Patho

buffer

...

caton

...

cugative necrosis

...

hydrostatic pressure

...

hypotonic solution

...

repulsion

...

metabolic absorption

..., all cells consume nutrients from their surroundings to increase energy, ALL cells produce and use energy

monosomy

..., chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

genotyope

..., genetic makeup of an organism

hypertrophy

..., increase in cell size

metabolic acidosis

..., ⇓ pH ⇓ HCO3-

downsydrome

1 in 800, to 1 in 1000, trisomy of 21

The function of the histone in a eukaryotic cell is best described as: A) cell division. B) cell movement. C) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation. D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) supercoiling.

D deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) supercoiling

The term "diffusion" is best described as: A) movement of a solute molecule from high to low concentration. B) movement of water down a concentration gradient. C) transference of both water and a solute down a concentration gradient. D) mechanical pressure of water pushing against the cellular membrane.

a movement of a solute molecule from highh to low concentration

melanoma deficiency

albinism

excretion

all cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within the cells contian enzymes that breakdown, or digest, large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell.

metabolic absorption

all cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings

Which of the following are in the category of prokaryotes? Select all that apply. A) Fungi B) Bacteria C) Rickettsiae D) Cyanobacteria E) Protozoa

bacteria, rickettsiae, cyanobacteria

women live longer than men why?

because estrogen

anion

chloride, bicorbonate, phosphate

leading cause of metal retardation and spontaneous abortion?

chromosomal abortion

gastirc gangrene

clostirdium,

The extracellular matrix is composed of: Select all that apply. A) collagen. B) elastin. C) fibronectin. D) desmosomes. E) polypeptides.

collagen, elastin, fibronectin

aldersterone

comes from kidney (renal)

communication

communication is vital for cells to survive as a society of cells. appropriate communication allows the maintenace of a dynamic steady state.

conductivity

conduction as a response to stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. conductivity is the chief function of nerve cells

pathogenic response

congestive heart failure

interstitial hydrostatic pressure

inward movement of water from interstial spaces

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

protein

made up from chains of amnio acids known as polypeptides

diffusion

movement from higher solute concentration to lowe solute concentration

osmosis

movement of water from a higher to lower concentration

movement

muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. muscles that are attached to bone produce limb movements, whereas those muscles that enclose hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they contract.

rigermortis

muscle stiffness

anaploidy

not 23 pairs

albumin

nutrion statis

Plasma proteins exert a force called: A) filtration pressure. B) hydrostatic pressure. C) oncotic pressure. D) hyperbaric pressure.

oncotic pressure

metaplasia

one cell replaces another,

interstial oncotic pressure

osmotic attraction to pull fluids back out

hypoxia

oxygen levels are low

caveolae

serves as a storage site for many receptors and provide a route for transport into the cell

abrasion

surface wound

edema

swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue

The simultaneous movement of two molecules in one direction is best described as: A) symport. B) antiport. C) uniport. D) passive transport.

symport

cytosol

the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

ampipathic

which means one part is hydrophobic and another part os hydrophilic

nucleus

which surrounds by the cytoplam ad generally is located in the center of the cell, is the larges membrane bound organnele.

PKU

x-linked inheritance

ishcemia

decrease in blood supply, reversible (arterial scerosis)

algor mortis

decrease in body temp

atrophy

decrease in cell size

pitting edema

edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds

The time period of the cell cycle during which RNA and protein synthesis occur is referred to as the: A) G1 phase. B) G2 phase. C) M phase. D) S phase.

g2

urine uric acid build up

gout

filtration

greater pushing force of water through the membrane

Eukaryotes

-Complex cellular organization -Higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae -Membrane-bound organelles -Well-defined nucleus

Prokaryotes

-Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae -Nucleus (single, circular chromosome) -Lack histones

sodium levels in kidney

136-145units per liter

extracellular fluid

17%

1L of water

2.2lbs

intrcellular fluid

2/3 of body water

bicarbonate to carbonic acid

20:1 must be maintained for life

ph

7.35-7.45

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

Histones

Form a protein complex by binding with DNA that strengthens the DNA chain. Causes DNA to fold into chromosomes. Decreases the risk of breakage of the DNA chain and is essential for cell division.

discussion regarding a solution would include mention that: A) a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution. B) a hypertonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution. C) osmolality is a measure of the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. D) osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of molecules per weight in a water solution.

a A) a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration (more dilute) than body solution.

The process that involves neurotransmitters diffusing across the synaptic cleft is defined as: A) chemical synapsing. B) paracrine signaling. C) autocrine signaling. D) autostimulation.

a chemical synapsing

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding a eukaryotic cell? They: A) are smaller than prokaryotes. B) contain organelles. C) lack a nucleus. D) are deficient in histones.

b CONTAIN ORGANELLES

The appropriate term for an "energy-releasing process" is: A) anabolism. B) catabolism. C) substrate. D) second messenger.

b catabolism

The appropriate term for the organelle that is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation is the: A) Golgi complex. B) mitochondria. C) endoplasmic reticulum. D) nucleolus.

b mitochondria

The outer membrane of the eukaryotic cell is also referred to as the: A) nucleolus. B) plasmalemma. C) cytoplasm. D) cytosol.

b plasmalemma

liver mortis

blood settles at lowest point

It is true that a "cellular receptor": A) is found only in the nucleus. B) can bind with only large molecules. C) delivers protein to the cell's surface. D) can bind with molecules called ligands

d can bind with molecules called ligands

The nature of an amphipathic lipid molecule is best described as: A) hydrophobic. B) hydrophilic. C) both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. D) nonpolar

c both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

The process by which nerve and muscle cells become more positive than negative is referred to as: A) repolarization. B) hyperpolarization. C) depolarization. D) action potentialization.

c depolarization

When discussing cellular energy, it is correct to state that: A) glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. B) oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making ATP. C) oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. D) anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen.

c oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondira

hemaglobin

can bind o oxygen but does not change the pH of blood

dysplasia

cancer, Change in cell size, shape,

billirubin

cause jaundance, green

necrosis

cell death

pinocytosis

cell drinking

endocytosis

cell eating

respiration

cells absorb oxygen, which is use to transform nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). cellular respiration, or oxidation, occurs in organelles called mitochondria

secretion

certain cells, such as mucous glands cells can synthesized new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere

hyperplasia

increase in cell number and cell size (normal) BABIES!

phagocytosis

in vagination, cell eating

laceration

jagged edges

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

The process by which cells "drink" is referred to as: A) pinocytosis. B) phagocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) potocytosis.

pinocytosis

most abundant buffer?

protein buffer

ribosomes synthesis?

proteins

Capillary oncotic pressure

pulling water into cappillary frominterstial space

capillAry hydrostatic pressure

pushing pressure out to interstial space, BP

nucleolus

structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made

A desmosome is described as a: Select all that apply. A) barrier to diffusion. B) system of braces. C) communicating tunnel. D) band of epithelial sheets. E) joining protein.

system of braces, band of epithelial sheets

reproduction

tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves. even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death. Not all cells are capable of continuous division

anoxia

total block of oxygen, total block of artery

A function of signaling cascades includes message: Select all that apply. A) transfer. B) distribution. C) deletion. D) amplification. E) modulation.

transfer, distribution, amplification, modulation

Proteins have the ability to function as: Select all that apply. A) Transport channels B) Enzymes that drive pumps C) Cell surface markers D) Cellular synapses E) Cell adhesion molecules

transport channels, enzymes that drive pumps, cell surface markers, cell adhesion molecules

frality

weakened functioning of organs and body systemsl interferes with everyday competence; leaves person vulnerable in face of infection, hot/cold temperature, injury