyroid.

excision

gigant/o

giant

aden/o

gland

gonad/o

gonad

An example of the master gland acting on another gland involves:

gonadotropic hormones (also called gonadotropins), which are produced by the pituitary gland and act on the gonads (ovaries or testicles).

-physis

growth

hyper- = ex- = ophthalm/o = eu- =

hyper- = above normal ex- = outward ophthalm/o = eye eu- = normal

hypo- = -physis =

hypo- = below -physis = growth

Because the most common cause of hypopituitarism is a pituitary tumor, treatment consists of surgery or radiation to remove the tumor, followed by administration of the deficient hormones. Certain types of pituitary tumors can cause overproduction of growth hormone (GH), and the treatment of choice is surgery to remove the tumor. Irradiation of the tumor and drugs may also be indicated. Hypophysectomy is surgical removal or destruction of the _____________

hypophysis (pituitary)

The pituitary gland is also called the:

hypophysis, so named because it is attached by a stalk at the base of the brain.

cortisone

important in regulation of body metabolism. endocrine gland: adrenals *ADH is synthesized by the hypothalamus (a structure of the brain), which also controls its

6. The goal of treatment of DM is to maintain a balance of the body's insulin and glucose. Type 1 diabetes is controlled by administration of insulin, proper diet, and exercise. Insulin is administered by injection on a regular basis, either subcutaneous injection or via an insulin pump. An insulin pump is a portable, battery- operated instrument that delivers a measured amount of insulin through the abdominal wall. It can be programmed to deliver doses of insulin according to the body's needs. The individual with type 1 diabetes requires an outside source of ________________ to sustain life. Insulin is a glucose-lowering agent. Type 2 diabetes is controlled by diet, exercise, oral agents, and sometimes insulin. Oral agents are another means of lowering blood glucose.

insulin

insulin/o

insulin

iod/o

iodine

ren/o, nephr/o

kidney

andr/o

male or masculine

myx/o

mucus

a person described as having a eu+thyroid has :

normal thyroid function

exo =

outside

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid

hypophys/o, pituit/o

pituitary

List some endocrine glands

pituitary, pancreas, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid,

toxic/o

poison

poly- = -uria = -dipsia = hyper- = glyc/o = -emia =

poly- = many -uria = urination -dipsia = thirst hyper- = increased glyc/o = sugar -emia = blood

what are gland classification based on? Explain:

presence or absence of ducts Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their hormones into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands open onto a body surface and discharge their secretions through ducts (e.g., sweat glands) (Figure 15-1). Exocrine glands are not part of the endocrine system.

-tropic

stimulate

Increased production of a single tropic hormone by the pituitary gland usually causes over secretion by the __________ organ. Drug therapy may be useful in suppressing the hormone production.

target

Most endocrine glands are not accessible for examination in a routine physical examination; however, the ____ & ____ gland are exceptions

testicles and thyroid. The testicles are examined visually for masses or a difference in size. The thyroid gland can be observed and palpated for any unusual bulging over the thyroid area

-tropin

that which stimulates

Gonadotropins act on :

the ovaries or testicles, the target organs.

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

-uria

urine, urination

Diabetes insipidus: Do not confuse diabetes insipidus with: -how are they similar / how are they different? "Diabetics" are persons who have:

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder associated with a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone hormone (ADH) produced by the pituitary gland, or inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH. Do not confuse diabetes insipidus with diabetes mellitus (DM), the well-known type of diabetes that produces hyperglycemia and is associated with insufficient or improper use of insulin. Diabetes insipidus has some of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus: poly+uria and poly+dipsia. The two terms mean "frequent urination" and "increased thirst," respectively. However, diabetes insipidus is not associated with insulin deficiency, hyper+glyc+emia (increased level of glucose in the blood), or glycos+uria (sugar in the urine). "Diabetics" are persons who have diabetes mellitus.

hypopituitarism

Diminished activity of the pituitary gland.

dwarfism

Disease caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood; it causes a person to be much smaller than normal size Growth Hormone Deficiency. Anormal- 3-year-old boy and a shor t3- year-old girl who exhibits the characteristic "Kewpie doll" appearance, suggesting a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. This deficiency leads to dwarfism unless identified early and treated.

estrogen (female sex hormones, includes estradiol and estrone)

During menstrual cycle, act on the female genitalia to produce a suitable site for fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. endocrine gland: ovaries

Endocrine glands release hormones where? The organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed is called the: The target cell concept explains : Endocrine glands release hormones in one of two ways:

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the circulatory system. T he organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed is called the target organ. The target cell concept explains how only certain tissue responds to a specific hormone. Endocrine glands release hormones in one of two ways: 1. Hormones are released in response to the nervous system. 2. The pituitary produces stimulating (or tropic) hormones that act on endocrine glands, which then produce hormones.

hyperinsulinism

Excessive secretion of insulin by the pancreas, which causes hypoglycemia.

Gigantism and Dwarfism Resulting from: Hypersecretion of GH during the early years results in: The same hypersecretion in an adult causes: Hyposecretion of GH during the early years produces a : gigant/o = -ism = hyper- = hypo- =

Gigantism and Dwarfism Resulting from Abnormal Secretions of Growth Hormone (GH). Hypersecretion of GH during the early years results in gigantism (person on the far left). The person usually has normal body proportions and normal sexual development. The same hypersecretion in an adult causes acromegaly. Hyposecretion of GH during the early years produces a dwarf (person on the far right) unless the child is treated with GH injections. gigant/o = large; -ism = condition; hyper- = more than normal; hypo- = less than normal

hyperparathyroidism

Increased activity of the parathyroid glands. hypoglycemia (hypo-, decreased) Abnormally low blood sugar.

medical technologist

Laboratory test specialist analyze blood test/urine test