PCA IPM
Describe each step needed to design a monitoring program
1. Identify the potential pest 2. Establish monitoring guidelines for eat pest species. A) Select sample unit B) Define the sample universe C) Determine the number and size of samples needed D) Determine how often to sample E) Determine when sampling begins and when it ends 3. Establish injury levels and action threshold for each pest species 4. Determine what host or crop development stages must be monitored to assess normal growth, predict timing of pest activity, or evaluate damage. 5. Determine the environment factors that must be monitored 6. Determine the production practices that can impact the development of the pest species 7. Streamline the monitoring program to develop efficiencies. 8. Keep good written records
Reduce spray drift.
1. Spray at low wind velocities (3 to 10 mph). ... 2. Reduce spraying pressures. ... 3. Increase carrier volumes/application rates. ... 4. Select the proper nozzles with coarse spray droplets. ... 5. Use lower spray boom heights. ... 6. Reduce sprayer ground speed (less than 10 mph). ... 7. Use drift retardants.
List six important sanitation techniques
1. Use certified seeds, tubers, or rootstocks to prevent the spread of nematodes, weed seeds, and viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens that may be carried in contaminated plant material. 2. Toughly clean with steam or pressurized water all equipment as it moves from blocks 3. Use clean irrigation water 4. Install screens in pipes brining irrigation water 5. Remove or clean up unharvested crops or areas that might provide overwintering habitat for pests 6. Eliminate weedy borders.
organic matter content in soil
; The content of organic matter in soil influences how much water a soil can hold, and how well it will be able to adsorb pesticides. Increasing the soil's organic contentincreases the soil's ability to hold water and dissolved pesticides in the root zone, to be available to plants and subject to eventual degradation.
secondary pest outbreaks
A Sudden increase in the population of a secondary pest caused by the destruction of its natural enemies by a nonselective pesticide applied to control a primary pest
defoamer
A _____ or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-foamers prevent the formation of further foam
closed systems
A _______ is a physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, though, in different contexts, such as physics, chemistry or engineering, the transfer of energy is or is not allowed.
beat trays
A beating net, also known as beating sheet, beatsheet or beating tray, is a device used to collect insects. It consists of a white cloth stretched out on a circular or rectangular frame which may be dismantled for transport.
Differentiate between parasitic and nonparasitic (abiotic) diseases.
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases as it may eventually lead to death of both organism and host. Parasites infecting human beings are called human parasites. Diseases caused by non- parasitic/ abiotic (nonliving) agents are not transmitted from one plant to another. Thus, they are not infectious, and also called non-infectious diseases or simply, disorders. Plants grow best within certain ranges of the various abiotic factors that make up their environment.
"pathogen" and "disease";
A pathogen is an organism that causes disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the organism
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
gradual metamorphosis
A type of metamorphosis in which an egg hatches into a nymph that resembles an adult, and which has no distinct larval stage.
weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place"
List the characteristics that make weeds successful competitors.
Abundant seed production, rapid population establishment, seed dormancy, long-term survival of buried seed, adaptation for seed dispersal, the presence of vegetative reproductive structure, and the ability to invade sites disturbed by people have ensured their survival and dominance
List the potential advantages and disadvantages of cover crops
Advantages are that decreases soil erosion, increases organic matter, improves soil structure and water infiltration, decreases water and pesticide runoff, may add or conserve nitrogen, may suppress weed growth, may attract, or provide nectar source for beneficial pests Disadvantages are that depletes soil moister, may decrease availability of plant nutrient, especially nitrogen, may require additional irrigation and nitrogen application, may increase weeds, may increase weeds, may attract arthropods and rodent pests, may increase nematode population increase associated costs., increase danger of frost damage to trees or vines
ecological niche/niche
All the component of the habitat with which an organism or population interacts
biological control
Any activity of one species that reduces the adverse effect of other species
expert system
Are computer programs designed to simulate the problem-solving behavior of a team of well-trained professionals, to manage and coordinate information to address specific on site concerns
adjuvant
Are materials added to a pesticide formulation to enhance its performance, customize the application to site specific weeds, or compensate for local conditions
biennial weeds
Are plants that usually require two growing seasons to complete its life cycle, after producing seed it dies in the fall of the second-year seeds germinate in the spring summer or fall of the first year
List two groups of pests whose identity must almost always be confirmed by trained laboratory specialists.
Arthropods, plant pathogens and nematodes
List some pests for which ELISA testing kits are valuable.
Bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral plant pathogens
Describe the importance of establishing pre-treatment counts in a field trial.
Before an experiment is begun, a pretreatment evaluation is carried out, pretreatment evaluation establishes whether the information sought can be obtained. For example, it can establish that the population of the pest species is great enough that the effects of different treatments can be measured
Describe the importance of biodiversity to agroecosystems.
Biodiversity is the number of different species of plants and animals in an ecosystem. Maintaining natural biodiversity is important not only to conserve the diversity of species in nature but also to provide a resource for future agricultural crops and animals
List the types of management options available in integrated pest management.
Biological control Cultural control mechanical and physical control Chemical Control
Describe the major biological control approaches used in pest management
Biological control agents (natural enemies) include predators, insect parasites (parasitoids). Pathogens, antagonists, and competitors. importation; (or classical); biological control involves the deliberate introduction and establishment of natural enemies into areas where they did not previous exist. conservation and enhancement; of established natural enemies include any activities that improve survival, dispersal, and reproduction of resident natural enemies. Augmentation; involves supplementing the numbers of naturally occurring biocontrol agents with releases of laboratory-reared or field-collected natural enemies. But it is very expensive.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of presence/absence sampling.
Can be used on all types of pests A significant limitation of this method, however, is that it does not provide information on things like the abundance, density, or condition of individuals at the site. These factors can be important leading indicators of changes that might take a long time to be expressed through changes in distribution
circular or systematic.
Create samples by skipping through k units every time until you select members of the entire population. In the case of this method, there will be N number of samples, unlike k samples in the linear systematic sampling method Systematic sampling is widely used, largely because it is easy to implement, each sample unit is chosen systematically from a randomly selected starting point
Control Describe the advantages of using cultural controls in an integrated pest management program
Cultural practices can sometimes be used to modify the environment, making it less favorable to pest invasion, reproduction, survival, or dispersal
Explain the importance of knowing the breakdown products of a pesticide.
Degradation: As soon as the pesticide is applied, it begins to break down or degrade into simpler compounds which are usually less toxic. Each pesticide has its own speed of degradation, which depends on the active ingredient, the formulation, and environmental conditions
adjuvants
Deposition aids, thickeners, and stickers (reduce drift by making droplets larger or less volatile)
List the four major routes of pesticide exposure for humans.
Dermal SKIN Oral MOUTH Respiratory LUNGS Ocular EYES
Describe how differing weed germination requirements affect management decisions
Different weeds need different types of weed management decisions in order to attack that certain type of weed.
Describe the purpose of early detection of pesticide resistance.
Early detection provides the opportunity to integrate other pest management options to prevent or reduce selection for resistance.
List the factors to be considered in pest management decision making.
Economics is a major factor is most pest management decisions. The cost of pest control activities, including labor, equipment, and material, is a factor in each pest management decision. Human and environmental health hazard are cost that must also be taken into account. Other factors important in pest management decision making are severity of the pest, impact of the damage, effectiveness of the control, and the time delay before an action becomes effectiveness.
Distinguish ectoparasitic nematodes from endoparasitic nematodes.
Ectoparasitic nematodes species feed on root surface without becoming attached and are free living throughout their lives Endoparasitic nematodes species move about freely but enter the plant during certain life stages and feed within it
centipedes (Chilopoda)
Elongate, flattened and wormlike
Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.
Energy flow drives the ecosystem, determining limits to the food supply and the production of all biological resources. Light energy from the sun is captured by plants and converted to chemical energy.
managed ecosystem
Every agriculture field, urban landscape, park, management forest, rangeland, or roadside represents an ecosystem that is managed in some way to benefit people.
chronic health effects
Exposure to some pesticide produces _______...these are long-lasting and often permanent disorders such as cancer, permanent nerve damage, sterility, blindness.
Describe the major reasons for conducting a field trial.
Field trails are in field comparisons f different treatments or practices, and they are an important tool for testing the effectiveness of a new control method, they provide a means by which treatment timing can be understood and improved, have clearly define the goal of the trial, have a clear understanding of what you expect to achieve
seed germination tests;
Germination of a seed in a laboratory test is defined as the emergence and development of the seedling to a stage where the aspect of its essential structures indicates whether or not it is able to develop further into a satisfactory plant under favorable conditions in the field
Describe the advantage of graphing sampling counts
Graphs are used with sampling records and degree-day models to give a visual presentation of the data being gathered.
Describe how early harvest can reduce pest problems.
Harvest can also be timed to limit or avoid pest damage early harvest can be reduce the number of generation of nematodes that can damage a root crop. Early harvest is also beneficial in the management of various insect pests.
Recognize the importance of soil on crop biology/pests
Healthier soils produce crops that are less damaged by pests. Some soil-management practices boost plant-defense mechanisms, making plants more resistant and/or less attractive to pests.
List the properties of pesticides that make them more likely to persist in water.
High solubility. Runoff and erosion are sources surface water contamination by pesticides
Describe a food web in an ecosystem.
Highly —— are complex and support many species it becomes more complex as more populations are introduced
Describe the relationship between the three components of the plant disease triangle.
Host plant , causal agent (Pathogen) and a conducive Environment
burrows
Identify active _______ by sightings, visible runways, _____ holes and soft soil undermined with tunnels. ______ often are 2 to 4 inches in diameter and will have smooth surfaces. Presence of excavated soil and trampled vegetation are also indicators of active ______
List three types of population dispersal patterns
Immigration - moving into a population, emigration - moving out of the population, migration - frequently movement into and out of a population area
Describe some approaches to encourage naturally occurring biological control agents. (natural enemies)
Importation, conservation and enhancements, and augmentation.
Identify the importance of the overwintering stage of a pathogen on pest control strategies.
In plant pathology, overwintering is where a plant pathogen survives the winter, during which its normal crop host species is not growing, by transferring to an alternative host, living freely in the soil or surviving on plant refuse such as discarded potatoes.
complete metamorphosis
Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
List the three categories of pesticides used for disease control.
Insecticides - insects. Bactericides - bacteria. Fungicides - fungi
desiccant
Insecticides that have a _____ action on bugs are used in pest control to kill a variety of pests, including fleas, ticks, bedbugs and cockroaches. Diatomaceous earth is a form of amorphous silica that kills certain insects
Describe how an anticoagulant bait works.
Interrupt the target organisms blood clotting ability causing death.
oxidation/reduction
Involves a transfer of electrons and is a chemically or biologically mediated reaction, this process requires the simultaneous reaction of two chemicals, one undergoing oxidation, losing one or more electrons, and the other undergoes reduction, gaining one or more electrons taken from the first chemical.
conservation tillage
Is any conservation practice that retains a plant residue cover of at least 30% from the previous crop on the soil surface and includes no-till, ridge-till, strip-till, mulch-till, and other tillage systems that meet this requirement.
no observable adverse effect levels. (NOEL)
Is the largest or highest dose or exposure level tested that produces no noticeable toxic effect on test animals. NOEL is used as a guide to establish maximum exposure levels for people and residue tolerance levels on pesticides-treated produce.
Describe the life cycle of a typical plant parasitic nematode.
It consists of six distinct stages. An egg stage and four juvenile stages, and an adult stage there is no metamorphosis in nematodes the young resemble the adults but are smaller. Difference between males and females become observable at the third stage of juvenile stage
monitoring
It includes any of a variety of procedures used to observe, measure, and record over time the activities, growth, development, and abundance of organisms or the factors affecting them
intercropping
It involves growing more than one crop in the field at the same time. Multiple crops are planted in alternating strips or intersown into a main crop. Used to reduce pests
Describe the proper collection and handling of samples sent to the laboratory for nematode identification.
It is important to sample when the soil is moist but not saturated, samples should be handled carefully and transported quickly to avoid overheating or drying out.
Define sustainable agriculture.
It refers to farming system that can be maintained their productivity indefinitely. They must be resource conserving. Environment capability, socially supportive, and commercially competitive
Describe the importance of crop biology and pest biology to IPM
Its important to know the biology of your crop to better understand its growth and life cycle just like a pest's biology and life stages. Its important in imp because you used all the knowledge of both parts to form a method to attack a pest
List the most important weather parameters for making pest management decisions.
Keeping track of daily high and low temperature is fundamental for using research based biological models to predict to predict pest and crop development. Disease forecast models incorporate moisture and temperature date. Weather influences the effectiveness of pesticide applications.
List some techniques that help to keep samples random.
Knockdown, netting, trapping, and visual inspection, timed counts , sticky traps, bait, pheromone traps, light traps.
Describe a biogeochemical cycle in an ecosystem. (figure 2-10)
Many mineral or inorganic elements are required for the growth and development of living organisms. These inorganic elements and compounds, which include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, circulate through the ecosystem from the nonliving to the living and back to the nonliving parts of the biosphere.
List examples of abiotic components.
Minerals, soil, water, temperature, climate, light, gases
Describe the importance of follow-up monitoring and its role in a management program.
Monitoring after every treatment to learn whether the control activity was successful, this includes monitoring when no treatment has been recommended, nontreatment decisions should include follow-up monitoring until the pest is no longer a threat to the crop, after treatment, monitor to look for signs indicating that the level of control achieved is adequate
Distinguish monocots from dicots.
Monocots produce only a single glasslike leaf in the seedling. Leaves typically have parallel veins that run length of their axis and flower parts in threes or multiples of three. In two major categories grasses (Paceae and sedges (Cyperaceae) Dicots are commonly called broadleaves are plants whose seedlings produce two cotyledons. Leaves of dicots usually have netlike veins and flower parts usually in fours fives or multiples thereof discots commonly have main taproots.
Recognize the importance of natural enemies to IPM
Natural enemies must be able to survive the extremes of temperature and humidity that they will encounter in the new habitat. 3-Synchrony with host (prey) life cycle. The predator or parasite should be present when the pest first emerges or appears. High reproductive potential.
Identify the characteristics of a successful pest.
Often have strong competitive abilities and the capacity to reproduce rapidly over a short time span or under special conditions ability to adapt to uncertain and variable environment and have strong dispersal and host finding capabilities.
Identify types of damage insects cause to plants.
On Plants crops or ornamentals, they may chew twigs, leaves, or fruit, suck sap, bore into branches, trunks, or fruits, chew and suck roots, lay eggs in plant tissue or disseminate disease organisms.
scion
On a grafted fruit tree, the portion above a graft that becomes the trunk, branch, and treetop determines the cultivar or variety of the fruit.
Describe the importance of knowing a pest's life cycle in an IPM system.
Once the pest is identified, seek out information on its life cycle, growth requirements, and other characteristics to help determine control strategies. When to apply pesticides at a vulnerable life stage.
antagonist
Organisms that kill or inhibit growth of plant pathogens and other microorganism
Describe the overwintering/over summering mechanisms for:
Overwintering is the process by which some organisms pass through or wait out the winter season, or pass through that period of the year when "winter" conditions make normal activity or even survival difficult or near impossible to survive the summer urediospores may oversummer at the high altitudes
protective clothing
PPE Wear work clothing with long pants and sleeves. ... Wear unlined, liquid-proof, chemical-resistant gloves; unlined neoprene or rubber boots; and a wide brimmed hat. Wear a chemical-resistant apron over cloth coveralls when mixing, loading or handling undiluted pesticides.
stratified
Partitions the habitat into subunits that may vary in character, each subunit is then independently sampled, sampling efficiency is improved by isolating the different types of habitat within a field, such as high and low areas. Parts of fields with low vigor, or the north and south side of a tree.
Recognize the relationship between pest population levels and damage.
Pest population, the economic threshold Level (ETL) is the population density at which control measures should be determined to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the Economic injury level Damage is the monetary value lost to the commodity as a result of injury by the pest (e.g., spoilage, reduction in yield, loss of quality, etc.). Any level of pest infestation causes injury, but not all levels of injury cause damage
habitat
Place where an organism lives
Describe the importance of plant back restrictions on herbicide selection.
Plant-back restrictions on a herbicide label tell growers how long they must wait after herbicide application to legally plant the next crop in their rotation. The timelines are established by company tests examining the residue levels of the herbicide in various rotational crops
Describe how nematodes injure plants.
Plants are injured can exhibit damage symptoms on upper portion of the plant as well as on the root. Symptoms such as stunting, chlorosis, wilting, curling and twisting of leaves and stem, delayed or uneven maturation of crops and fruit drop can associate with nematodes and with many other pests as well, Root symptoms produced by various nematodes include galls, swelling, stubby roots, lesion, and stunting.
List major plant parts used to identify mature broadleaf weeds.
Plants with flat rather needlelike leaves and two leaves within the seed Dicotyledons.
distinguish between a population and a community
Population is a group of individuals of the same species community of organism consists of all the populations of plants, animals and microorganism that share the same habitat and interact directly or indirectly with one another
List factors that impact population regulation
Population size may be affected by physical factors such as weather, water availability, and nutrient availability, biologically controlled by factors such as predators, competitors, diseases, food availability.
Compare/contrast preventative, suppressive, and eradicative approaches to pest management.
Preventative methods discourage damaging pest populations from developing and include planting weeds and disease-free seed and growing varieties of plants that are resistant to diseases or insects. Suppressive methods reduce existing pest populations to tolerable levels with the release of biological control agent, mowing, cultivating weeds, pesticides sprays. Eradicative methods are total elimination of a pest
List common trophic levels in an ecosystem. (figure 2-16)
Primary producers (green plants), Primary consumer (herbivores) , Secondary consumer (carnivores), tertiary consumer, Decomposer
perennial weeds
Produce vegetative structures that allow them to live for 3 years or longer some species live indefinitely, many lose their leaves or die back entirely during the winter but regrow each spring from the roots or underground storage organs such as tubers bulbs rhizomes or creeping roots or aboveground stolon's
Describe some above ground and root symptoms that can be associated with nematode damage.
Root symptoms produced by various nematodes include galls, swelling, stubby roots, lesion, and stunting
List examples of sampling units appropriate for different types of pests.
Sampling and Monitoring for Pests and Their Natural Enemies. They use a common sampling unit, such as leaves, terminals, beats, or minutes. The unit chosen must be consistent with the feeding habits of the pest population under observation. The number of samples taken must be adequate
Differentiate between monitoring and sampling.
Sampling refers to acquiring a sample in the field using any variety of pollutant collection devices - filter, aqueous absorbents, solid adsorbents, etc. ... Monitoring refers to continuous and "real time" analysis of pollutant concentrations using instrumental analyzers
molt
Shed old feathers hair skin old shell to make for new growth
Explain the relationship of signal words to oral and dermal toxicity.
Single Word. Toxicity Danger Highly Toxic Warning Moderately Toxic Caution Slightly Toxic or Relatively Nontoxic
Describe soil conditions that favor pesticide breakdown by microorganisms.
Soil depth and the aerobic (presence of oxygen) or anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions of the soil also affect the actions of microorganism. Soil microbial populations increase near the soil surface, where light and oxygen are more available. These factors influence the rate pf pesticide breakdown.
Describe how soil type can impact success of chemical and cultural pest control.
Soil types can affect how a chemical can stay in the soil or how it leaches through the soil and cultural can affect the weed and environment control of the structure of the soil to help the crop.
disease suppressive soils.
Soils in which disease incidence remains low even though a pathogen, a susceptible host, and environmental conditions that favor disease development are present.
Describe the importance of lab analysis in plant pathogen identification
Some microbial pathogens require special laudatory testing for identification including incubation at specific temperature to induce growth, use of selective nutrient media, and examination under electron microscopes
List the mechanisms by which weed seeds are disseminated.
Some weed seeds have adapted mechanisms that ensure their movement into new areas, like barbs, hooks, spines, awns, sticky secretions, or cottony lint can attach to birds mammals, people, or equipment.
stickers
Sometimes adjuvants are more narrowly defined as a substance added to a pesticide mixture to improve its physical qualities and hence its effectiveness. This still includes wetter-spreaders, stickers, penetrants, compatibility agents, and so on
attraction of pesticides to soils
Sorption is the attraction of a pesticide to inorganic and organic soil surfaces. When pesticides are sorbed to soils, they are less likely to leach. Water Solubility expresses the amount of pesticide that will dissolve in a given amount of water. Pesticides with large water solubility generally have lower sorption
Describe factors which affect ground water contamination by pesticides.
Spilling pesticides while mixing them near a well, pumping water into pesticide application equipment without using air gaps or backflow protection devices, and injecting pesticides into an irrigation system without using backflow protection devices are ways in which pesticides can enter groundwater
Differentiate between summer and winter annual weeds.
Summer annual germinate in the spring, mature in the summer and die in the fall. The seeds remain dormant until spring Winter annual germinate in the fall mature in the winter and die in early summer the seeds remain dormant until fall
Recognize that pest species can exist at tolerable levels.
The concept that low pest population density or a certain amount of pest damage can be tolerated is fundamental to integrated pest management. The tolerable pest level depends on the pest, crop, and stage of the crop.
Describe how to use a biofix, along with meteorological data to forecast insect or plant development.
The date to begin accumulating degree-day, known as the biofix, varies with the species, biofix dates are usually based on specific biological events such as plnting dates, first trap catch, first occurrence of a pest, or a specific development stage of a pest or crop.
controls
The final critical element in an experiment is the use of control, the control is the treatment to which other treatments will be compared
treatment threshold
The level of pest population at which a pesticide or other control measure is needed to prevent eventual economic injury to the crop also called economic threshold or action threshold.
List the application site factors that can impose limitations on pesticide selection.
The location of the application, the potential hazard, the commodity being treated, harvesting timing, and cultural practices, as well as subsequent crops, must be part of the decision-making process. Finally, the philosophy of the client regarding pesticide use must be considered. Can't be near public locations because of drift.
Recognize the relationship of personal preferences on aesthetic injury levels on pest management decisions.
The lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage; or the amount of pest injury which will justify the cost of control." Aesthetic-injury Level (AIL): the same concept as Economic threshold level (EIL), but the aesthetics of a commodity are considered the motivation rather than the economic value.
cultural control
The modification of normal crop or landscape management practices to decreases establishment reproduction dispersal survival or damage.
LD50
The name LD50 is an abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population. A pesticide with a low ld50 is very toxic so a pesticide with a high ld50 is less toxic to a tested animal.
establishment of infection
The pathogen must be able to gain entry to the host, travel to the location where it can establish an infection, evade or overcome the host's immune response, and cause damage (i.e., disease) to the host. In many cases, the cycle is completed when the pathogen exits the host and is transmitted to a new host
List factors other than monitoring results to consider when making pest management decisions.
The preferences and concerns of the client are a primary consideration in the decision-making process. Size of crop, value of the market of the crop and the cost
Describe the role of photosynthesis in an ecosystem.
The process by which green plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. All plants depend on this
Describe how age distribution impacts growth rate of a population.
The proportion of individuals of different ages in the population can indicate whether the population is expanding, declining, or remaining stable. Expanding populations characteristically have large percentages of young individuals, declining populations have large percentages of old individuals and stable populations have relatively even distributions among age groups.
"signs" and "symptoms" of disease.
The signs of disease are objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician. For example, having a fever (a body temperature significantly higher than 37 °C or 98.6 °F) is a sign of disease because it can be measured. Unlike signs, symptoms of disease are subjective. Symptoms are felt or experienced by the patient, but they cannot be clinically confirmed or objectively measured. Examples of symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, and pain.
deposition aid
These adjuvants, which are often referred to as "stickers," increase the ability of solid particles to stick to the target surface. These adjuvants can decrease the amount of pesticide that washes off during irrigation or rain
Identify the phylum of snails and slugs.
They belong to the phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda, Mollusks have no bones, are soft bodied, have a true body cavity and have well developed circulatory, nervous and digestive systems.
millipedes (Diplopoda).
They resemble centipedes have more legs then them with two pairs of short legs in each body segment no poisonous antennas are wormlike
global positioning system
To collect data
Describe the benefits of knowing both common and scientific names.
To overcome confusion from pest with similar names
Describe the relationship of treatment threshold to economic injury level.
Treatment threshold that specifies the population density at which control measure must be applied to prevent crop loss or damage from going beyond acceptable. Economic injury level the population level of a pest that will cause economic damage to a crop.
species diversity
Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community.
presence of water.
Water molecules are polar, and they compete with pesticides for adsorption sites on soil particles, therefore, when more water is added, the water can release the pesticide from the soil particle and force it into solution.
List factors of the physical environment that impact pest populations
Water, soil, light, heat, weather,
Recognize how weed species composition can change due to repeated herbicide use
Weed species can develop a tolerance to a herbicide if it keeps being used repeatedly
frass
What's interesting is that termites will push their ____ out of their holes and into the adjacent room/area, thus providing a clue to their presence. _____ piles resemble coffee grounds and have a moldy scent. If you see these piles near a tiny hole in the wall, you should contact our termite control company
Define limiting factors and describe their importance to pest management.
When factors (light soil fertility climate water food temperature) are short supply or overabundant the growth and development of the affected organisms can be reduced, resulting in stress or death
List some factors that help determine when to begin sampling.
When sampling begins relates directly to when potential damage may occur and when a management action must be taken to prevent it.
Give examples of how formulation can change how a pesticide reacts with target pests, nontarget organisms, and the environment.
When selecting a pesticide drift, runoff, wind, and rainfall, must be considered, along with soil type and characteristics of the surrounding area. Consider how the formulation may affect the host plant, people nontarget organisms, and the environment. Formulations that have the longest residual activity would be more likely control a larger population, however these formulations tend to be more destructive to natural enemies and other nontarget organisms or potentially contaminate the environment.
Describe the importance of proper pest identification when selecting control strategies.
Whether your pest is a weed, insect, animal, microbe, or other organism, correct identification of your pest makes controlling it easier and often more effective. A mistake in identification can lead to improper control tactics that cost time and money
Describe the limitations of non-replicated field trial data and how to best use the information.
While results of nonreplicated field trails can be provide experience, practitioners must be careful about the conclusions drawn from them. Without replication, it is not safe to assume that the same result would be obtained at another site or in another year or even in the same field if it were repeated another time.
Identify the drawbacks of relying only on symptom identification for pest identification.
You can just relate just on symptoms you have to consider all options for pest identification in order to successful control the pest and know what type of pest it is and be able to choose the right method to attack and control a pest or pathogen.
Describe the role of water management on crop biology/pests.
____ is used for transpiration carrier of nutrients from the soil to green plant tissues. Water forms over 90% of the plant body by green or fresh weight basis. Water helps in cell enlargement due to turgor pressure and cell division which ultimately increase the growth of plant. Standing water prevents vigorous high-yielding alfalfa growth (alfalfa does not like wet feet). Root diseases and nematode infestations are often the direct result of poor water infiltration or lack of drainage. Irrigation management affects diseases, insects, rodents, and weeds.
buffer
_____ and conditioning agents Acidifier adjuvants lower the pH of the water in the spray tank, although they do not necessarily maintain a constant pH level. _____...tend to stabilize the pH at a relatively constant level. Conditioning or water-softening agents reduce problems caused by hard water.
honeydew
_____ can coat leaves and branches, and both may eventually appear dark in color as sooty mold may grow on surfaces where ______ is persistently available. Scale covers (tests) - Armored scale insects are covered and protected by hard, waxy shields sometimes referred to as tests
surfactants
_____ for Herbicides is a wetting agent with 80% non-ionic surfactant for increasing the penetration, coverage and overall effectiveness of almost any herbicide. Surfactant for herbicides can be used with almost all herbicide sprays including Trimec, Atrazine, Brush Killer and 2, 4-D Amine
Describe how adjusting the planting date can benefit weed control.
_____ of timing of planting can also aid in insect and disease management For weed management choose a plating time that favors germination of the crop over key weed species for instance of the in many parts of California fall alfalfa planting can be adjusted to avoid both late germinating summer weeds and late fall germinating winter weeds.
runways
______ threshold markings identify the beginning of the _____ that is available for landing and come in two configurations: They either consist of eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline, or the number of stripes is related to the runway width
fumigant
a pesticide active ingredient that is a gas under treatment conditions
acute illness;
a pesticide-related illness or injury may have a sudden onset and last for a short duration before the person recovers, usually the exposed person recovers as a result of medical treatment, but with a severe exposure, the person may die.
instar
a phase between two periods of molting in the development of an insect larva or other invertebrate animal. The period between one molt and the next
exoskeleton
a rigid external covering for the body in some invertebrate animals, especially arthropods, providing both support and protection.
antibiotic
a substance produced by a microorganism, such as fungi or bacteria, that is effective in the suppression or destruction of other microorganisms. Used as pesticide as well as medicine.
delayed onset
a toxic dose of pesticide may produce immediate symptoms of illness or injury, or the symptoms may not appear for several days or weeks after exposure called delayed onset.
insects (Insecta)
adult insects has three parts the head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax is divided into three segments the prothorax (Front) the mesothorax, and the metathorax
density dependent factors
affected population growth by predators food availability and disease
persistence of pesticide
after contact with the soil pesticides are influenced by many factors including adsorption rate, soil texture, the amount of organic matter in the soil, microorganisms, and the presence of water,
apparent resistance
also referred to as disease escape, involves plants that fail to become infected with a pathogen because all of the requirements for infected or diseases development are not present.
arthropod
an animal having jointed appendages and an external skeleton such as an insect, spider, mite, crab, centipede
vertebrates
an animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.
Agroecosystem
an ecosystem managed for agriculture purposes
integrated pest management
an ecosystem-based pest management strategy that focuses on long-term presentation of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural.
nymph
an immature form of an insect that does not change greatly as it grows, e.g. a dragonfly, mayfly, or locust
pupa
an insect in its inactive immature form between larva and adult
virus
an obligate parasite of submicroscopic size that is composed of genetic material and surrounded by a layer of protein viruses multiply only in living cells
vector
an organism able to transport and transmit a pathogen to a host
nematode
an unsegmented roundworm found in soil water or plant or animal tissues some nematodes are important crop pests other are used in the biological control of certain insect pests
invertebrate
animals without backbones insect
allelopathy
another form of antibiosis is _____ in which one plant releases substance that are toxic to another plant species. Allelochemicals are released into the environment as volatile gases, secreted from living roots leached from shoots or released through the decomposition of dead plant material.
blocking
another important technique for controlling experimental error is blocking; a block is an area that includes one plot or replication of each experimental treatment treatments within a block should be arranged so that each treatment is similarly exposed to any environment or biological factors that you believe might influence results
Describe the importance of identifying the causal agent of disease symptoms
any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results. causal agency, cause. physical entity - an entity that has physical existence. individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do" this can help you determine what the problem is.
plant disease
anything that prevents a plant from performing to its maximum potential."
translocated herbicide
are absorbed by the roots or aboveground plant tissue and move throughout the plant, affecting the entire plant.
systemic fungicide
are absorbed into plant tissue and translocated to other parts of the plant they can control established infection to limited extent. Systemics are not as suscetiple to weathering as surface protectants
spreader-sticker;
are adjuvants added to the spray mix, intended to help coverage of the product on the plant material and to slow chemical residue loss. The spreader component is a surfactant that reduces the surface tension of water.
light traps
are another type of traps that attracts and captures arthropods pests, including many species of nigh-flying insects, pest and non-pest alike.
pheromone traps
are chemical that allow insects to communicate with other individuals of the same species. They mimic the sex pheromone that the pest releases to attract a pest for mating. They are added in traps to lures them.
surface protectant fungicide
are contact fungicides, meaning they must be present on the leaf surface prior to the arrival of the fungus and must then come into direct contact with the fungus. ... Protectant fungicides used in this manner will help slow (or reduce the chances for) fungicide resistance development on your farm
fungi bacteria
are diverse group of organisms that obtain their nutrients from living or dead plant or animal material
mechanical control
are measures specifically taken to kill the pests directly or to indirectly make the environment unsuitable for pests' entry, dispersal, survival, or reproduction
Bacteria
are microscopic one-celled organisms that are classified as prokaryotes and belong to the kingdom Procaryote.
insecticidal soap
are most effective on soft-bodied pests such as aphids, adelgids, lacebugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, thrips, sawfly larvae (pear and rose slugs), scale insects (especially scale crawlers), plant bugs, psyllids, spider mites and whiteflies.
botanical insecticide;
are natural products that plants produce to protect themselves from insect attack. Some of these plants are cultivated to harvest natural botanical insecticides
pest
are organisms that reduce availability quality or value of a human resource
Describe how insect growth regulators work.
are pesticides that don't usually kill insects outright but instead affect the ability of insects to grow and mature normally. either block the insect's ability to turn into an adult or cause it to change into an adult before it is physically able to reproduce
systemic insecticide
are taken up by the crop, plant, or animal and move, after application, to other tissue,
hybrid
are the offspring's of a cross of two different purebred lines
Describe situations where chaining and dredging are used for weed control.
are used for aquatic weeds Chaining physically tears the plant off the root, providing immediate but temporary supremacy suppression of seeds Dredging on the other hand, removes the entire plant including the root system decreasing the possibility of spreading the weed species
microbial insecticide
arise from microorganisms that cause disease in insects or other pests and have been combined with other ingredients to form pest control products
occasional pest
become intolerable only irregularly often due to climate environmental influences or as a result of human activities
K strategists
better competitive abilities, slower reproduction and growth rate more successful, large size longer life cycle,
Describe a food chain.
describes a single pathway that energy and nutrients may follow in an ecosystem. There is one organism per trophic level, and trophic levels are therefore easily defined. They usually start with a primary producer and end with a top predator.
eradicant fungicide
directly affect pathogens after they have invaded the plant tissue by killing the fungus inside the host or by suppressing sporulation of the fugus.
organophosphate insecticide
disrupt nerve activity and are toxic to broad spectrum of animal species.
pyrethroid
disrupt nerve activity by stimulating nerve cells and eventually causing paralysis
spray parallel to sensitive area; also reduces
drift potential, when possible use adjuvants to increase spray droplets size or reduce spray droplet evaporation
Describe the impact of insects as vectors of disease.
feed on the infected plant, become contaminated or infested with the virus, then move to healthy plants and infect them by feeding. Arthropods (insects and mites) are the most common plant virus vectors, though nematodes and primitive soil microorganisms can also transmit these pathogens.
threshold limit value;
gives an indication of the airborne concentration of the chemical that produces no adverse effects over a period of time.
R strategists
have high rates of reproduction and rapid growth, rapidly colonize, thrive when competitors is not severe, rapid dispersal, efficient host finding, small size
transgenic
having genes that originated from more than one species
Inoculative release
in biocontrol, release of biological control agent in which the agent is expected to reproduce in the field and build up its population so that its progeny provide control for several generations.
Inundative release
in biocontrol, release of biological control agents with the goal of achieving immediate control through the activities of the release individuals. Released agents are not expected to reduce.
Describe how a community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment function together as an ecological system or ecosystem.
in ecosystems influence the growth, development, and ability of organisms to survive. They influence the interaction between organisms. The components that most commonly affect organisms in managed situations include minerals, soil, water, temperature, climate, light, and gases.
parasitoid
insects that parasitize and kill other insects, an example is a parasitoid like wasps or flies with adult that feed on insect honeydew and plant nectar and pollen.
Describe how to solarize the soil
involves covering moist soil with clear plastic and allowing the soil to heat up, it favors beneficial organisms in the soil by creating changes in the soil microflora that the beneficial can exploit.
repeated exposures
involves repeated experience of a novel taste without any negative association or consequence
antibiosis
is a biological interaction between two or more organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them; it can also be an antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another
Describe the benefits of mulches.
is a layer of material covering the soil surface. discourage weed growth, conserve soil moisture, enhance the water holding capacity of light sandy soil, and help maintain a uniform soil temperature
sequential sampling
is a method for efficiency concentrating sampling efforts where they will provide the most benefit. It can greatly increase sampling efficiency because it requires fewer samples to arrive at a decision with the same degree of certainty as standard or fixed sampling.
water soluble packaging;
is a plastic-like material which effectively dissolves in water, with no harmful residuals. ... They offer _____ and compostable shopping bags, garment bags, laundry bags and packaging film that can be dissolved in hot water
predator
is an animal that attacks, feeds on, and kills more than one prey during its lifetime. Predators are usually larger and stronger than their prey. The most recognized predator in biological control are the predatory arthropods like Lady beetles, Carabid beetles, lacewings, flies, ants, spiders, and predatory mites.
buffer strips
is an area of land maintained in permanent vegetation that helps to control air, soil, and water quality, along with other environmental problems, dealing primarily on land that is used in agriculture
Define biotypes and their importance in resistance management.
is any population within a species that has a distinct genetic variation from other population. Sometimes resistant biotypes may dominate is some areas of the state but not be present in other areas.
hydrolysis
is the chemical reaction of a pesticide with water that results in the formation of smaller, more water-soluble segments and C-OH or C-H bonds.
toxicity
is the general term used to descried the potential for a chemical to cause harm
Leaching
is the movement of pesticide in water downward through the soil.
Toxicology
is the science that deals with poisons and their effects on living organisms.
dissemination
is the spread of plant pathogens within the general area in which it is established is termed as their dissemination or dispersal or transmission
Describe phenology models and how they are used.
is the study of the relationship between weather and cuclic or periodic events, such as flowering, growth, or reproduction, in the life of an organisms, so phenology models predict when such events occur.
pre-harvest intervals;
is the wait time between a pesticide application and when a crop can be harvested. ... Harvesting a crop before the PHI is illegal. The time listed on the label has been tested to minimize pesticide residue. Wait times for the same fruit or vegetable can differ between products
parasite
it feeds in or on a larger host organism, parasite organisms have a prolonged and specialized relationship with their host, usually parasitizing only one individual or few hosts in their lifetime. True parasites often weaken the host but do not kill it outright example a pathogen that cause disease or malfunction of host and tissue, or bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes
inoculation
it occurs when inoculum, the form of the pathogen that initiates infection, comes into contact with a susceptible plant
buffer zone
leaving an untreated ________ helps reduce the potential for drift from a pesticide application when the site adjoins locations where nontarget organisms, people, or structures may be exposed
LC50
lethal concentration of a pesticide in the air or water that kills 50% of a test animal population.
ecotype
locally adapted and genetically distinctive population within a species
key pest
may cause major damage on a regular basis unless controlled
Describe when to apply insecticides to avoid hazards to bees.
mid day is the worst for bees
stomach poison
must be ingested to affect the pest
the following factors might make research results questionable
no control; no replication; large standard error; no significance of results given; different treatments tested at different locations. Review all research with a critic eye
secondary pest
occur as a result of actions taken to control a key pest
equilibrium population density
occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal
Competitor
occurs when two organisms compete for limited supplies of essential resources, such as food in the case of animals and water, nutrients, and light in the case of plants
sampling universe
of the area that will be covered in a single sampling program. The sampling universe or block can consist of a single habitat, such as a whole field of corn, several smaller areas of a field if the areas can be managed independently of one another or even certain plants or plants part if spot treating is feasible
chlorinated hydrocarbon
or organic chlorines, once widely used, is another well known chemical class, most have been removed from the market because of their long persistence and negative impact on wildfire. are a group of chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen.
photodegradation
or photolysis is a chemical reaction induced by sunlight, pesticide transformation occurs directly, as a result of absorption of sunlight energy by a pesticide or indirectly by reacting with another chemical in an excited state,
half-life
or time it takes for a given quantity of pesticide to break down to half of its original quantity, is a measurement of the persistence of a pesticide. is affected by the chemical nature of the pesticide, its formulation, soil microbes, ultraviolet light, quality of water used in mixing, and impurities combined with the pesticides
penetration
pathogens enter the host through natural openings or though wounds
true resistance
plants that support few or no pest individuals that infest other varieties, as opposed to tolerance
Point source and non-point source
point source pollution is direct contact so like toxic spills non point is like using sprays that over time collect in the soil
contact poison
provides control when target pests come into physical contact with it
List three pest problems associated with excess nitrogen applications.
results in increased levels of brown rot (monilinia fructicola), oriental fruit moth (grapholita molesta), and peach twig borer (anarsia lineatella).
triggers
samplers can use this to focus sampling during the most critical times in the life cycle of the crop or pest, they rely on biological or physical events that have a direct relationship to the host or pest development, they should occur early enough for focused sampling to initiated so that vulnerable stages or distinctive stages of the pest species can be tracked
Describe how smother crops and cover crops can be used in an IPM program
smother crops are grown for their ability to suppress weeds and for their cash value cover crops are non-crop plant species grown either concurrently with the host crop or in rotation with annual crops and can suppress weeds provide nutrient to soil and provide food and shelter to beneficial pests
presence/absence sampling
so each sample unit is recorded as either infested or uninfested this technique is fast and simple to use
spiders and mites (Arachnida)
spiders lack antennae and have two main body parts a strong abdomen and the cephalothorax which is the head and the thorax combined. Mites have two body parts and no antennae a small head called gnathostome
List the pests that can be managed with the following types of traps
sticky traps; flies, cockroaches, thrips glue traps; mice box traps; pocket gophers conibear traps: ground squirrels
density independent factor
that affect populations growth similarly regardless of population density includes disturbance such as floods drought fire other unpredictable environmental conditions and most pest control actions
tolerance
the ability to endure the presence of a pest with little or no long tern damage.
host resistance
the ability to ward off or resist attack by pests that damage other cultivars of that species
larva
the active immature form of an insect, especially one that differs greatly from the adult and forms the stage between egg and pupa, e.g. a caterpillar or grub
metamorphosis
the change in form that takes place as insects grow from immatures to adults
pesticide resistance
the genetically acquired ability of an organism to survive a pesticide application at doses that once killed most individuals of the species
sampling unit
the plant part or entry sampled in the sampling universe is the sampling unit, it may be a leaf, bud, the area of plant covered by one sweep net sample, a square foot of soil, or the soil contained in a soil core sample.
volatilization
the process by which a pesticide changes from liquid form to a vapor, volatilized pesticides leave the application site and move into the atmosphere, often travelling long distance
microbial degradation
the process by which microorganisms break down pesticides.
pest resurgence
the rapid rebound of a pest population after it has been controlled
rootstock
the underground portion of a plant such as a root or rhizome also on fruit trees and vines the lower portion of a graft that develops into the root system.
vapor pressure
the volatility of a chemical is measured by its _______ the pressure exerted by a material in its gaseous form.
insecticidal oil
they do not leave residue, also soaps, abrasive, and desiccants act as physical toxicants, they smother or desiccate the pest, the are broad spectrum in that they kill many soft bodies insects and mites on contact
sticky traps
thrips, aphids and some beneficials parasites are monitored by it. These traps either randomly catch insects or attract them through the use of color the ones used in most crops are a bright yellow.
geographic information system
to manage data
injury scales
use visual _____ that the sampler can readily compare with known levels of infestation. When using it is helpful to have a standard for comparison to avoid overestimating damage. It is sometimes used to get rapid estimate of the extent of foliar disease infestation.
carbamate insecticide
used as sprays or baits to kill insects by affecting their brains and nervous systems. They are used on crops and in the home to kill cockroaches, ants, fleas, crickets, aphids, scale, whitefly, lace bugs and mealy bugs
annual weeds
weeds grow, reproduce, and die within one growing season, and reproduce by seed only
Describe how the following factors contribute to drift:
wind; wind speed, wind direction, air temperature (high or low), humidity droplet size; is an important factor in the movement of spray particles away from the application site, small droplets fall through the air slowly and have a greater potential to drift, large droplets fall faster and are more likely to fall to the ground. application method; application that release the pesticide as close to the target site as possible reduce drift. spray pressure; it influences the size of spray droplets, higher pressure decreases droplet size and increases drift. height of application off the ground; the lower to the ground the less the chemical will become drift but not to close to the crop because it can burn it. Spray when no wind if possible inversion layer. A temperature inversion is a layer of cool air near the soil surface trapped under a layer of warmer (pg 223)