PATHO HESI FINAL

Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell.

Lysosomes

A nursing instructor sees the need for further instruction when one student makes which statement concerning cancer?

Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly.

Which body response to an acute inflammation will the nurse assess if the client is experiencing a systemic response?

Fever and tachycardia

In assessing a client with a fibroadenoma of the breast, what will the nurse find?

Firm, rubbery masses

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule can hold how many oxygen molecules?

Four (4)

A nursing student who is studying cancer correctly identifies which of the following as a method for classifying cancers?

Grading

A 50-year-old man is having routine blood work done as part of his yearly physical. The doctor informs him that his good cholesterol is low. To which form of cholesterol is the doctor referring?

HDL

Adaptive immune responses, also called acquired or specific immunity, are composed primarily of which type of cells?

Lymphocytes

Frustrated with his inability to lose weight despite attempting numerous fad diets, a 42 year-old male who is 5'11" (1.8 m) and 270 lbs (122.7 kg) has visited a clinic to gain tools to achieve long term weight loss. Which statement by the clinician is most accurate?

"A combined approach of behavior therapy, changing your lifestyle habits, and increased physical activity gives the highest chance of long term success."

During a flu shot clinic, one of the questions the student nurse asks relates to whether the client has a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The client asks, "What is that?" How should the nursing student reply?

"A type of paralysis that affects movement on both sides of the body. It may even involve the respiratory muscles."

An extremely obese client has been researching bariatric surgery after trying to lose weight for many years with dietary changes and exercise, without success. The client informs the nurse that he is interested in having the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further education?

"After the surgery, I will be able to eat what I want and will still continue to lose weight."

Peripheral nerves are incapable of regeneration or recovery following an insult.

FALSE

A nurse documents that the client has "steatorrhea." What did the nurse most likely assess?

Fatty stools

Diagnostic testing has resulted in a diagnosis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in an older adult client. When exploring the etiology of the client's disease, what assessment question is mostrelevant?

"Have you ever been a smoker?"

The nurse is teaching a group of college students about reducing the risk of HIV transmission during sexual relations. The nurse makes which appropriate teaching point?

"If a person has a sexually transmitted disease (STD), there is an increased risk for HIV infection."

A client who will be undergoing a Holter monitor examination would be given which instruction?

"Keep a diary of your activities and symptoms throughout the examination."

The adult child of a client with end-stage Alzheimer disease asks the nurse if Alzheimer disease can be passed on to him or her. What is the nurse's most accurate response?

"Research supports a possible genetic link with an early onset."

As part of their orientation to a cardiac care unit, a group of recent nursing graduates is receiving a refresher in cardiac physiology from the unit educator. Which teaching point best captures a component of cardiac function?

"The diastolic phase is characterized by relaxation of ventricles and their filling with blood."

Which teaching point would be most appropriate for a group of older adults who are concerned about their cardiac health?

"The plaque that builds up in your heart vessels obstructs the normal flow of blood and can even break loose and lodge itself in a vessel."

The cardiologist just informed a client that he has a reentry circuit in the electrical conduction system in his heart. This dysrhythmia is called Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. After the physician has left the room, the client asks the nurse to explain this. Which statement most accurately describes what is happening?

"There is an extra, abnormal electrical pathway in the heart that leads to impulses traveling around the heart very quickly, in a circular pattern, causing the heart to beat too fast."

A client newly diagnosed with lung cancer asks the nurse why the health care provider has ordered a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Which response by the nurse is best?

"This diagnostic procedure will let the doctor know if you have any metastatic lesions in your body."

When a 55-year-old client's routine blood work returns, the nurse notes that the client's C-reactive protein (CRP) is elevated. The client asks what that means. The nurse responds:

"This means you have elevated serum markers for systemic inflammation that has been associated with vascular disease."

Shortly after being diagnosed with HIV, a client has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The client asks, "My doctor tells me that my viral load is going down. What does that mean?" The nurse's best response is:

"Your HAART medications are working to slow the progression of the disease."

Which description sums up the basic pathophysiology of heart failure that the nurse would include when educating a client?

Low cardiac output due to reduced pumping ability

An asymptomatic client who is worried about developing breast cancer due to the fact that it runs in her family asks the nurse if she could have a mammogram to see if she has any lumps. The nurse informs the client that a tumor usually is undetectable until it has doubled 30 times and contains more than 1 billion cells. This means that at this point it measures approximately which size?

1 cm

The nurse knows that the main objective of the management of hypertension is to achieve a sustainable level of blood pressure below:

140/90

Four clients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, oxygen, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which client most likely experienced myocardial infarction?

80-year-old woman whose pain was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation with inverted T waves and abnormal Q waves; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose

In which client would a clinician most suspect multiple myeloma as a diagnosis?

A 40-year-old man who has had three broken bones over the past 6 months and whose serum calcium and creatinine levels are elevated.

Which situation can best be characterized as an example of passive immunity?

A 6-week-old infant receives antibodies from his mother's breast milk.

Which client is at the greatest risk for developing an intracellular pathogen infection?

A client with AIDS who has a decreased CD4+ TH1 count

Which client most likely faces the highest risk of developing secondary pulmonary hypertension?

A client with COPD and a 35 pack-year smoking history.

Which client who presented to a walk-in medical clinic is most likely to be diagnosed with rhinosinusitis rather than a common cold?

A man complaining of general fatigue, a headache, and facial pain with a temperature of 100.9°F (38.2°C)

A nurse is evaluating clients for the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Which client has the highest risk for developing this metabolic disorder?

A middle aged obese adult with a sedentary lifestyle

A client recovered from influenza 2 days ago and informs the nurse that she is feeling better but now has a fever, chills, pain when breathing, and a productive cough. What complication does the nurse anticipate the client will be treated for?

A secondary bacterial pneumonia

A 26 year-old female is resting after a 1-minute episode during which she lost consciousness while her muscles contracted and extremities extended. This was followed by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of her extremities. On regaining consciousness, she found herself to have been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely experienced?

A tonic-clonic seizure

The nurse is planning care for a group of female adolescents with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. The nurse incorporates what common characteristic of both these conditions into the plan of care?

Abnormal concern with body image

A client with multiple pain-related injuries to the back, knees, and hips is admitted with acute liver failure. Upon procuring a medication list, the nurse notes that the client is taking several over-the-counter medications that contain a preparation known to be the drug that most commonly causes liver failure. Which drug is this?

Acetaminophen

A 41-year-old male client has presented to the emergency department with an acute onset of increased respiratory rate and difficulty breathing. STAT chest X-ray indicates diffuse bilateral infiltrates of his lung tissue and ECG displays no cardiac dysfunction. What is this client's mostlikely diagnosis?

Acute lung injury

An adult comes to the urgent care clinic reporting facial pain, headache, and copious amounts of thick purulent nasal discharge. Based on these symptoms, the nurse practitioner suspects the client is experiencing which condition?

Acute viral rhinosinusitis

Acute-onset bronchial asthma causes wheezing and breathlessness as a result of which of the following?

Airway inflammation

When assessing the client with acute pancreatitis, which of these diagnostic tests—consistent with the disease— does the nurse anticipate will be altered?

Amylase and lipase

Which client would the nurse recognize as needing to be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?

An 80-year-old client who has experienced two falls while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom

The nurse is teaching a client about screening for prostate cancer. Which information will the nurse teach the client about the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?

An elevated score on a PSA test does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer.

What concept will the nurse need to explain to a client with cancer about the purpose and action of chemotherapy?

Apoptosis

The nurse is assessing a client who is in the clinic for a routine physical. The client is female and has upper body obesity. Which of the following would the nurse describe as being the body type of this client?

Apple shaped

A client with a spinal cord injury at T8 would likely retain normal motor and somatosensory function of her:

Arms

Prolonged immobility is implicated in the development of which disorder?

Atelectasis and pulmonary embolism

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinomas present differently. The nurse is aware of which difference?

BPH is commonly located in the periurethral zone of the prostate, while prostate cancers are commonly located in the peripheral zones of the prostate.

Select the response that best describes the pressure-sensitive receptors that respond to changes in the stretch of the vessel wall.

Baroreceptors

Based on the group that statistically has the greatest risk, the health care provider should assess which ethnic group for prostate cancer?

Black

The nurse in the urology office recognizes screening men at risk for prostate cancer includes which diagnostic measures?

Blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam

A client with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is experiencing increasing fatigue, lethargy, and activity intolerance. The care team has established that the client's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remains at a low, but stable, level. Which laboratory assessments will most likely be prescribed to help determine the cause of these new symptoms?

Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit

Which cardinal assessment finding would lead the nurse to suspect a client has developed Parkinson disease?

Bradykinesia

Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who have a family history of which neoplasm?

Breast cancer

A client in high school is brought to the emergency department after fainting at school. Assessment findings reveal severe indigestion, tooth erosion, enlarged parotid gland, and an irregular heartbeat. What diagnosis should the nurse suspect, given this age population?

Bulimia nervosa

__________ tunnel syndrome is a common mononeuropathy.

Carpal

A client is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Which symptom would most likely be present?

Chest pain and dyspnea

A middle-aged client with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. A health history revealed previous exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation. Which factor mostlikely had the greatest impact on development of the lung cancer?

Cigarette smoke

All diseases have risk factors. What is the most significant environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer?

Cigarette smoking

Which of these reflects a positive outcome to interventions provided for a 20-year-old woman undergoing treatment for anorexia nervosa?

Client has monthly menses.

Select the function of the occipital lobe.

Color, motion, and depth perception

Gastrointestinal elimination in older adults is often characterized by which common symptom?

Constipation

A client suspects he may have developed an allergic response to latex. What most common allergic response would the nurse expect to find?

Contact dermatitis

Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines?

Cytotoxic T cells

Good hand-washing techniques are important in health care. The nurse knows that bacterial infections can be prevented by good hand washing techniques. Which route of transmission is most common for Clostridioides difficile?

Fecal-oral transmission

During the admission interview the client, who is admitted with bacterial pneumonia, reveals a 20 pack per year smoking history. The nurse relates the possible cause of this pneumonia to the decreased defense of the pulmonary system caused by cigarette smoking. Smoking affects the pulmonary defense system in what way?

Damage or destruction of cilia

A nurse is concerned about a client's continual use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Which problematic occurrence is the nurse concerned about?

Damage to the gastric mucosa

A client has just been admitted to the emergency department after sustaining severe injuries and massive blood loss following a motor vehicle accident. The nurse predicts that the client's glomerular filtration rate will:

Decrease

A client has suffered nerve damage in his right arm. What can the nurse expect to happen to the muscles in that arm?

Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy)

A client is immobilized following a hip injury. The client has developed lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, and tenderness in the midcalf area. How should the nurse document these clinical findings?

Deep vein thrombosis

A client has just been admitted to the post surgical unit following a below-the-knee amputation. Which measure should her care team prioritize to prevent atelectasis during the client's immediate recovery?

Deep-breathing exercises and early mobilization

A client has just been admitted to the postsurgical unit following a below-the-knee amputation. Which measure should her care team prioritize to prevent atelectasis during the client's immediate recovery?

Deep-breathing exercises and early mobilization

An older adult client with Parkinson disease has been diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder. Which assessment finding would the nurse correlate with this new diagnosis?

Dementia and slowness of movement and thought

A client's recent diagnosis of Parkinson disease has prompted the care provider to promptly begin pharmacologic therapy. The drugs prescribed will likely influence the client's levels of which substance?

Dopamine

A client reports having diarrhea that has lasted days. Which intervention would the nurse recommend to decrease the diarrhea?

Electrolyte drink containing sodium and glucose

A man with chronic alcoholism is diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to alcohol abuse. Assessment findings include diffuse bilateral infiltrates of the lung tissue and marked hypoxemia. What is the primary physiologic change that results in ARDS?

Epithelial injury with increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane

Most movement disorders can be traced to damage or dysfunction in the pons and brain stem.

FALSE

Multiple sclerosis is caused by various neurotransmitter deficiencies.

FALSE

While teaching about HIV/AIDS to a group of high school seniors, the school health nurse will begin by explaining the basic facts. Which information will this likely include?

HIV is different from other viruses since it is a retrovirus that selectively attacks the body's immune cells.

A nurse is interviewing a client with fever, myalgia, headache, and lethargy. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask related to identifying the cause of these symptoms and the possible need for quarantining the client?

Have you or any family members traveled outside the country recently?

In collecting assessment data on the school-aged population, which factor could be the most significant predictor of childhood obesity?

Having parents who are obese

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who has hyperthyroidism that is untreated. When obtaining vital signs, what is the expected finding?

Heart rate 110 and bounding

Which intervention by the client will decrease overall cardiovascular risk?

Higher levels of fitness and exercise

A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response?

Histamine

A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered:

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

An instructor is teaching students about recombinant DNA technology and the impact of its results on pharmacology. Select the response that best identifies a result of the technology.

Human insulin

A client with memory loss is concerned about the possibility that it may be inherited. Which disorder will the nurse teach the client is considered an inherited cause of dementia?

Huntington disease

The health care provider is teaching a client about modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. The most appropriate information to provide would be:

Hypertension

A client arrives in the clinic after having a tongue piercing performed and is unable to control the movement of the tongue. The nurse is aware that which nerve may have been damaged from the piercing?

Hypoglossal

The nursing student who is studying about cancer correctly identifies which type to be the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?

Lung cancer

The nurse is caring for the client with hepatocellular carcinoma. What does the nurse recognize is a cause of this disease?

Illness with hepatitis B or C

The health care provider has completed the assessment on a client with jaundice. The provider determines that which pathophysiologic abnormality could cause the jaundice?

Impaired uptake of bilirubin by the liver

If a client experiences sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, the nurse will observe which changes in manifestations?

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

A client asks the nurse if it is possible to contract influenza by being exposed to wound secretions. On what knowledge should the nurse base her response to the client?

Influenza transmission occurs by inhalation of droplet nuclei.

The course of any infectious disease progresses through several distinct stages after the pathogen enters the host. Although the duration may vary, which sign/symptom is the hallmark of the prodromal stage?

Initial appearance of symptoms

Which neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons

Which describes the function of the nucleus?

It contains the genetic code for the individual.

Which statement is characteristic of a thrombus?

It forms on the wall of a vessel.

A client is scheduled to have a Holter monitor for 48 hours to detect disturbances in conduction. Which action is important for the nurse to tell the client to ensure accuracy in correlating dysrhythmias with symptoms?

It is important to keep a diary of activities and symptoms.

A client's bone marrow study report reveals the findings of blast cells in the bone marrow. What does the nurse interpret this as indicating?

Leukemia

A nurse educator is explaining to a group of students the differences between leukemias and lymphomas. With respect to classification of these diseases, which explanation is most accurate?

Leukemia arises from precursors in marrow, and lymphomas originate in peripheral lymphoid structures.

Which factor differentiates chronic leukemias from acute leukemias?

Leukemic cells are more fully differentiated in chronic than in acute leukemias.

The cardinal signs of inflammation include swelling, pain, redness, and heat. What is the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation?

Loss of function

A client who has just recently been diagnosed with cancer asks the nurse what tumor markers are. Which answer would be the nurse's best response?

Markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells.

Which of the following statements is true concerning ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

Messenger RNA is the template for protein synthesis.

Which is least likely to contribute to the spread of HIV infection?

Mosquitoes

During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, "Which cells arrive early in great numbers?" Which student response is correct?

Neutrophils

During a lecture on wound care, the instructor mentions the final stage of the cellular response of acute inflammation. Which statement describes what physiologically occurs in the final stage?

Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria/cellular debris.

A teenager is diagnosed with hypertension. The nurse knows that risk factors for hypertension in children and adolescents include which of these? Select all that apply.

Obesity, High salt consumption, Inactive lifestyle

Following a fall 4 weeks prior that was caused by orthostatic hypotension, an 83-year-old male has fractured his femoral head. His care provider has stated that the healing process is occurring at a reasonable pace, and that the man will regain full function after healing and rehabilitation. Which cells are most responsible for restoring the integrity of the man's broken bone?

Osteoblasts

Considering the PQRST complex of an electrocardiogram (ECG), which letter designation represents atrial depolarization?

P wave

What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?

Painless hematuria

Disorders of the pyramidal tracts, such as a stroke, are characterized by which physical finding?

Paralysis

After being thrown off the back of a bull, a bull rider can move his arms but has loss of motor function in the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. This is referred to as:

Paraplegia

__________ disease is associated with a tremor and slow movement thought to be related to a lack of dopamine.

Parkinson

While assessing a peritoneal dialysis client in the home, the nurse notes that the fluid draining from the abdomen is cloudy, is white in color, and contains a strong odor. The nurse suspects this client has developed a serious complication known as:

Peritonitis

Which term defines visible traits—either physical or biochemical—associated with a specific inheritance pattern that is recognizable?

Phenotype

Which structural change can contribute to mixed sensorimotor deficit?

Polyneuropathies involving demyelination of peripheral nerves

A client complains of general malaise and fatigue and has a mild fever. The nurse would evaluate this stage of disease as the:

Prodromal stage

What is the primary purpose of the mucosal barrier in the gastrointestinal tract?

Protection from acid secretion

An adult client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after reporting ongoing "heartburn" unrelieved with antacids. Which medication should the nurse anticipate being prescribed for this client?

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

After several months of persistent heartburn, an adult client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which treatment regimen is likely to be prescribed for this client's GERD?

Proton pump inhibitors; avoiding large meals; remaining upright after meals

Reviewing pathology for an exam on pulmonary vasculature, the nursing student states that blood enters the right side of the heart via the vena cava, then to the right atrium, right ventricle, and then which vessel carries the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary system?

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by long-term exposure to hypoxemia. When pulmonary vessels are exposed to hypoxemia, what is their response?

Pulmonary vessels constrict

Which statement is the best description of RNA structure and function?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule with ribose in its nucleotide

A nurse is completing an abdominal assessment on a client suspected to have appendicitis. When the nurse applies and then releases pressure in the client's right lower quadrant, the client experiences tenderness. The nurse is documenting the presence of:

Rebound tenderness

An example of a single hormone that can exert effects in different tissues is erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is made in the kidney and stimulates the bone marrow to produce:

Red blood cells

A client in the acute stage of inflammation will experience vasodilation of the arterioles and congestion in the capillary beds. The nurse would assess the client's skin for:

Redness

A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission, which assessment finding would be considered a localized cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

Redness and edema at the injured site

__________ are coordinated, involuntary motor responses that are "wired into" the CNS.

Reflexes

The nurse is performing a physical assessment of the gastrointestinal tract. In which area does the nurse place the hands for palpation of the liver?

Right upper quadrant

A nurse is assessing a client for the classic signs of acute inflammation. The nurse would assess the client for:

Rubor, swelling, and pain

What is the correct sequence for the generation of electrical impulses in the heart causing ventricular contraction?

SA node - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

A 7-year-old child had an emergency appendectomy during the night. When trying to assess the child's pain, the nurse should:

Show the child a scale with faces of actual children and have the child point to the picture that best describes how he or she is feeling.

A 28-year-old marathon runner comes to the clinic to obtain a physical exam for a new job. The nurse assesses a regular pulse rate of 52 beats per minute (bpm). Which common dysrhythmia is the nurse aware this client most likely has related to maintaining a large stroke volume?

Sinus bradycardia

A client is seen in the emergency department complaining of chest discomfort, productive cough, and a fever of over 101°F (38.3°C) for 3 days. The nurse performs an electrocardiogram and observes a rate of 110 beats per minute (bpm) with a normal P wave and a PR interval of 0.12 second preceding each QRS complex. What does the nurse determine the rhythm to be?

Sinus tachycardia

A client with sepsis secondary to pneumonia develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a low ventilation-perfusion ratio. Which alterations in the lungs occurs as the disease progresses? Select all that apply.

Surfactant inactivation, Intrapulmonary shunting, Lung stiffens, Alveolar collapse

Most joints in the body are what types of joints?

Synovial joints

Lower back pain is often attributable to a herniated intervertebral disk.

TRUE

The spinal cord is the lowest level of the hierarchical organization of movement.

TRUE

A client has experienced trauma of the musculoskeletal structure that connects muscle to bone. The nurse would document this as which type of injury?

Tendon

A parent of a toddler is concerned about possible side effects of influenza immunizations. What will the nurse teach the parent regarding the influenza vaccine?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all people 6 months of age and older should receive the annual influenza vaccine.

Following hip replacement surgery, the client has had many weeks of physical therapy. Upon assessing the wound, it is still red and draining thick, green, odoriferous secretions. The client has limited range-of-motion and is constantly reporting pain. The physician explains that the hip device needs to be removed. Why is removal required?

The body considers the hip replacement device a foreign body and an infection has developed around the joint.

The nurse is caring for the following clients. Select the client at highest risk for the development of atelectasis.

The client who is postoperative after a total knee replacement and receiving patient-controlled analgesia

An infant has been born to a client who is HIV positive. What is the infant's most likely prognosis for developing AIDS?

The infant can be HIV antibody positive by ELISA for up to 18 months of age without being actively infected with HIV.

The nurse is providing nutritional support education to the family of an obese 10-year-old. The most important information to provide would be:

The weight loss intervention should include all family members.

Following a biopsy, a 54-year-old client has been diagnosed as having a benign neoplastic tumor. Which characteristic likely applies to their tumor?

The well-differentiated, neoplastic cells are clustered together in a single mass.

A client is visiting the primary physician and appears extremely nervous. The intake nurse does his vital signs and notes an increase in both his heart rate and blood pressure. In an effort to better understand the client's presenting signs and symptoms the nurse asks the client about his concerns and the client states that the person who performed his pre-visit told him that he had a dysrhythmia. Which is the most therapeutic response about cardiac dysrhythmias that the nurse can make?

They can occur in diseased or healthy hearts.

While caring for a client with Alzheimer dementia, the family asks about the medication. Which advantage of the cholinesterase inhibitors should the nurse mention?

They have been shown to slow the progression of the disease.

Which medication may be responsible for a client developing increased uric acid levels by decreasing ECF volume?

Thiazide diuretics

A client suffering a thrombotic stroke is brought into the emergency department by ambulance and the health care team is preparing to administer a synthetic tissue plasminogen activator for which purpose?

Thrombolysis

A client with a history of migraine headaches tells the physician that he or she usually experiences an aura before the onset of the headache. The client is most likely experiencing:

Visual disturbances

Which procedure reduces the potential for infection primarily by addressing the portal of entry?

Wearing gloves when contact with blood or body fluids is anticipated

When assessing the client during the icteric phase of viral hepatitis, which of these findings does the nurse anticipate observing?

Yellow-tinged sclera

When counseling a male client with suspected HIV, the nurse informs him that if the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) comes back positive, then:

a second test known as the Western blot assay will be ordered to confirm positive HIV status.

Which type of pacing involves the placement of large patch electrodes on the anterior and posterior chest wall that can be connected by a cable to an external pulse generator?

Transcutaneous

A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes. The client is most likely experiencing:

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

The nurse caring for an older adult notes a marked decrease in mental acuity over a 24-hour period. What assessment indicates the most likely cause of this change?

Urine cloudy with strong odor

A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:

altered permeability.

The growth of bacteria is dependent on:

availability of nutrients.

The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by:

biologic agents.

Infants are particularly susceptible to neuromuscular toxicity resulting from exposure to Clostridium __________ spores.

botulinum

A client has suffered a stroke that has affected his speech. The physician has identified the client as having expressive aphasia. Later in the day, the family asks the nurse to explain what this means. The most accurate response would be aphasia that is:

characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.

The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be a combination of two types of obstructive airway diseases. Which disease processes have been identified as being part of COPD?

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A client has been diagnosed with breast cancer following a suspicious mammogram followed by biopsy. The nurse who is planning this client's care should recognize that her prognosis is primarily dependent on the:

extent to which lymph nodes are involved.

A client with chronic pancreatitis is experiencing an episode of recurring epigastric pain. The nurse teaches the client to limit which type of meal to avoid further episodes?

fried chicken and french fries

The basal __________ are a group of deep, interrelated subcortical nuclei that play an essential role in control of movement.

ganglia

The chart of a client admitted because of seizures notes that the seizure activity began simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres. The nurse should interpret this to mean that the client experienced:

generalized seizure.

A nurse will be providing care for a female client who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right-sided. Which statement best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client:

has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

A 10 year old child with strep throat asks the nurse, "Why are there large bumps [lymph nodes] on my neck when my throat gets sore?" The nurse replies that lymph nodes:

help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs.

A client tells the nurse that he is concerned about developing hepatitis after being exposed to contaminated feces, saliva, and food. The client is at risk for which infection?

hepatitis A

The nurse suspects acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) in a client. Which evidence will the nurse apply as supporting the client may have ARDS?

hypoxemia refractory to treatment, increase in respiratory rate, rapid onset of symptoms, diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray

Which describes hypertrophy?

increased size of the cell

A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors:

invade surrounding tissues.

A client reports severe indigestion that has been intermittent; however, the pain is now constant and feels like a vise. The nurse does an ECG and recognizes that the situation is possibly emergent due to ST-segment elevation, which could indicate:

myocardial infarction.

A 21-year-old client was diagnosed with HIV 4 years ago, which progressed to AIDS 1 year ago. Now, the client presents with cytomegalovirus. The nurse explains to the client that the infection is caused by a common organism that normally does not cause infection in someone with a healthy immune system. This type of infection is called what?

opportunistic infection

The cell membrane is also called what?

plasma membrane

A client in acute kidney injury has marked decrease in renal blood flow caused by hypovolemia, the result of gastrointestinal bleeding. The nurse is aware that this form of acute kidney injujry can be reversed if the bleeding is under control. Which form of acute kidney injury does this client have?

prerenal kidney injury

A client with a new automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) asks the nurse what happens if he goes into that deadly heart rhythm again. The nurse will base her response knowing the AICD will:

respond to ventricular tachydysrhythmia by delivering a shock within 10-20 seconds of its onset.

Which sequence is the correct pathway for blood flow through the heart?

right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aorta

With acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a client progressively increases his work of breathing. The physiologic principle behind this respiratory distress is related to:

the stiffening of the lung, making it more difficult to inflate.

The most common cause of ischemic stroke is:

thrombosis.

Severe shock can be followed by acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) characterized by:

ventilation-perfusion mismatch.