Period 2, Chapter 2

What is a Charter?

- Charter is a document giving special privileges or land. - Each colony got its identity and authority to operate by means of a CHARTER from the English monarch. - Each charter described in general terms the relationship that was supposed to exist between the colony and the crown.

Who are Quakers?

- Members of the Religious Society of Friends AKA Quakers, believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. - They further believed that religious authority was found within each person's soul - not in the Bible and not in any outside source. Such views posed a radical challenge to established authority. - So, the Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.

What did King Charles I do to Virginia? Connection to George Calvert? Why him? What colony do they end up with?

(1632) King Charles I subdivided the Virginia colony. - He chartered a new colony on either side of Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to GEORGE CALVERT (LORD BALTIMORE). - This was as a reward for this Catholic nobleman's service to the crown. - New colony = Maryland

Why was Georgia founded?

(1732) a 13th colony, Georgia, was chartered. It was the last of the British colonies and the only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London. there were 2 REASONS FOR BRITISH INTEREST in starting a new southern colony: 1. Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous south Carolina plantations from the threat of Spanish Florida. 2. 1000s of people in England were being imprisoned for debt. Wealthy philanthropists thought it would relive the overcrowded jails in debtors were shipped to an American colony to start life over.

What problems resulted from the labor shortages? Why?

(ECONOMIC PROBLEMS) - Beginning in 1660s, low tobacco prices, due largely to overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake colonies Maryland and Virginia. - When Virginia's House of Burgesses attempted to raise tobacco prices, the merchants of London retaliated by raising their own prices on goods exported to Virginia.

How was the enforcement of the acts?

(In many opinions, mercantilist regulations were pointless since England would've been the colonies' primary trading partner in any case.) - The British government was often lax in enforcing the acts, and its agents in the colonies were know for their corruption. - Occasionally, the crown would attempt to overcome colonial resistance to its trade laws. - (1684) It revoked the charter of Massachusetts bay because that colony had been the center of smuggling activity.

What was the House of Burgesses? Where was it founded? Why?

(The Virginia Co. encouraged settlement in Jamestown by guaranteeing colonists the same rights as residents of England, including representation in lawmaking process.) - (1619) Just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in america, HOUSE OF BURGESSES. (founded for benefit and control of wealthy plantation owners.)

What happened in South Carolina? What was the economy there based on?

- (1610) In the Southern Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some planters from the Island of Barbados founded a town named for their king. - Initially, the southern economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies. - By the middle of the 18th century, south Carolina's large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of West Indies. They were use to slaves already - they needed a cheap work force.

Who was threatening New England Colonies? What was England doing about it? What was the New England Confederation? Why was it important?

- (1640s) New England colonies faced constant threat of attack from American Indians, Dutch, and french (protection). Because England was in the midst of a civil war, the colonists could expect little assistance - So, (1643) 4 New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed a military alliance AKA NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. - This was directed by a board composed of two representatives from each colony. It had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealing with American Indians. The confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by English monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an end. - It was important because it established precedent for colonies taking unified action toward common purpose. England doesn't help but they come together finally as colonies. They are now evolving on their own too. - The government isn't really watching after them anymore and watching trade, so now they are seeing that and the colonists start getting used to it.

What did Roger Williams do after Hutchinson's death?

- (1644) ROGER WILLIAMS was granted charter from the Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, RHODE ISLAND. - Because this colony tolerated diverse beliefs, it served as a refuge for many. He offfered sanctuary to jews and others

What is a Halfway covenant? (Which religion is this connected to?) Why was this started?

- (1660s) A generation had passed since the founding of first Puritan colonies in New England. - To be full member of Puritan congregation, one needed to have felt a profound religious experience AKA conversion. But, fewer members of the new native-born generation were having such experiences. - In an effort to keep the church's influence and membership, a HALFWAY COVENANT was offered by some clergy. Under this, people could become partial church members even if they had not felt a conversion. - Other ministers rejected the halfway covenant and denounced it from the pulpit. - Either way, as the years passed, strict Puritan practices weakened in most New England communities in order to maintain church membership.

Who was the Duke of York? What was the political organization of New York under the Duke of York?

- (1664) the king granted his brother, DUKE OF YORK (future James II), in the lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware bay. - As the lord high admiral of the navy, James dispatched a force that easily took control of the Dutch colony from its governor, Pete Stuyvesant. - James ordered his agents in the renamed colony of New York to treat the Dutch settlers well and to allow them freedom to worship as they pleased and speak their own language. - James also ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking the consent of a representative assembly. He insisted that no assembly should be allowed to form in his new colony. - BUT taxation without representation met strong opposition from New York's English-speaking settlers, most of whom weren't Puritans from New England. - Finally (1683), James yielded by allowing New York's governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly.

What was the Dominion of New England? Why was it made?

- (1685) A new king, James II, succeeded to the throne. He was determined to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them into larger administrative units and doing away with the representative assemblies. - 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey and the various New England colonies into a single until called the DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND. - Sir Edmund Andros was sent from England to serve as governor of the dominion. The new governor made himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. James II didn't stay in power for long. - His attempts at asserting his royal powers led to an uprising against him. Led to Glorious Revolution.

How did landowners want to get land? Why labor shortages/How did it affect them? What were the solutions they came up with to this problem?

- (In Maryland and Virginia) They could get land, either by taking it from or trading for it with NATIVE AMERICANS, and Europeans had a growing demand for Tobacco, But, they couldn't find enough laborers. - ex. In Virginia, the high death rate from disease, food shortages, and battles with American Indians meant that the population grew slowly. Landowners tried several ways to find the workers they wanted: 1. Indentured servants 2. Headright system 3. Slavery

What (threat) happened a few years before the New England Confederation ended?

- (KING PHILIP'S WAR) Only few years before confederation's demise, it helped the New England colonists cope successfully with a dire threat. - A chief of the Wampanoags named Metacom (colonists know as King Philip) united many tribes in Southern New England against the English settlers, who were constantly encroaching on the American Indians' lands. - In vicious war (1675-1676), 1000s on both sides were killed, and dozens of towns and villages were burned. - Eventually, colonial focus prevailed, killing King Philip and ending most American Indian resistance in New England.

What was the result of the Act of Toleration (Protestant revolt)? Why did this happen? Result of the whole thing? Maryland vs. Virginia?

- (Late 1600s) PROTESTANT resentment against a CATHOLIC proprietor erupted into a brief civil war. - Protestants triumphed, and the Act of Toleration was repealed. Catholics lost their right to vote in elections for the Maryland assembly. (18th century) Maryland's economy and society was like that of neighboring Virginia, BUT in Maryland there was greater tolerance of religious diversity among different Protestant sects.

What was slavery (in this situation what did they do)? What was the new thing here? What was the result?

- A Dutch ship brought an unusual group of indentured servants to Virginia: Black African Americans. - Because English law at that time did not recognize hereditary slavery, the first Africans in Virginia were not in bondage for life, and any children born to them were free. - The early colonists were struggling to survive and too poor to purchase the Africans who were being imported as slaves for sugar plantations in the West Indies. - (by 1650) There were only about 400 African laborers in Virginia. But, by the end of 1660s, the Virginia house of Burgesses had enacted laws that discriminated between blacks and whites. Africans and their offspring were to be kept in permanent bondage - they were slaves.

What was the Mayflower Compact? Where?

- Abroad the Mayflower (1620), Pilgrims drew up and signed document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of majority. -AKA. MAYFLOWER COMPACT - was early form of colonial self-government and a rudimentary written constitution. - In Massachusetts Bay Colony, all freemen (male members of Puritan church) had right to participate in yearly elections of the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly.

What were the lasting problems of Bacon's Rebellion?

- Although short, Bacon's Rebellion/Chesapeake Revolution highlighted 2 long-lasting disputes in colonial Virginia: 1. Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless/poor famers. 2. Colonial resistance to royal control. - These problems would continue into next century, even after general conditions of life in the Chesapeake colonies became more stable and prosperous.

What were the slave laws? Why were they made?

- As the number of slaves increased, white colonists adopted laws to ensure that African americans would be held in bondage for life and that slavs status would be inherited. - (1641) Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize the enslavement of "lawful" captives. - 1661 - Virginia enacted legislation stating that children automatically inherited their mother's enslaved status for life. - 1664 Maryland declared that baptism didn't affect the enslaved person's status, and that white women couldn't marry African American men. It became customary for whites to regard all blacks as social inferiors. Racism and slavery soon became integral to colonial society.

What were Indentured servants? What was the result?

- At First, the Virginia co. hoped to meet the need for labor using indentured servants. - Under contract with a master or landowner who paid for they passage, young people from the British Isles agreed to work for a specified period (normally 4-7 years) in return for room and board. - There was supposed to be some advantage to being an indentured servant so they either got land or a salary, but once that didn't happen there were problems. - In effect, indentured servants were under the absolute rule of their masters until the end of their work period. - At the expiration of that period, they gained freedom and either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm. For Landowners, the system provided laborers, but only temporarily.

Why did New Jersey come about? What was the political organization of New Jersey under Berkeley and Carteret?

- Believing that the territory of New York was too large to administer, James split it in 1664. - He gave the section of the colony located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to Lord JOHN BERKELEY and SIR GEORGE CARTERET. 1674, One proprietor received West New Jersey and the other East New Jersey. - To attract settlers, both proprietors made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and assembly.

Why did Charles II want New York from the Dutch?

- Charles II wished to consolidate the crown's holdings along the Atlantic coast and close the gap between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies. (wanted to unite) - This required compelling the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River valley.

What was the result in Virginia?

- Despite tobacco, by 1624 VIRGINIA colony stayed near collapse. More than 6,000 people settled there, only 2,000 remained alive. Also, the Virginia co. made unwise decisions that placed it heavily in debt. - King James I saw enough - he revoked the charter of the bankrupt company and took direct control of the colony. Now known as Virginia, the colony became England's first royal colony.

How was Jamestown founded? Why? What happened?

- England's King James I chartered the Virginia Co. - a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent english colony in America. This was JAMESTOWN, 1607 - First settlers of Jamestown suffered greatly, mostly from their own mistakes. - The settlement's location in a swampy area along the James River resulted in fatal outbreaks of dysentery and malaria. - Many of the settlers were gentlemen unaccustomed to physical work. Others were gold-seeking adventurers who refused to hunt or farm. - One key source of goods was from trade with American Indians - but when conflicts erupted between settlers and the natives, trade would stop and settlers went hungry.

Who ended up getting a hold of New Jersey? What ended up happened to the 2 Jersey's?

- Eventually, Berkeley and Carteret sold their proprietary interests to various groups of QUAKERS. - Land titles in the Jerseys changed hand repeatedly, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion. - To settle matters, the crown decided (1702) to combine the 2 Jerseys into a single royal colony: New Jersey.

What did James Oglethorp do? What was the colony's policy on slavery? Successful?

- Given a royal charter for a proprietary colony, a group of philanthropists led by JAMES OGLETHORP founded Georgia's first settlement, Savannah (1733). - Oglethorpe acted as the colony's first governor and put into effect an elaborate plan for making the colony thrive. - There were strict regulations, including bans on drinking rum and SLAVERY. - Nevertheless, partly because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, it didn't prosper. - By 1752, Oglethorpe and his group gave up their plan. Taken over by the British government, Georgia became a royal colony. - Restrictions on rum and slavery were dropped. The colony grew slowly by adopting the plantation system of South Carolina. even so, at the time of the American Revolution, Georgia was the smallest and poorest of the 13 colonies.

What was the triangular Trade?

- In the 17th century, English trade in Enslaved Africans had been monopolized by a single company, the Royal African Company. but after this monopoly expired, many New England merchants entered the lucrative slave trade. Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular/3 part, trade route. 1. a ship starting from a New England port like Boston would carry rum across the Atlantic to West Africa. There the rum would be traded for 100s of captive Africans. 2. The ship would set out on the horrendous Middle Passage. Those Africans who survived the frightful voyage would be traded as slaves in the West Indians for a cargo of sugarcane. 3. completing the last side of the triangle, the ship would return to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum. Every time one type of cargo was traded for another, the slave-trading entrepreneur usually succeeded in making a substantial profit.

What is Mercantilism?

- MERCANTILISM looked upon trade,colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. - According to mercantilism doctrine, a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient. - Colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country's industries. - Colonies existed for one purpose only: to enrich the parent country. - Mercantilism policies had guided both the Spanish and the French colonies from their inception.

What were the Acts of trade and Navigation?

- Mercantilism began to be applied to the English, only after the turmoil of England's civil war had subsided. - England's government implemented a mercantilist policy with a series of NAVIGATION ACTS between 1650-73, which established three rules for colonies TRADE: 1. Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only be English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or Colonial crews. 2. All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports inn England. 3. Specified or "enumerated" goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. - Tobacco was the original "enumerated" good, but over the years, the list was expanded.

Who was Nathaniel Bacon? What did he do? Who was it against? Result for Bacon and his army?

- NATHANIEL BACON (impoverished gentlemen farmer), seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley's government. - Bacon and others resented the economic and political control exercised by a few large planters in the Chesapeake area. - He raised an army of volunteers and in 1676, conducted series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the Virginia frontier. Easy beacuase the indians weren't nice to them to begin with. oligarchy - ruled by rich. - Berkeley's government in Jamestown accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority. His army succeeded in defeating the governor's forces and even burned the Jamestown settlement. - Soon after, he died of dysentery and the rebel army collapsed. Governor Berkeley brutally suppresses the remnants of the insurrection, executing 23 rebels.

What was the Restoration?

- New American colonies were founded (late 17th century) during a period in English history known as the Restoration - Name = restoration to power of an English monarch, Charles II, in 1660 following brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell. (As a result Charles II granted big land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles - turned into the Carolinas).

What did Penn do with Pennsylvania? What was 'The Holy Experiment'? How did Penn govern?

- Penn put his Quaker beliefs to he test in his colony. - He wanted his new colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, to enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. - He provided the colony with a FRAME OF GOVERNMENT(1682-83). This guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, the CHARTER OF LIBERTIES (1701). The Charter guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. - Unlike other colonial proprietors, who governed from afar in England, Penn crossed the ocean to supervise the founding of a new town on the Delaware River named Philadelphia. - He brought with him a plan for a grid pattern of streets, which was later imitated by other American cities. - Also unusual was Penn's attempts to treat the American Indians fairly and not cheat them when purchasing their land. - To attract settlers to his new land, Penn hired agents and published notices throughout Europe, which promised political and religious freedom and generous land terms.

How did Delaware come about? What year?

- Penn's lands along the Delaware River became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution. - (1702) Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. - In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution.

Motivation for settling Plymouth and Massachusetts bay?

- RELIGIOUS motivation, not the search for wealth (trade), was the principal force behind settlement. - Both were settled by English Protestants who dissented from the official government - supported Church of England, AKA the Anglican church.

What is a Separatist?

- Radical dissenters to Church of England were know as Separatists. (Because wanted to organize completely separate church that was independent from royal control.)

Who was William Berkeley?

- SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY, the royal governor of Virginia (1641-1652; 1660-1677), used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (supposed to represend the crown). - He antagonized small farmers on Virginia's western frontier because he failed to protect them from Indian attacks. - Planter elite take all the land and all the rest move to back country. - They let poor farmers get land because they know they are gonna need to fight indians for it later anyway.

Why was the Massachusetts Bay Company founded? By who? WHEN?

- Seeking religious freedom (from persecution by Charles I), group of Puritans gained royal charter for Massachusetts Bay Co. (1629). (persecuted bc wanted to separate from church)

Who were Pilgrims? Why the name? What did they do?

- Several hundred Separatists left England for Holland in search of religious freedom. Because of their travels, they became known as PILGRIMS (Radical Calvinist) - Economic hardship and cultural differences with the Dutch led many Pilgrims to seek another haven for their religion. - They chose the new colony of America, then operated by the Virginia Co. of London.

What was the Glorious Revolution? (Why the name?)

- The Glorious Revolution (bc little bloodshed) of 1688 succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with 2 new sovereigns, William and Mary. - James' fall from power brought the Dominion of New England to an end and the colonies against operated under separate charters. - Despite the Glorious Revolution, mercantilist policies stayed in force. In 18th century, there were more English officials in the colonies than in any earlier era.

What was the impact of the Acts on the colonies?

- The Navigation Acts had mixed effects on the colonies. The acts: 1. caused new England shipbuilding to prosper, 2. provided Chesapeake tobacco with a monopoly in England 3. provided English military forces to protect the colonies from potential attacks by the French and Spanish. BUT, the acts also: 1. severely limited the development of colonial manufacturing 2. forced Chesapeake famers to accept low prices for their crops 3. caused colonists to pay high prices for manufactured good from England.

What was so 'special' about New Hampshire? What kind of colony was it?

- The last colony to be founded in New England was New Hampshire. Originally part of Massachusetts Bay, it consisted of a few settlements north of Boston. - Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay colony (1679) and made it a ROYAL COLONY. It was subject to the authority of an appointed governor.

What kind of colony was Maryland? What happened to Lord Baltimore and what was the result?

- The new colony of Maryland thus became the first PROPRIETARY COLONY. - The king expected PROPRIETORS to carry out his wishers faithfully, thus giving him control over a colony. - The first Lord Baltimore died before he could achieve great wealth in his colony while also providing a haven for his fellow Catholics. - The Maryland proprietorship passed to his son, CECIL CALVERT (second Lord Baltimore). He set about implementing his father's plan (1634).

How was North Carolina Developed?

- The northern part of the Carolinas developed differently. - There, farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms. - The region had few good harbors and poor transportation (couldn't bring in slaves). So, compared to South Carolina there were fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery. - North Carolina (18th century) earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control.

Who was John Rolfe? Relatives? What did he do? Why/How was it effective?

- Through efforts of JOHN ROLFE and Indian wife, POCAHONTAS (daughter of indian chief), the colony developed new variety of tobacco and would become popular in Europe and become profitable crop. - Effective because she could communicate with natives they could trade with the others, she knew the land and how to farm.

Why was the Act of Toleration made (and what conditions caused it)? What was it?

- To avoid persecution in England, several wealthy English Catholics emigrated to Maryland and established large colonial plantations. - They were quickly outnumbered by Protestant farmers. (Protestants therefore held a majority in Maryland's assembly.) - (1649) Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt the ACT OF TOLERATION - the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. BUT the statute also called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus (non Protestants/Christians).

Why did people go to Connecticut? (Where was it?) Who was Thomas Hooker? What did he do? Connection to Connecticut?

- To the west of Rhode Island, was the fertile Connecticut River Valley. It attracted other settlers who were unhappy with the Massachusetts authorities. - The reverend THOMAS HOOKER led a large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded the colony of Hartford (1636). - The Hartford settlers then drew up the first written constitution in American history, the FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT (1639). - It established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.

What was the Head-Right system?

- Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land. - The colony offered 50 acres of land to: 1. Each immigrant who paid for his own passage 2. Any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage. (would just pay people to bring in laborers/to be laborer)

Who was William Penn? How did he get land?

- William Penn was a young convert to the Quaker faith. His father had served the king as a victorious admiral. - Although the elder Penn opposed his son's religious belief's, he respected William's sincerity and bequeathed him considerable wealth. Also, the royal family owed the father a large debt, which they paid to William in 1681 in the form of a grant of American land for a colony that he called Pennsylvania/Penn's woods.

What was the second thing Williams did? Who was Anne Hutchinson (How were they 'connected')? What did she believe in? What did she do?

- Williams also founded one of the first Baptist churches in America. - ANNE HUTCHINSON was another dissident who questioned doctrines of the Puritan authorities. - She believed in ANTINOMIANISM - idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. - Banished from the Bay colony (bc not puritan), she and a group of followers founded the colony of Portsmouth (1638) not far from Williams' colony of Providence. Few years later, Hutchinson migrated to Long Island and was killed in an American Indian uprising.

Who were the Puritans? Why was that their name? Why/when persecuted?

- group of more moderate dissenters believed that Church of England could be reformed. Because they wanted to purify the church, they became known as PURITANS. - The persecution of Puritans increased when new king, Charles I, took the throne (1625). (Charles was probably Gay) ^ Persecuted because they wanted to 'separate' from the church.

What was the Mayflower? When? Where did they go?

-(1620) Small group of Pilgrims set sail for Virginia aboard the MAYFLOWER. Fewer than half of the 100 passengers on this ship were separatists; the rest were people who had economic motives for making the voyage. - After a hard and stormy voyage of 65 days, Mayflower dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, a few hundred miles to the north of the intended destination of Virginia. - Rather than going on to Jamestown as planned, the Pilgrims decided to establish a new colony at Plymouth. ^ Natives were nice to them and helped them farm, they then had a thanksgiving feast after the good harvest.

Who was John Winthrop? What did he do? What was happening at the time? What was the result?

-(1630) About 1,000 Puritans led by JOHN WINTHROP sailed for Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns. - A civil war in England (1630s) drove some 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Company. This was a movement known as the GREAT MIGRATION.

Who was Roger Williams? What did he do? Why was it so special?

-Puritan leaders showed intolerance of anyone questioning their religious teachings. They often banished dissidents from the Bay colony. These banished dissidents formed settlements that would develop into Rhode Island and Connecticut. - (1631) ROGER WILLIAMS went to Boston as respected Puritan minister. - But, he believed that individual's conscience was beyond control of any civil or church authority. His teachings on this point put him in conflict with other Puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment from the Bay colony. - Leaving Boston, Williams fled southward to Narragansett Bay,where he and few followers founded the settlement of Providence (1636). The new colony was unique in two respects. It recognized the rights of American indians and paid them for use of their land. Williams' government allowed Catholic, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely.

Bacon's Rebellion vs. King Phillip's war?

Bacon's Rebellion: Poor colonists vs. Natives (Berkeley thought it was against crown too) - Started by English man (Bacon) - Resulted in native/rich English Victory KP War: English Settlers vs. Natives - Started by Metacom (Chief of Wampanoags) - Resulted in English Victory

Why was there an increased demand for Slaves?

By 1750, half of Virginia's population and 2/3 of S. Carolina's population were enslaved. - The following factors explain WHY SLAVERY became increasingly important, especially in the southern colonies: 1. REDUCED MIGRATION: increases in wages in England reduced the supply of immigrants to the colonies. 2. Dependable workforce: Large plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and indentured servants and by the disorders of Bacon's Rebellion. They thought that slavery would provide a stable labor force totally under their control. 3. Cheap Labor: As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops required a large land area and many inexpensive, relatively unskilled field hands.

What were the limits to Colonial Democracy?

Despite Mayflower Compact, most colonists were excluded from the poltiical process. 1. Only male property owners could vote for representatives. (white colonists wanted to make sure they were above the natives and african americans.) 2. Females or landless men had few rights - slaves and indentured servants had practically none at all. 3. Many colonial governors ruled with autocratic/unlimited powers, answering only to king or others in England who provided the colonies' financial support. (So, gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with antidemocratic practices like slavery and the widespread mistreatment of American Indians.)

What is a Frame of Government and a Charter of Liberties?

Frame of Gov. = this guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners. Charter of liberties = written constitution.

Why was Tobacco so popular?

It was labor intense, so you needed a lot of people to make it and therefore it was more expensive.

What are the different kinds of Charters? Issue with Quakers?

Over time, 3 TYPES OF CHARTERS and 3 types of colonies developed: 1. Corporate Colonies - ex. Jamestown, operated by join--stock companies, at least during the colonies' early years. -Joint stock company - Get money from stockholders and then you give from your profit/everyone suffers from the loss. 2. Royal Colonies - ex. Virginia after 1642, were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government. 3. Proprietary colonies - ex. Maryland and Pennsylvania, under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king. (Quakers in England were a problem for the king and his greaters supporters was Penn who was a quakers. People believed that it was less hassle to all be one religion, the quakers made it hard because they were something else.)

Pilgrims vs. Puritans (Diff.)

Pilgrims were radical dissenters (separatists) that wanted to separate from the church completely and create a church that wasn't under royal control. Puritans also wanted change, but they didn't leave, they wanted to purify the church they were in.

Differences between North and South Carolina? (Settlers, crops, slavery.)

Settlers: - South: few colonists from England and Some planters from Barbados. - North: Farmers from Virginia and New England. Crops: - South: Rice (large rice-growing plantations). - North: Tobacco (small tobacco farms). Slavery: - South: Enslaved Africans working on the farms. - North: Couldn't bring in slaves (therefore had fewer large plantations).

What is a Joint-Stock company?

The English devised practical method for financing the costly and risky enterprise of founding colonies. JOINT STOCK COMPANY pooled the savings of many investors, therefore spreading the risk. So, colonies on the North atlantic coast were able to attract large numbers of English settlers.

Who was John Smith? What did he do?

Through the forceful leadership of Captain JOHN SMITH, Jamestown survived its first 5 years (barely).