Patho- Chapter 2

3. What stage is defined by "fight or flight"? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Exhaustion D. Adaptation

A. Alarm

Which is a true statement regarding cortisol? A. It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine. B. Its activity is shorter than that of epinephrine C. It has no known effect on the immune system D. It is associated with the alarm stage

A. It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine.

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (Select all that apply.) A. cardiovascular disease B. depression C. impaired cognitive function D. autoimmune disease E. overactive immune function

A. cardiovascular disease B. depression C. impaired cognitive function D. autoimmune disease

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of (Select all that apply.) A. catecholamines B. ACTH C. glucocorticoids D. immune cytokines E. TSH

A. catecholamines B. ACTH C. glucocorticoids D. immune cytokines

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (Select all that apply.) A. decreased urinary output B. increased blood potassium C. increased sodium retention D. increased blood volume E. decreased blood pressure

A. decreased urinary output C. increased sodium retention D. increased blood volume

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is A. energy and repair B. invoke resting state C. produce exhaustion D. set a new baseline steady-state

A. energy and repair

The effects of excessive cortisol production include A. immune suppression B. hypoglycemia C. anorexia D. inflammatory reactions

A. immune suppression

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by A. norepinephrine B. cortisol C. glucagon D. ACTH

A. norepinephrine

Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability? A. Stress B. Adaptive C. Exhaustion D. Homeostasis

A. stress

Which is true regarding catecholamines? A. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system B. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine C. They cross the blood-brain barrier D. They cause a decrease in heart rate

B. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in A. stress reduction. B. permanent damage and death C. movement into the resistance stage D. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system

B. permanent damage and death

Which is a false statement? A. Epinephrine and cortisol act similarly B. Cortisol and epinephrine work in synergy C. Antidiuretic hormone is important for blood volume regulation D. Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception 11.

D. Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception 11.

Which cardiovascular disorder has not been linked to excessive catecholamine levels in the blood? A. Stroke B. Hypertension C. Myocardial infarction D. Heart valve dysfunction

D. Heart valve dysfunction

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? A. Norepinephrine B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine D. Insulin

D. Insulin

Which statement is true regarding epinephrine? A. It has the exact same effects as norepinephrine B. It causes a decrease in glycogenolysis C. It causes a decrease in muscle strength D. It results in increased cardiac output

D. It results in increased cardiac output

Which hormone is responsible for lactation and interferes with ovulation? A. Growth hormone B. Testosterone C. Estrogen D. Prolactin

D. Prolactin

The effect of stress on the immune system A. is unknown B. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies C. most often involves enhancement of the immune system D. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

D. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except A. tachycardia B. diaphoresis C. increased peripheral resistance D. pupil constriction

D. pupil constriction

Allostasis is best defined as A. steady-state B. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism C. the process by which the body heals following disease D. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

D. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except A. aldosterone B. cortisol C. norepinephrine D. epinephrine

A. aldosterone

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except A. allostasis B. resistance C. alarm D. exhaustion

A. allostasis

Which is not one of the recognized components of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Alarm B. Allostasis C. Resistance D. Exhaustion

B. Allostasis

On which area does cortisol have an anabolic effect? A. Lymphoid B. Protein C. Muscle D. Skin

B. Protein