Part 2 APW info

Julius Caesar

"dictator for life" seized Rome in 49 BCE centralized control well liked because conquered Gaul

Imperial Bureaucrats

educated; ran daily affairs; lived comfortably; literate -shared influence with warriors and clan leaders

consuls

elected by senate - only 2 of them at first

achaemenid, seleucid, roman, babylonia all...

embraced different ethnic groups

what happened to rome at the fall of the empire

empire split and byzantine empire came from it

Battle Gaugamela

end of Achaemenid Empire in 331 BCE

mahabharta/ramayana

epics of weak-willed, emotional women who were devoted to their husbands

ho dominated italy intil the 5th century

etruscans

Trade networks of the Hellenistic Era

exchanges between India/Bactria in east and Mediterranean basin in west

xiao (of Confucianism)

filial piety, family obligation

Mauryan Dynasty importance

filled power left by Alexander of Macedon - strong centralized rule

Buddhism

first present in oasis towns along the silk road -further spread to steppe lands -missionaries attracted converts

republic

form of government where delegates represent interests of various constituencies

Chandragupta maurya

founded Mauryan dynasty - started conquest in 320s BCE

romulus and remus

founded rome in 753 BCE

vardhamana mahvira

founder of jain religion; called jana or "the conquerer"

Trade

from India to Egypt -developed on land and sea -standardized coins, good routes, markets, banks -specialization of production in different regions

kingdom of macedon

frontier state north of peninsular greece *recongnized kings that ruled each clan*

Gaius Marius

general who advocated land redistribution

ashoka maurya

grandson of chandragupta maurya -conquered kalinga 260 BCE *-capital at Pataliputra* *-peak of dynasty with his rule*

womens' power

influence in family supervised family business and wealthy estates found loopholes to laws prohibiting women to receive inheritance

Alexandar of Macedon

invaded Persia in 334 BCE -observed Achaemenid precedents -burned capital of Persepolis -died in 323 BCE

Qanats

irrigation system from ancient Persian that allows water to flow underground from a spring to areas where it was needed over long distances

Location of Minoan Civilization

island of Crete (Greece)

monotheistic jews refused to pay taxes because..

kings claimed to have divinity but jews thought that was bs

greek dramas

lampooned public figures tragedy/comedy

Organization of long-distance trade

land=merchants of different regions; handled in stages Sea=dominated by different empires

slaves

large class- - were often prisoners of war or people who had rebelled against imperial authorities - often came from the ranks of the free who were in debt provided much of the manual labor on construction projects

East Rome

later known as Byzantine Empire -Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Greece -A.G.E.S

Chang'an

major city where Han officials allowed foreign merchants to practice Buddhism

who were the only people allowed to vote in the direct democracy of athens

male citizens

Principal commerce center

maritime trade in Raphta, East Africa

delian league

military/financial alliance among Greek poleis against Persian threat; *lead by athens*

initial form of government of the romans

monarchy

effect of trade and commerce

new social groups of artisans,craftsmnen, and merchants appeared

Kushans

nomads from central asia who ruled from 1-300 BCE -high point emperor kashika 78-103 BCE

Shapur I

(239-272 CE) created buffer states between the Sasanids and the Roman empire

Seleucus (Seleucid Empire)

*inherited most of Achaemenid when Alexander died (Seleucid Empire)* -retained the Achaemenid system of administration -opposition from native Persians; lost control over northern India and Iran -Satraps revolted against them and wanted Independence

Social Development

*nomadic society*; the importance of family and clan relationships -male warriors headed clans -maintained Steppe traditions

Sasanid Empire

*toppled Parthians*; ruled from 224-651 BCE -merchants brought in various crops from India and China -didn't expand militarily after Shapur I -fell when last ruler was killed by Arab warriors

Cyrus the Achaemenid (the great)

(the shepherd) reigned from 558-530 BCE -*Became 1st king of Persia in 558 BCE* -tough leader and military strategist -had all of Iran under his control by 548 BCE -established a vast empire from India to borders of Egypt

Hellenistic empirea

*-after alexander of macedon's death, realm divided into 3 large states* 1. antigonid 2. ptolemaic 3. seleucid

sparta

*-city-state/polis known for domination by military force* -lived simple life - little social distinctions -children at a young age trained to be strong/ useful to society

athens

*-city-state/polis known for having a direct democracy* -maritime trade brought prosperity -class tension intensified; many people in debt

Seleucid empire

*-largest of 3 empires* -Greek colonists moved to Greek cities of former Persia -Mediterranean style urban society -Bactria established independent Greek kingdom

Ptolemaic empire

*-wealthiest of 3 empires* -royal monopolies over salt/beer/textile industries *-capital at Alexandria*: administrative HQ; also include museum and library

growth of Christianity

*appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women(spiritual freedom)* promise of afterlife

Parthian Empire

*based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia* -conquered Seleucid overlord -retained customs of nomadic peoples -heavy cavalry -followed example of Achaemenid Administration -fell due to inter-rebellion and Roman pressure

Octavian "Augustus"

*brought civil conflict to an end* led monarchy disguised as republic defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra soldiers pledge allegiance directly to emperor

Holy book of Christianity

*combination of new and old testament* new-jesus teachings/followers works old-hebrew scriptures

Persian Royal Road

*communication system* that had 111 postal stations every 40-50 km.

China after the Han Dynasty

- By time epidemic struck China, internal political problems were already making the Han dynasty fall - Early in third century CE, central government dissolved -generals usurped political authority -nomadic peoples came in and established large kingdoms

Christianity in the Mediterranean Basin

- During second and third CE, missionaries such as Gregory the Wonderworker, helped make Christianity a popular religion of salvation in the Roman empire - By late third century CE, devout Christian communities flourished through the Mediterranean basin in Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa as well as in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Gaul

Dao (of Daoism)

-an eternal principle governing all the workings f the world -the way of nature/cosmos

hindu beliefs

-*dharma, artha, kama, and moksha(salvation of the soul)* meet caste responsibilities to reach salvation lead honorable lives

legalism

-*no concern with ethics, morality, or principles governing nature* -doctrine of practical and efficient statecraft -*put an end to Warring States*

Han Wudi

-141-87 BCE -martial emperor -emphasized centralization/expansion -attacked Xiongnu(strong army) and was successful

Han Dynasty

-206 BCE-220 CE -split into former Han and Later Han because of short split in power -centralized/legalistic rule -imperial monopolies on production of iron/salt -Confucian educational system training bureaucrats

Former Han

-206-9 BCE -capital Chang'an -patriarchal -majority of people were cultivators -iron metallurgy, silk textiles, paper production, & ship rudder

Qin Shihuangdi

-221 BCE -centralized imperial rule -extended Great Wall -buried 460 scholars / burned all books

Qin Dynasty

-221-206 BCE -*legalistic policies* -encouraged agriculture -powerful army with iron weapons -*conquered/unified China* -capital Xianyang

Later Han

-25-220 CE -capital Luoyang

Xunzi

-298-238 BCE -*philosopher/teacher who believed humans selfishly pursue their own interest and that harsh social discipline brings control to society* -humans warped lumber analogy(difficult but can be made to be useful for bigger reason)

mencius

-372-289 BCE -*spokesman for Confucian school* -believed in "ren" -thought by some to be naive

peloponnesian war

-431-404 BCE -poleis angry at Athens because they were the only ones befitting from delian league -two sides led by athens on one side and sparta on the other

Pericles "education of Greece"

-461-429 BCE -famous athens leader known for promoting the arts and education -started structures of Acropolis and Parthenon

persian war

-500-479 BCE *-greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against persia* -battle of marathon- 490 BCE - victory for athens -persian navy lost battle of salamis 480 BCE -persian army retreated back to anatolia

Wang Mang

-9-23 CE -land reforms by "socialist emperor" -overthrown by revolts and killed

Cultural change in post-Han China

-Gradual sinicization of nomadic peoples -Withering of Confucianism in light of political instability -Popularity of Buddhism; nomadic rulers embraced it--became cultural foundation

Confucius

-also called Kong Fuzi -551-479 BCE -*an educator and political adviser who founded Confucianism*

Spread of Manichaeism

-best example of religion spread on silk roads -attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east Mediterranean region -appealed in all large cities of Roman empire -persecuted by Sasanids and Romans, but survived in central Asia

mahayana buddhism

-buddha became *god* -boddhisatva-"an enlightened one" -*monasteries accepted gift from wealthy / gave education to promote faith*

5 main exports of india

-cotton -aromatics -black pepper -pearls -gems

Confucianism

-created by Confucius -*believed practical and moral behavior will improve social and political order* -meant to bring China out of Warring States

Daoism

-critics of Confucianism -*preferred philosophical reflection and introspection, a life in harmony with nature* -live simple life/no ambition

appeal of buddhism

-did not recognize social castes -not religiously demanding -used vernacular tongue to reach bigger audience -monasteries had political/economic/cultural influence ad spread beliefs

difficulties of former han (2)

-expeditions consumed empires resources/needed tax increase and confiscated land -social tensions between rich/poor - land distribution problems

Laozi

-founder of Daoism -wrote Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue)

3 main imports of india

-horses -silk -spices

Mycenaean society(4)

-indo-European immigrants settled in Greece about 2000 BCE -adopted linear A into script and created Linear B -stone fortresses protect agriculture settlements -had toilets that flushed!

jainism

-inspired by Upanishads in that everything has a soul -ahisma -purify selfishness *-religiously demanding*

what did Qin Shihuangdi standardize to improve integration of different regions? (5)

-laws -currencies -weights -measures -*scripts/writing*

Yellow Turban Uprising

-led to collapse of the Han Dynasty/Later Han -*revolt due to problems with land distribution* -known for wearing yellow turbans

2 main greek exports

-olive oil -wine

Trade routes of Silk Road

-overland trade routes linked China to Roman Empire -sea lanes joined Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean basin into one network

main buddhist belief/goal

-pain caused by desire -personal salvation from reincarnation cycle is goal

intellectual advancements of guptas (5)

-plastic surgery -know earth is *SPHERE* that rotates on axis *-0*; can also be a place value -anticipate invention of *calculus* -calculation of *pi*

panhellenic festivals/olmpics

-poleis compete in athletic competitions *-created unity within each polis*

Hellenistic Era impact on trade networks

-rulers invested in constructing roads and bridges -large empires expanded until borders were closer -merchants didn't face risks and cost for trade decreased

Trade Goods of Silk Road

-silk (mostly from China) and spies traveled west -Central asia produced large horses and jade -Roman Empire provided glassware, jewelry, artwords, perfumes, and textiles

legalism in china main ideas (4)

-strength was in agriculture and military force -discouraged commerce, education and arts -needs of the state before the individual -harsh penalties(strict law code)

antigonid empire

-tension between antigonid rulers and Greek cities -economy of Athens/Corinth prospered through trade

importance of trade

-traded with surrounding empires like Persia/Mediterranean -moon system important for maritime trade -marketplaces along Ganges

Terra-cotta army

-underground palace with life-sized soldiers -tomb for the first emperor (Qin Shihuangdi)

patriarchal society in greece

-women could not own land -could operate small business

what year did india learn of iron metallurgy

1000 BCE

Trojan war

1200 BCE; Mycenaean conflict with city of Troy, Anatolia

The Achaemenid Empire

1st Persian Empire: 558-330 BCE

Satrapies

23 administrative divisions -*persian governors* appointed by central gov't -power was checked by military officers and "imperial spies"

carnage / punic wars

264-146 BCE three wars fought between Rome and Carthage(roman expansion)

Oasis towns

2nd century B.C.E. to 16th century C.E. Silk roads~ Regional trading centers along land and sea routes (trading centers) -offered lodging and food for merchants traveling

philip of macedon

359-336 BCE -brought Greece under control with a strong military/cavalry

gupta dynasty

375-415 BCE -*smaller/more decentralized than maurya* -invasion of white huns weakened empire -split into regions with kings-like this for a long time

Aristotle "the master of those who know"

384-322 BCE rules of logic rely on senses to provide information

plato

430-347 BCE thought kings should be intellectual philosophers

Socrates

470-399 BCE reflection on questions of ethic and morality

Persian Wars

500-479 BCE -*rebellion of Ionian Greeks against satrapies* -darius tried conquering wealthy greek cities, but failed---same with Xerxes -fought for 150 years

year rome became a republic

509 BCE

Siddhartha Gautama

563-483 BCE -the buddha or "the enlightened one" left sheltered life and sat under bo tree for a month(49 days) to think about life

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.

Who was Persia invaded by in 334 BCE?

Alexander of Macedon

epicureans

Ancient group of followers of the Greek philosopher Epicurus identified pleasure as greatest good

ashoka and buddhism

Asoka converted to Buddhism after conquering kalinga because of so much bloodshed

ghandara style

Buddhist art: bactrian artists employ Greek styles in depiction of local subjects

Zhang Qian

Chinese official under Emperor Wudi; he was sent on a journey through China to form an alliance with the Xiongu tribe to the west. His travels led to a vast increase in trade and the establishment of the Silk Road

legalistic enthusiasts (2)

Shang Yang & Han Feizi

Diocletian

Divided Rome into two administrative districts (East and West)

Nestorians

Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. -rejected by mediterranean chruches

Constantine

Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.

chandra gupta

Founder of the Gupta Empire

twelve tables

Greek laws in establishing framework for social organization of the roman state

stoics

Hellenistic group of philosophers that taught individuals *duty is to aid others and lead virtuous lives*

dominant religion change with guptas

Hinduism gradually replaced Buddhism in India

early form of Minoan writing

Linear A - used syllables

The barracks emperors of the Roman Empire

Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E. -all died violently and held the power shortly and then lost it

Zarathustra

Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC)

Mani

Prophet and founder of Manichaeism

Monsoon system

Ptolemies learn about monsoon system in Indian oceans -summer winds blew from SW -winter winds blew from NE

Manichaeism

Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements. -Dualistic (cosmic struggle between good and evil) -offered means to achieve personal salvation

Persepolis

The *capital of the Persian empire* built by Darius 520 BCE -included reception halls and royal residencies -Burned by Alexander of Macedon

"Hearers" (Manichaeism)

The common believers who followed a moral code and supported the elect.

"The Elect" (Manichaeism)

The dedicated section who must avoid comforts and marriage. They taught and modeled for the hearers.

skeptics

This group of Hellenistic philosophers that questioned any assumptions -goal of achieving peace of mind.

Battle of Actium (31 BC)

a naval battle where Octavian defeated the forces of Marc Antony and Cleopatra

ren (of Confucianism)

a sense of humanity , kindness, benevolence

li (of Confucianism)

a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, deference, to elders

fall of mauryan dynasty - 185BCE

after ashoka maurya's death, slowly declined due to financial problems: resorted to *debasing currency*-reduce amount of metal without reducing nominal value(use less metal in a dime but still worth 10 cents)

West Rome

after the fall of Rome, this half saw development of medieval civilization -Britain, Italy, Gaul, Spain -G.I.B.S

why were greek settlement mainly around coasts

area around was mountains/rocky

Free people in the city

artisans, craftsmen, merchants, civil servants, and priests/priestesses

Jesus of Nazareth(christ)

attracted large crowds "the kingdom of god is at hand" threat to romans and crucified

Effects of epidemic diseases

brought economic and social change -Chinese and Roman econmies contracted--trade declined -small regional economies merged -weakened han and roman empires

Free people

bulk of Persian society -didn't privilleges as much as bureaucrats and leaders

Analects

collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries

very important innovation for construction in city of rome

concrete

appeal of jainism

did not recognize social castes

senate

dominated by patricians; advised consuls

Agriculture

economic foundation of Persia -supported military forces -barley & wheat

tribunes

patrician gave *plebeians* representation of officials; power to intervene and veto decisions; *soon dominated roman politics*

rural areas of rome

peasants acquired wealth owners of latifundia focused on specialized production for export

Free people in the countryside

peasants, some of whom were building qanats -had the right to marry

cicero

persuasive orator and writer on stoicism-appealed to roman intellectuals

bhagavad gita

poetic work: dialogue between Vishnu(god) and warrior -gave expectations of Hinduism/belief of salvation

beliefs/religious cults

polytheistic - main god is Zeus cult of Dionysus - sense of community cult of Osiris

problem for rome

poor classes / unemployment - these people seeked out to join private armies

mithraism

popular with roman soldiers-men only-strength,discipline, courage

sericulture

production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose

Aeneas

refuge to Italy when Greece invaders attacked troy

Mithradates I

reigned from 171-155 BCE The *Parthians greatest conqueror*; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule from Iran to Mesopotamia.

Xerxes

reigned from 486-465 BCE -retreated from the policy of cultural toleration which Cyrus and Darius established during their reign -caused rebellions among the peoples in Mesopotamia and Egypt

Darius

reigned from 521-386 BCE -*greatest Achaemenid Emperor* -diverse empire: 70 ethnic groups -created techniques to communicate with everyone -established new capital at Persepolis

manumission

release from slavery

alexander of macedon

ruled around 336-323 BCE -son of Philip of Macedon -invaded Persian homeland and *burned Persepolis*

guild

same craft/trade joined to supervise prices and wages in industry

Christianity in Roman Empire

served as cultural foundation when the empire collapsed

1/3 of population

slaves

Common epidemics in Rome and China and their effects

smallpox, measles, bubonic plague -populations dropped sharply Roman Empire -dropped by a quarter from first to tenth century CE China -dropped by a quarter from the first to seventh century CE

city of rome

statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums, gymnasia, circuses, amphitheaters attracted immigrants

Constantinople

strategic site overlooking the Bosporus -capital of Eastern Rome (Byzantine empire)

junzi

superior individuals - Confucianism

Gracchi Brothers

supported land redistribution / limits on land ownership - meant to end social fighting/civil conflict

discrepancy about lower castes being wealthy

they were not supposed to be living so lavishly because of laws of reincarnation - with this old Aryan beliefs became irrelevant

essenes

ultraconservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea / palestine

fall of Qin

waves of rebels (ill willed about massive public works projects) overwhelmed court 207 BCE

trade public works (2)

well engineer roads with curbs/drainage and 2-way traffic postal system