Part 2 APW info
Julius Caesar
"dictator for life" seized Rome in 49 BCE centralized control well liked because conquered Gaul
Imperial Bureaucrats
educated; ran daily affairs; lived comfortably; literate -shared influence with warriors and clan leaders
consuls
elected by senate - only 2 of them at first
achaemenid, seleucid, roman, babylonia all...
embraced different ethnic groups
what happened to rome at the fall of the empire
empire split and byzantine empire came from it
Battle Gaugamela
end of Achaemenid Empire in 331 BCE
mahabharta/ramayana
epics of weak-willed, emotional women who were devoted to their husbands
ho dominated italy intil the 5th century
etruscans
Trade networks of the Hellenistic Era
exchanges between India/Bactria in east and Mediterranean basin in west
xiao (of Confucianism)
filial piety, family obligation
Mauryan Dynasty importance
filled power left by Alexander of Macedon - strong centralized rule
Buddhism
first present in oasis towns along the silk road -further spread to steppe lands -missionaries attracted converts
republic
form of government where delegates represent interests of various constituencies
Chandragupta maurya
founded Mauryan dynasty - started conquest in 320s BCE
romulus and remus
founded rome in 753 BCE
vardhamana mahvira
founder of jain religion; called jana or "the conquerer"
Trade
from India to Egypt -developed on land and sea -standardized coins, good routes, markets, banks -specialization of production in different regions
kingdom of macedon
frontier state north of peninsular greece *recongnized kings that ruled each clan*
Gaius Marius
general who advocated land redistribution
ashoka maurya
grandson of chandragupta maurya -conquered kalinga 260 BCE *-capital at Pataliputra* *-peak of dynasty with his rule*
womens' power
influence in family supervised family business and wealthy estates found loopholes to laws prohibiting women to receive inheritance
Alexandar of Macedon
invaded Persia in 334 BCE -observed Achaemenid precedents -burned capital of Persepolis -died in 323 BCE
Qanats
irrigation system from ancient Persian that allows water to flow underground from a spring to areas where it was needed over long distances
Location of Minoan Civilization
island of Crete (Greece)
monotheistic jews refused to pay taxes because..
kings claimed to have divinity but jews thought that was bs
greek dramas
lampooned public figures tragedy/comedy
Organization of long-distance trade
land=merchants of different regions; handled in stages Sea=dominated by different empires
slaves
large class- - were often prisoners of war or people who had rebelled against imperial authorities - often came from the ranks of the free who were in debt provided much of the manual labor on construction projects
East Rome
later known as Byzantine Empire -Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Greece -A.G.E.S
Chang'an
major city where Han officials allowed foreign merchants to practice Buddhism
who were the only people allowed to vote in the direct democracy of athens
male citizens
Principal commerce center
maritime trade in Raphta, East Africa
delian league
military/financial alliance among Greek poleis against Persian threat; *lead by athens*
initial form of government of the romans
monarchy
effect of trade and commerce
new social groups of artisans,craftsmnen, and merchants appeared
Kushans
nomads from central asia who ruled from 1-300 BCE -high point emperor kashika 78-103 BCE
Shapur I
(239-272 CE) created buffer states between the Sasanids and the Roman empire
Seleucus (Seleucid Empire)
*inherited most of Achaemenid when Alexander died (Seleucid Empire)* -retained the Achaemenid system of administration -opposition from native Persians; lost control over northern India and Iran -Satraps revolted against them and wanted Independence
Social Development
*nomadic society*; the importance of family and clan relationships -male warriors headed clans -maintained Steppe traditions
Sasanid Empire
*toppled Parthians*; ruled from 224-651 BCE -merchants brought in various crops from India and China -didn't expand militarily after Shapur I -fell when last ruler was killed by Arab warriors
Cyrus the Achaemenid (the great)
(the shepherd) reigned from 558-530 BCE -*Became 1st king of Persia in 558 BCE* -tough leader and military strategist -had all of Iran under his control by 548 BCE -established a vast empire from India to borders of Egypt
Hellenistic empirea
*-after alexander of macedon's death, realm divided into 3 large states* 1. antigonid 2. ptolemaic 3. seleucid
sparta
*-city-state/polis known for domination by military force* -lived simple life - little social distinctions -children at a young age trained to be strong/ useful to society
athens
*-city-state/polis known for having a direct democracy* -maritime trade brought prosperity -class tension intensified; many people in debt
Seleucid empire
*-largest of 3 empires* -Greek colonists moved to Greek cities of former Persia -Mediterranean style urban society -Bactria established independent Greek kingdom
Ptolemaic empire
*-wealthiest of 3 empires* -royal monopolies over salt/beer/textile industries *-capital at Alexandria*: administrative HQ; also include museum and library
growth of Christianity
*appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women(spiritual freedom)* promise of afterlife
Parthian Empire
*based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia* -conquered Seleucid overlord -retained customs of nomadic peoples -heavy cavalry -followed example of Achaemenid Administration -fell due to inter-rebellion and Roman pressure
Octavian "Augustus"
*brought civil conflict to an end* led monarchy disguised as republic defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra soldiers pledge allegiance directly to emperor
Holy book of Christianity
*combination of new and old testament* new-jesus teachings/followers works old-hebrew scriptures
Persian Royal Road
*communication system* that had 111 postal stations every 40-50 km.
China after the Han Dynasty
- By time epidemic struck China, internal political problems were already making the Han dynasty fall - Early in third century CE, central government dissolved -generals usurped political authority -nomadic peoples came in and established large kingdoms
Christianity in the Mediterranean Basin
- During second and third CE, missionaries such as Gregory the Wonderworker, helped make Christianity a popular religion of salvation in the Roman empire - By late third century CE, devout Christian communities flourished through the Mediterranean basin in Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa as well as in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Gaul
Dao (of Daoism)
-an eternal principle governing all the workings f the world -the way of nature/cosmos
hindu beliefs
-*dharma, artha, kama, and moksha(salvation of the soul)* meet caste responsibilities to reach salvation lead honorable lives
legalism
-*no concern with ethics, morality, or principles governing nature* -doctrine of practical and efficient statecraft -*put an end to Warring States*
Han Wudi
-141-87 BCE -martial emperor -emphasized centralization/expansion -attacked Xiongnu(strong army) and was successful
Han Dynasty
-206 BCE-220 CE -split into former Han and Later Han because of short split in power -centralized/legalistic rule -imperial monopolies on production of iron/salt -Confucian educational system training bureaucrats
Former Han
-206-9 BCE -capital Chang'an -patriarchal -majority of people were cultivators -iron metallurgy, silk textiles, paper production, & ship rudder
Qin Shihuangdi
-221 BCE -centralized imperial rule -extended Great Wall -buried 460 scholars / burned all books
Qin Dynasty
-221-206 BCE -*legalistic policies* -encouraged agriculture -powerful army with iron weapons -*conquered/unified China* -capital Xianyang
Later Han
-25-220 CE -capital Luoyang
Xunzi
-298-238 BCE -*philosopher/teacher who believed humans selfishly pursue their own interest and that harsh social discipline brings control to society* -humans warped lumber analogy(difficult but can be made to be useful for bigger reason)
mencius
-372-289 BCE -*spokesman for Confucian school* -believed in "ren" -thought by some to be naive
peloponnesian war
-431-404 BCE -poleis angry at Athens because they were the only ones befitting from delian league -two sides led by athens on one side and sparta on the other
Pericles "education of Greece"
-461-429 BCE -famous athens leader known for promoting the arts and education -started structures of Acropolis and Parthenon
persian war
-500-479 BCE *-greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against persia* -battle of marathon- 490 BCE - victory for athens -persian navy lost battle of salamis 480 BCE -persian army retreated back to anatolia
Wang Mang
-9-23 CE -land reforms by "socialist emperor" -overthrown by revolts and killed
Cultural change in post-Han China
-Gradual sinicization of nomadic peoples -Withering of Confucianism in light of political instability -Popularity of Buddhism; nomadic rulers embraced it--became cultural foundation
Confucius
-also called Kong Fuzi -551-479 BCE -*an educator and political adviser who founded Confucianism*
Spread of Manichaeism
-best example of religion spread on silk roads -attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east Mediterranean region -appealed in all large cities of Roman empire -persecuted by Sasanids and Romans, but survived in central Asia
mahayana buddhism
-buddha became *god* -boddhisatva-"an enlightened one" -*monasteries accepted gift from wealthy / gave education to promote faith*
5 main exports of india
-cotton -aromatics -black pepper -pearls -gems
Confucianism
-created by Confucius -*believed practical and moral behavior will improve social and political order* -meant to bring China out of Warring States
Daoism
-critics of Confucianism -*preferred philosophical reflection and introspection, a life in harmony with nature* -live simple life/no ambition
appeal of buddhism
-did not recognize social castes -not religiously demanding -used vernacular tongue to reach bigger audience -monasteries had political/economic/cultural influence ad spread beliefs
difficulties of former han (2)
-expeditions consumed empires resources/needed tax increase and confiscated land -social tensions between rich/poor - land distribution problems
Laozi
-founder of Daoism -wrote Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue)
3 main imports of india
-horses -silk -spices
Mycenaean society(4)
-indo-European immigrants settled in Greece about 2000 BCE -adopted linear A into script and created Linear B -stone fortresses protect agriculture settlements -had toilets that flushed!
jainism
-inspired by Upanishads in that everything has a soul -ahisma -purify selfishness *-religiously demanding*
what did Qin Shihuangdi standardize to improve integration of different regions? (5)
-laws -currencies -weights -measures -*scripts/writing*
Yellow Turban Uprising
-led to collapse of the Han Dynasty/Later Han -*revolt due to problems with land distribution* -known for wearing yellow turbans
2 main greek exports
-olive oil -wine
Trade routes of Silk Road
-overland trade routes linked China to Roman Empire -sea lanes joined Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean basin into one network
main buddhist belief/goal
-pain caused by desire -personal salvation from reincarnation cycle is goal
intellectual advancements of guptas (5)
-plastic surgery -know earth is *SPHERE* that rotates on axis *-0*; can also be a place value -anticipate invention of *calculus* -calculation of *pi*
panhellenic festivals/olmpics
-poleis compete in athletic competitions *-created unity within each polis*
Hellenistic Era impact on trade networks
-rulers invested in constructing roads and bridges -large empires expanded until borders were closer -merchants didn't face risks and cost for trade decreased
Trade Goods of Silk Road
-silk (mostly from China) and spies traveled west -Central asia produced large horses and jade -Roman Empire provided glassware, jewelry, artwords, perfumes, and textiles
legalism in china main ideas (4)
-strength was in agriculture and military force -discouraged commerce, education and arts -needs of the state before the individual -harsh penalties(strict law code)
antigonid empire
-tension between antigonid rulers and Greek cities -economy of Athens/Corinth prospered through trade
importance of trade
-traded with surrounding empires like Persia/Mediterranean -moon system important for maritime trade -marketplaces along Ganges
Terra-cotta army
-underground palace with life-sized soldiers -tomb for the first emperor (Qin Shihuangdi)
patriarchal society in greece
-women could not own land -could operate small business
what year did india learn of iron metallurgy
1000 BCE
Trojan war
1200 BCE; Mycenaean conflict with city of Troy, Anatolia
The Achaemenid Empire
1st Persian Empire: 558-330 BCE
Satrapies
23 administrative divisions -*persian governors* appointed by central gov't -power was checked by military officers and "imperial spies"
carnage / punic wars
264-146 BCE three wars fought between Rome and Carthage(roman expansion)
Oasis towns
2nd century B.C.E. to 16th century C.E. Silk roads~ Regional trading centers along land and sea routes (trading centers) -offered lodging and food for merchants traveling
philip of macedon
359-336 BCE -brought Greece under control with a strong military/cavalry
gupta dynasty
375-415 BCE -*smaller/more decentralized than maurya* -invasion of white huns weakened empire -split into regions with kings-like this for a long time
Aristotle "the master of those who know"
384-322 BCE rules of logic rely on senses to provide information
plato
430-347 BCE thought kings should be intellectual philosophers
Socrates
470-399 BCE reflection on questions of ethic and morality
Persian Wars
500-479 BCE -*rebellion of Ionian Greeks against satrapies* -darius tried conquering wealthy greek cities, but failed---same with Xerxes -fought for 150 years
year rome became a republic
509 BCE
Siddhartha Gautama
563-483 BCE -the buddha or "the enlightened one" left sheltered life and sat under bo tree for a month(49 days) to think about life
Zoroastrianism
A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.
Who was Persia invaded by in 334 BCE?
Alexander of Macedon
epicureans
Ancient group of followers of the Greek philosopher Epicurus identified pleasure as greatest good
ashoka and buddhism
Asoka converted to Buddhism after conquering kalinga because of so much bloodshed
ghandara style
Buddhist art: bactrian artists employ Greek styles in depiction of local subjects
Zhang Qian
Chinese official under Emperor Wudi; he was sent on a journey through China to form an alliance with the Xiongu tribe to the west. His travels led to a vast increase in trade and the establishment of the Silk Road
legalistic enthusiasts (2)
Shang Yang & Han Feizi
Diocletian
Divided Rome into two administrative districts (East and West)
Nestorians
Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. -rejected by mediterranean chruches
Constantine
Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.
chandra gupta
Founder of the Gupta Empire
twelve tables
Greek laws in establishing framework for social organization of the roman state
stoics
Hellenistic group of philosophers that taught individuals *duty is to aid others and lead virtuous lives*
dominant religion change with guptas
Hinduism gradually replaced Buddhism in India
early form of Minoan writing
Linear A - used syllables
The barracks emperors of the Roman Empire
Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E. -all died violently and held the power shortly and then lost it
Zarathustra
Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC)
Mani
Prophet and founder of Manichaeism
Monsoon system
Ptolemies learn about monsoon system in Indian oceans -summer winds blew from SW -winter winds blew from NE
Manichaeism
Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements. -Dualistic (cosmic struggle between good and evil) -offered means to achieve personal salvation
Persepolis
The *capital of the Persian empire* built by Darius 520 BCE -included reception halls and royal residencies -Burned by Alexander of Macedon
"Hearers" (Manichaeism)
The common believers who followed a moral code and supported the elect.
"The Elect" (Manichaeism)
The dedicated section who must avoid comforts and marriage. They taught and modeled for the hearers.
skeptics
This group of Hellenistic philosophers that questioned any assumptions -goal of achieving peace of mind.
Battle of Actium (31 BC)
a naval battle where Octavian defeated the forces of Marc Antony and Cleopatra
ren (of Confucianism)
a sense of humanity , kindness, benevolence
li (of Confucianism)
a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, deference, to elders
fall of mauryan dynasty - 185BCE
after ashoka maurya's death, slowly declined due to financial problems: resorted to *debasing currency*-reduce amount of metal without reducing nominal value(use less metal in a dime but still worth 10 cents)
West Rome
after the fall of Rome, this half saw development of medieval civilization -Britain, Italy, Gaul, Spain -G.I.B.S
why were greek settlement mainly around coasts
area around was mountains/rocky
Free people in the city
artisans, craftsmen, merchants, civil servants, and priests/priestesses
Jesus of Nazareth(christ)
attracted large crowds "the kingdom of god is at hand" threat to romans and crucified
Effects of epidemic diseases
brought economic and social change -Chinese and Roman econmies contracted--trade declined -small regional economies merged -weakened han and roman empires
Free people
bulk of Persian society -didn't privilleges as much as bureaucrats and leaders
Analects
collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries
very important innovation for construction in city of rome
concrete
appeal of jainism
did not recognize social castes
senate
dominated by patricians; advised consuls
Agriculture
economic foundation of Persia -supported military forces -barley & wheat
tribunes
patrician gave *plebeians* representation of officials; power to intervene and veto decisions; *soon dominated roman politics*
rural areas of rome
peasants acquired wealth owners of latifundia focused on specialized production for export
Free people in the countryside
peasants, some of whom were building qanats -had the right to marry
cicero
persuasive orator and writer on stoicism-appealed to roman intellectuals
bhagavad gita
poetic work: dialogue between Vishnu(god) and warrior -gave expectations of Hinduism/belief of salvation
beliefs/religious cults
polytheistic - main god is Zeus cult of Dionysus - sense of community cult of Osiris
problem for rome
poor classes / unemployment - these people seeked out to join private armies
mithraism
popular with roman soldiers-men only-strength,discipline, courage
sericulture
production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose
Aeneas
refuge to Italy when Greece invaders attacked troy
Mithradates I
reigned from 171-155 BCE The *Parthians greatest conqueror*; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule from Iran to Mesopotamia.
Xerxes
reigned from 486-465 BCE -retreated from the policy of cultural toleration which Cyrus and Darius established during their reign -caused rebellions among the peoples in Mesopotamia and Egypt
Darius
reigned from 521-386 BCE -*greatest Achaemenid Emperor* -diverse empire: 70 ethnic groups -created techniques to communicate with everyone -established new capital at Persepolis
manumission
release from slavery
alexander of macedon
ruled around 336-323 BCE -son of Philip of Macedon -invaded Persian homeland and *burned Persepolis*
guild
same craft/trade joined to supervise prices and wages in industry
Christianity in Roman Empire
served as cultural foundation when the empire collapsed
1/3 of population
slaves
Common epidemics in Rome and China and their effects
smallpox, measles, bubonic plague -populations dropped sharply Roman Empire -dropped by a quarter from first to tenth century CE China -dropped by a quarter from the first to seventh century CE
city of rome
statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums, gymnasia, circuses, amphitheaters attracted immigrants
Constantinople
strategic site overlooking the Bosporus -capital of Eastern Rome (Byzantine empire)
junzi
superior individuals - Confucianism
Gracchi Brothers
supported land redistribution / limits on land ownership - meant to end social fighting/civil conflict
discrepancy about lower castes being wealthy
they were not supposed to be living so lavishly because of laws of reincarnation - with this old Aryan beliefs became irrelevant
essenes
ultraconservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea / palestine
fall of Qin
waves of rebels (ill willed about massive public works projects) overwhelmed court 207 BCE
trade public works (2)
well engineer roads with curbs/drainage and 2-way traffic postal system