PHASE I WRITTEN EXAM

TBS-MED-1003c Given a simulated casualty with no life-threatening bleeding, an Individual First Aid Kit (IFAK), and a secure position out of effective enemy fire, identify types of bleeding to prevent further bleeding or death in accordance with MCRP 3-02G (First Aid).

ARTERIAL Arterial bleeding is characterized by the flow of bright red blood (due to the oxygen content) that pumps out in distinct spurts. The flow can be alarmingly profuse. Arterial bleeding is not likely to clot unless the flow of blood is minimal or the artery is very small. If an artery is completely severed, it has the tendency to constrict and seal itself off. Severe arterial bleeding could cause a victim to bleed to death in one to two minutes or less depending on the location of the wound. Immediate application of a tourniquet or specialized dressings is imperative in order to stop life- threatening hemorrhage. VENOUS Venous bleeding is characterized by a steady flow of dark red or maroon-colored blood. Although veinal bleeding may be profuse, it is much easier to control than arterial bleeding. Because blood in the larger veins is being drawn to the heart by the sucking action that develops as the heart contracts and relaxes, air may be drawn through the opening into the vein. If the air bubble is large enough, the ability of the heart to pump properly is hindered, and the heart may fail completely. CAPILLARY Capillary bleeding is characterized by the slow oozing of blood, usually from minor wounds. Because of the large amount of surface area that may be involved, the threat of contamination may be more serious than blood loss. -------------------------------------------------- Controlling External Bleeding Mild Bleeding may be controlled by both elevating the wound and by the application of direct pressure. Apply pressure to the wound using a sterile dressing. Do not attempt to replace a dressing once it is held in place even though it may become blood-soaked. Replacing a dressing releases pressure on the cut blood vessels, interferes with normal coagulation, and increases the probability of contamination. Rather than replacing the dressing, place another one on top of the soaked dressing and hold them all in place. Serious Bleeding Use a combination of one or more of the following treatments: Direct pressure on the wound: This is the single most effective method for stopping serious bleeding. If a bandage is not immediately available, the hand or fingers can be used (inside the wound if necessary) to bring direct pressure to bear. The importance of quick action of this type outweighs the possibility of infection later. Pressure points: A pressure point is a location where the main artery to the injury site lies near the surface of the skin and directly over a bone. There are twenty-two pressure points throughout the body. The three most effective pressure points are over the brachial (arm), femoral (upper thigh), and carotid (neck) arteries. If direct pressure is failing to stop bleeding, the application of pressure at a pressure point can be used effectively. Place the heel of your hand over the pressure point and exert pressure downwards toward the bone until it is obvious that the bleeding has been controlled. If the casualty is very muscular or obese, you may have to exert considerable pressure to compress the artery. Tourniquet: Control of hemorrhage is important since injury to a major vessel can result in hemorrhagic shock and exsanguination in a short time frame. It is very important to stop major bleeding as quickly as possible. Over 2500 deaths occurred in Viet Nam secondary to hemorrhage from extremity wounds. These are preventable deaths. If casualty is suffering from life-threatening hemorrhaging, do not hesitate to apply tourniquet! Use of tourniquets to stop the bleeding is essential in these types of casualties. Although civilian medicine discourages the use of tourniquets, they are appropriate in a tactical environment because direct pressure is hard to maintain under fire and the threat of exsanguination is greater. Permanent damage to the casualty is rare if the tourniquet is left in place for less than 1 hour, and tourniquets are often left in place for several hours during surgical procedures. It is better to accept the small risk of permanent damage to the limb than to lose a casualty to exsanguination. Note: Both the medic and casualty are in grave danger while a tourniquet is being applied, and non-life-threatening bleeding should be ignored until security is established and the enemy threat is reduced. The Marine or Corpsman rendering care must make the decision regarding the relative risk of further injury, versus that of exsanguination. Hemostatic Agents: In addition to tourniquets, hemostatic agents can be a very effective method of stopping life-threatening hemorrhaging if used correctly. The following specialized bandages create a tenacious clot with source of bleed—open artery—almost immediately halting blood loss. These specialized bandages are currently being issued with the IFAK. o QuickClot: Speeds coagulation of blood. QuikClot works by causing a chemical reaction that rapidly absorbs liquid from the blood by creating hydrogen bonds that quickly generate intense heat. That chemical reaction will occur with any liquid or tissue it comes in contact with. By absorbing the liquid from blood, Quikclot concentrates the clotting factors and encourages rapid clotting to stop the bleeding. The SIDE EFFECT is that it burns whatever tissue it comes in contact with. Use only on extremities so that it doesn't come in contact with the face or vital organs. Do not use on the groin area. Works best when treating arterial wounds on extremities where a tourniquet cannot be applied; i.e. upper femoral arterial as the artery meets the hip, or a shoulder wound that severs the brachial artery. Whenever possible, the best choice is a tourniquet. o HemCon: The HemCon bandage is a firm 4X4 inch dressing that is sterile and individually packaged. HemCon like QuickClot uses a chemical reaction to induce blood clotting, but HemCon does not extract hydration through extraction. HemCon contains positively charged molecules of chitosan (kit-o- san) to attract negatively charged red blood cells. That attraction triggers a clot that halts the bleeding. The downside is that this process is not instantaneous like QuikClot. The HemCon bandage has to come into direct contact with the bleeding tissue and have time to react. The most effective usage of the HemCon bandage for heavy bleeding is to apply the tourniquet and then once the bleeding diminished then apply the HemCon bandage. The chitosan for the HemCon is made from shells of crustaceans (lobster/crab/shrimp). Anyone with shellfish allergies will not have an adverse reaction to this - the "allergens" or properties that cause allergic reactions have been removed by a process of sterilization. o Combat Gauze: Made by the same manufactures as QuickClot, Combat Gauze is an advanced hemostatic agent combined with the simplicity of gauze. Combat Gauze is easy to use and is easy to remove once the casualty reaches a surgical unit. It generates zero heat which allows it to be applied anywhere on the body and is easy to pack into the wound due to its gauze-like characteristics. This specialized bandage can also be applied directly to an exposed artery in a pooled wound with terrific results. It can also be applied anywhere on the body where there is a life-threatening bleed—will not effect organs, face, eyes, or groin area. -------------------------------------------- Tourniquet Application Steps • Select a place between the wound and the heart, approximate 2-4 inches from the wound. • Place a pad, made from a dressing or other suitable material, over the main artery supplying blood to the limb. • Apply a constricting band over the pad, knot it and insert a device to tighten the tourniquet. Ropes, pieces of wire or other thin materials should not be used because they could cut into the tissues of the limb. • Tighten the tourniquet enough to control the bleeding. If it is unnecessarily tight, it will cause excessive damage to the limb. • Mark the casualty's forehead with "T" and the time and date the tourniquet was applied FOR EACH TOURNIQUET APPLIED! Tourniquet Application Considerations • Only the absolute minimum of clothing should be removed. • If the casualty needs to be moved, a tourniquet that is self-applied by the casualty is the most reasonable initial choice to stop major bleeding. • Never place tourniquet on a joint. • Do not cover tourniquet under any conditions. Leave it exposed for open viewing. • All Marines engaged in combat missions should have a suitable tourniquet readily available at a standard location on their battle gear and be trained in its use. Common Tourniquet Mistakes • Not using one when you should. • Using one when not appropriate. • Putting it too close to wound. • Not applied tightly enough.

TBS-LDR-2205b Given an order or directive, identify directive by type without error.

An order is first distinguished by an appropriate abbreviation for the command issuing the directive. For example, HQMC is MC; a battalion is Bn. The Basic School is BS. The letter "O" will follow to distinguish an order from a bulletin. For example, "BSO" indicates that the directive is a Basic School Order. A "P" may follow next to indicate that the directive is a manual type order vice a letter type order. If the directive is classified CONFIDENTIAL, a zero, "0," will precede the standard subject identification code (SSIC), a four or five digit number. A double zero, "00," preceding the SSIC indicates that the directive is classified SECRET. For example, "BSO P00" indicates a manual type order issued by The Basic School that is classified SECRET. Every order and bulletin receives an SSIC. This code identifies the primary focus of the directive. SSICs are also used to identify and file other naval correspondence. The code system is divided into fourteen major subject groups. The Marine Corps routinely uses only twelve of these: 1000-1999 Military Personnel 2000-2999 Telecommunications 3000-3999 Operations and Readiness 4000-4999 Logistics 5000-5999 General Administration and Management 6000-6999 Medicine and Dentistry 7000-7999 Financial Management 8000-8999 Ordinance Material 10000-10999 General Material 11000-11999 Facilities and Activities Ashore 12000-12999 Civilian Personnel 13000-13999 Aeronautical and Astronautical Material Message Identification An "R" following the SSIC indicates that the directive is applicable only to the Marine Corps Reserve establishment ("MCO P1070R.2"). Each order must also be assigned a consecutive point number. The consecutive point number follows the SSIC or the Reserve designation. Its purpose is to distinguish between orders issued by the same echelon of command with the same SSIC. For example, "MCO 1560.7" would identify a letter type order issued by HQMC. When an order is substantially changed or revised, a new one is distributed and a revision letter is placed after the consecutive point number. "A" indicates the first revision, "B" the second, and so forth ("BnO 3570.4C").

TBS-LDR-1012b Given a scenario, identify procedures for classified material spillage or compromise without omission.

Billet and Individual Responsibilities Commanding Officer (CO) - Is directly responsible and, therefore, accountable for all matters pertaining to the security of classified materials and information held or used by the command. - Must ensure that physical security is adequate and maintained. - Must ensure that all subordinates who routinely handle classified materials receive formal, specialized instruction and that the entire command receives an annual security brief. - Must establish and review the inspection procedures for the unit's Classified Material Control Custodian (CMCC). - Must continually evaluate personnel with regard to their eligibility for access, to include clearances and a need to know. Security Manager The CO assigns the unit security manager, usually the battalion executive officer (XO). The security manager: - Investigates all security violations and suspected compromises of classified information and material. - Develops the unit standard operating procedures (SOP) and emergency plans. - Supervises accounting and control procedures. - Supervises the S-2 to ensure that personnel have appropriate clearances for the level of material with which they work. - Is responsible for outside visitors to the command. Custodians The two different custodians in the infantry battalion are the classified material control custodian (CMCC) and the electronic keying material systems manager. Custodians: - Store classified material in containers appropriate for the classification level of material being stored. - Receive, distribute, and account for classified material. - Destroy unneeded, unused, and superseded material Classified Material Control Custodian (CMCC) Normally, the CMCC is the S-1/Adjutant and handles classified materials such as operation orders, message traffic, publications, manuals, etc. Generally the CMCC controls/handles classified material that is not communication-oriented. Electronic Keying Material Systems Manager The battalion CO assigns the electronic keying material systems manager, usually a Staff Non Commissioned Officer of any MOS. Generally, the electronic keying material systems manager handles classified material associated with communications such as key tapes, operation codes, AKAC-874s, automated communication electronics operating instructions (ACEOIs), etc. Unit Intelligence Officer (S-2) The S-2 is usually assigned as the assistant security manager and: - Initiates and monitors the progress of security investigations. - Informs the CO of all changes to individual security clearances. The S-2 is the staff section where individuals report to obtain or upgrade a security clearance. Individual Marines All Marines: - Report all security violations or suspected compromises, including espionage attempts, to the security manager immediately. - Use classified material in a controlled environment that limits the number of people who have access to it. - Cover or close material if uncleared personnel approach. - Never leave classified material unsecured. - Never take classified material home. - Memorize safe combinations; written records of combinations are only maintained in the CMCC and may not be held by any individual. - Store nothing valuable with classified material. - Do not discuss classified material with anyone other than cleared personnel with need to know. - Destroy material exactly when told using the prescribed method.

TBS-LDR-1016d Given an evaluation, define the five stresses of combat without omission.

Boredom Combat has short periods of intense terror followed by long periods of inactivity. Marine leaders must be able to manage these periods of boredom to battle the complacency that can set in during these long periods of inactivity. Fog of War The fog of war (confusion, or the unknown) affects every participant from the newest private to the four-star general. Marine leaders can help mitigate the fog of war by keeping their Marines informed. Casualties Even if leaders do everything correctly, Marines can still get injured or killed. Taking the time to ensure that Marines appropriately deal with "cherry pickers" (simulated casualties) during training helps them to be prepared to deal with casualties in combat. In addition, realistic casualty training develops confidence in your Marines and their unit, so they know that they will be taken care of if they are injured or killed. Discomfort and Fatigue Marines experience some of the most dreadful conditions humans ever have to endure. Sleep deprivation, lack of food, and experiencing the impact of the elements quickly wears on individuals who are not prepared both physically and mentally for the demands of combat. Marine leaders must ensure their Marines endure discomfort and fatigue first in training, prior to experiencing them in a combat zone. Marines must be exposed to these stresses gradually, but leaders must manage this risk through the use of operational risk management (ORM). Extreme Risk and Fear Factors that mitigate fear are: • Morale. • Discipline. • Esprit de corps. • Proficiency. • Motivation. • Training. Ensuring that these factors are ingrained into your unit will ensure that Marines are accustomed to aspects of the fear that they will face in combat.

TBS-MED-1012a Given a simulated burn casualty and an Individual First Aid Kit (IFAK), identify classifications of burns in accordance with MCRP 3-02G (First Aid).

Classification Burns are classified in degrees, i.e. First, Second and Third. First-degree burns are limited to the most superficial layer of the epidermis and result only in reddening of the skin. Second-degree or partial-thickness burns cause damage into but not through the dermas and characteristically result in blisters forming on the skin. Third-degree or full-thickness burns destroy the skin down to the subcutaneous fat. In this type of burn, the skin may appear pale, dry, and white or it may be brown or charred. Clotted blood vessels may be seen through the skin and occasionally the bone structure is exposed. With third degree burns, the nerve endings in the skin are usually destroyed, and the victim will feel no pain. Such a casualty must be evacuated as soon as possible. THIRD DEGREE BURNS ARE LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES. When determining the seriousness of burn injuries it is not so much the TYPE of burn but the LOCATION and AMOUNT of skin surface that is burned. An individual with second degree burns covering 40% of his body, located on the face and neck, is in far worse shape than someone who has sustained a third degree burn covering 15% of his leg.

TBS-OFF-2102g Given an evaluation, define the spectrum of conflict in accordance with MCDP 1.

Conflict can take a wide range of forms constituting a spectrum which reflects the magnitude of violence involved. At one end of the spectrum are those actions referred to as military operations other than war in which the application of military power is usually restrained and selective. Military operations other than war encompass the use of a broad range of military capabilities to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace, and support civil authorities. At the other end of the spectrum is general war, a large-scale, sustained combat operation such as global conflict between major powers.

TBS-TRNG-2008 Given a Risk Management Worksheet (RMW), training materials, training plan, and with the aid of references, conduct Risk Management to mitigate risks associated with each training event by identifying and incorporating control measures through the Risk Management Worksheet (RMW) in accordance with the references

Covered in the following ELOs: TBS-TRNG-2008a TBS-TRNG-2008b TBS-TRNG-2008c TBS-TRNG-2008d

TBS-LDR-1019 Given an evaluation, define the role of leadership in overcoming fear without omission.

Factors that mitigate fear are: • Morale. • Discipline. • Esprit de corps. • Proficiency. • Motivation. • Training. Ensuring that these factors are ingrained into your unit will ensure that Marines are accustomed to aspects of the fear that they will face in combat. Keeping calm is essential to thinking clearly and helps control the debilitating impact of fear. Overwhelmed by fear, you cannot make a decision.

TBS-MED-1014b Given a simulated casualty, perform treatment measures for the different types of cold injuries to prevent further injury or death.

Frostbite Frostbite is the freezing of flesh. Frostbite is caused when the body restricts blood flow to the appendages to conserve core heat. The surface tissues actually freeze, and with continued chilling, the frozen area extends to deeper levels. Note: Frost nip or superficial frostbite may affect the nose, checks and ears, and may appear as a white patch on the skin. Frostbite symptoms are: • Sensations of cold or pain. • Complete loss of sensation in the affected area. The sensation is described as feeling "like a stump," "like a block of wood," or "cube-like." • Tissue becomes hard and red, and then turns white, white-yellow or mottled blue-white, and cold. • Swelling may occur, and blisters may form on the affected area. Re-warming of the frostbitten extremity is rarely done in the field. You can cause a great damage by unsuccessful attempts re-warm the frostbitten area. To treat frostbite: • Move the casualty to a heated area such as a warming tent or vehicle. • Remove or loosen constrictive clothing to allow the blood to circulate freely to the affected area. • For deep frostbite, which has penetrated below the upper layers of skin and into the muscles, transport the victim immediately to a medical facility. Do not attempt to thaw the affected area. Caution: Never try to heat a frostbitten part with open heat source, e.g. vehicle exhaust, boiling water or open flame; you will only further damage the fragile tissues. Re-warming is best accomplished under controlled circumstances in the emergency department. If prompt hospital care is not available and you feel re-warming must be done in the field, the best way is to use body heat. Caution: Do not attempt re-warming if there is any chance that the affected part may freeze again. Use either the individual's own body heat or that of a buddy to slowly warm the affected area. The armpits and groin area are good places to gradually warm a frostbitten extremity. • Do not rub snow on a frostbitten area nor immerse it in boiling water. ---------------------------------------- Trench Foot or Immersion Foot Trench foot (also called immersion foot) is caused by moisture trapped against the skin for an extended period (e.g. inside a boot) which waterlogs the tissues. When these boots are worn for long periods without changing socks, the feet become moist and sweaty. Trench foot is commonly found when wearing waterproof or vapor barrier- type boots ("Mickey Mouse" boots) for too long. Symptoms of immersion foot are: • Pale, wrinkled, loose, spongy, cold, swollen, and waxy skin on the feet. • Discoloration develops as the transition to gangrene occurs. To treat and prevent trench foot: • Keep the feet dry. • Change socks often and air-dry or blot the moisture off. • Keep the feet warm. • Change socks often and use foot powder to absorb excess moisture. • Only wear vapor barrier boots when necessary, and once afflicted, walk only as much as necessary. ---------------------------------------------------------- Hypothermia The body's first response to cold is the constriction of the blood vessels of the skin, causing a decrease in the amount of heat transported by the blood to the skin. The body does this to keep what heat is being generated for the body core, which houses the vital organs. Hypothermia is commonly brought on when an individual falls into an ice-cold stream or river or is exposed to the elements without adequate clothing. If the body cannot produce enough heat to overcome what is lost through evaporation of the moisture in the wet clothing, it will begin to reduce its core temperature. Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of less than 95° F. It may be classified as: • Mild (93.2° F to 95° F). • Moderate (86° F to 93.2° F). • Severe (less than 86° F). Symptoms of hypothermia by core body temperature are: • Temp 99° to 96° F: Shivering becomes intense and uncontrollable. The ability to perform complex tasks is impaired. • Temp 95° F to 91° F: Violent shivering persists. Victims have difficulty speaking and are sluggish in their thinking. Furthermore, victims may be stubborn, hallucinating, and extremely fatigued. Apathy may begin to set in. • Temp 90° to 86° F: Shivering decreases and is replaced by strong muscular rigidity. Exposed skin may become blue or puffy. • Temp 85° to 81° F: Victims become irrational, lose contact with reality, and drift into a stupor. Pulse and respiration are slowed. • Temp 80° to 78° F: Victims lose consciousness; reflexes cease to function. The heartbeat becomes erratic. • Temp < 78° F: Failure of the cardiac and respiratory control centers in the brain. Death. To treat hypothermia: • Evacuate the individual to a medical facility as soon as possible. If transportation is not immediately available, move the individual to a warming shelter or at least out of the elements. • Remove all wet clothing and replace with dry items. • As with frostbite, gradually warm the body. The body is not producing enough heat, so an external source must be provided. Place as much insulation between the individual and the ground as possible to avoid conductive heat loss. If there is no other shelter, use a sleeping bag. • Continuously monitor the victim's respiration and heartbeat; administer CPR, if required, to maintain circulation. • Warm liquids in small sips may be given if the victim is conscious. ------------------------------------------------------- Cold Weather Injury Prevention Use the acronym COLD when preparing for cold-weather operations or treating cold-weather injuries: • C: Keep it Clean. The air-trapping capability of clothing is reduced if it is dirty or oily because the weave of the material, in which pockets of air are trapped, becomes clogged. • O: Avoid Overheating. In cold weather, inexperienced personnel tend to wear every article of clothing available. This becomes a problem particularly during strenuous activity such as marches, offensive tactics, or even digging in. Overheating causes a chain reaction—sweating, rapid cooling because of wet clothing, and, inevitably, the onset of hypothermia. Before the body begins to perspire, loosen the layers of clothing at the closures. If this does not cool the body down, remove a layer. However, it is important to keep the windproof layer (field jacket or parka) on and adjust the layers underneath (long underwear, utility jacket, field jacket liner). Remember, it is better to be slightly cool than too warm. • L: Wear clothing Loosely and in Layers. Clothing and footwear that are too tight restrict the blood circulation and increase the danger of frostbite. However, if they are worn too loosely they will lose their insulating ability. When clothes are layered, air is trapped and warmed. This provides excellent insulation for the body. Therefore, several layers of medium weight clothing are more effective than one heavy garment. • D: Keep it Dry. Dry clothing ensures maximum effectiveness as an insulator. Small items of clothing (e.g. socks, gloves or mitten inserts, and headgear) can be dried by placing them next to the skin at the waist. Body heat will dry them in a matter of hours. Placing large items in a sleeping bag with the individual can dry larger items overnight. Additional actions a small unit leader can take to prevent cold-weather injuries are: • Closely observe personnel who have previously become cold casualties. There is a tendency for certain persons to succumb to the effects of the cold; these individuals, once they become cold weather casualties, may do so again. • Diet is important. The body needs carbohydrates to fuel its heat generation mechanism. Hot meals, consisting of 4500 calories per day, are considered essential for severe cold weather. • Water is also important. Ensure your people drink a minimum of 3 1/2 to five quarts per day. As much of this as possible should be hot liquids, such as hot chocolate, broth, or tea. • Alcoholic beverages should be avoided. Alcohol dehydrates the body and reduces the body's core temperature. Although alcohol may initially make an individual feel "warm," this is only superficial and ultimately this warmth will be drawn from the core of the body, lowering overall temperature. • The importance of individual skills should not be underestimated. Adopt a rigorous training and education program before a cold weather deployment. • Detailed supervision is required at all echelons of command to ensure Marines adhere to standard practices when operating in cold weather. Preventing Marines from overdressing or standing around in the cold doing nothing while dressed lightly for movements are just two considerations.

TBS-MED-1013a Given a casualty, identify types of heat injuries to determine treatment.

Heat Casualties The six types of heat injuries are: • Sunburn. A bad case of sunburn can be incapacitating. Be sure to wear protective clothing even if you think it is "too hot" to do so. • Prickly heat rash. Rashes take a long time to heal, particularly in the tropics. The itching and consequent scratching can lead to infection. • Fungus infections. Fungus infections will leave open sores on your feet and groin. The scratching will lead to open ulcers, infection, and disease. While they can occur in nearly every environment, they are more typically found in a hot weather or humid setting. • Heat cramps. Heat cramps will result in painful cramps in the muscles. Heat cramps are also considered to produce a "heat casualty." • Heat exhaustion. More serious than heat cramps, heat exhaustion is also considered to produce a "heat casualty." • Heat stroke. The most serious of the heat-related problems, heat stroke is the total collapse of the body's heat regulatory mechanism. It is the most serious of the "heat casualties" and is a life- threatening injury.

TBS-MED-1013b Given a simulated casualty, perform treatment measures for the different types of heat injuries to prevent further injury or death.

Heat Cramps Heat cramps are caused by a lack of electrolytes (salt) in the system. They can be brought on when you have been sweating profusely and suddenly drink a large quantity of cold water. Heat cramps symptoms are: • Muscle cramps, particularly in the legs and abdomen. • Profuse sweating and faintness. To treat heat cramps: • Give the victim small sips of cool water. • Remove the victim to a cool or shaded area. • Massage cramped muscles. • If indications of a more serious condition are present, transport the victim to medical attention. -------------------------------------------------- Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is caused by the pooling of blood in the capillaries close to the surface of the skin. Exposure to high temperatures and humidity, heat directly from the sun, and excessive activity by unacclimatized individuals are primary contributors to heat exhaustion. Heat exhaustion symptoms are: • Rapid, shallow breathing. • Dizziness. • Blurred vision. • Pale, clammy skin. • Profuse sweating, normally accompanies this condition. To treat heat exhaustion: • Remove excessive clothing. • Place the victim in a cool, shaded area. • Fan or sprinkle victim with water to keep cool. • If conscious, give victim small sips of water. • Treat victim also for shock,. • Seek medical attention should indications of a more serious problem exist. ------------------------------------------------------- Heat Stroke Heat stroke is a serious malfunction of the body's heat regulatory mechanism. Heat stroke may be brought on by the same environmental conditions that cause heat cramps or heat exhaustion. Symptoms of heat stroke are: • Shortness of breath. • Weakness. • Headache. • Dizziness. • Loss of appetite. • Nausea. The victim will also experience: • Muscle-twitching leading to convulsions. • Dilated pupils. • Lack of sweating. • Full, fast pulse; delirium and eventual loss of consciousness. The major difference in symptoms between heat exhaustion and heat stroke is that during heat stroke the victim will not sweat and will have hot, dry, flushed skin. Body temperatures may range from 104 to 108 degrees F; death will occur if the body temperature is not lowered. To treat heat stroke: • Send for medical assistance. • Move the victim to a cool, shaded area. • Loosen victim's clothing and equipment. • Apply water or ice to the victim's entire body, fanning the victim as much as possible. • Do not attempt to force the victim to drink. • Ensure that the airway remains open and that the victim continues to breathe. Treatment for heat stroke consists primarily of lowering the body temperature as quickly as possible. Time is of the essence! Heat stroke is a true medical emergency with a 20 percent mortality rate. --------------------------------------------------- Prevention of Heat Related Injuries The following measures should reduce the potential for, and severity of, heat casualties: • Clothing. Even in very hot weather, clothing must be worn to avoid the absorption of solar energy. Loose-fitting, light-colored clothing is preferable. Marines should loosen their equipment whenever possible to allow for air circulation. • Water. Water should always be available, and personnel should take small sips frequently. "Water rationing" or "water discipline" should never be practiced if possible. Since the thirst urge only identifies two-thirds of the body's needs, personnel should drink more than they feel is necessary. If possible, perform strenuous tasks during the morning or evening. The average diet provides more than enough salt; therefore, salt tablets should not normally be taken. • Command attention. Personnel must be supervised and instructed as to hot weather considerations. Enforced drinking of that extra one-third of the body's requirement may be utilized. Teach your Marines to store water in their bodies, not in their canteens.

TBS-OFF-2102n Given an evaluation, define the steps of the OODA Cycle without omission.

Observe, Orient, Decide, Act Observe Continued awareness of yourself, your surroundings and your enemy; along with any changes in the situation surrounding those variables. As it relates to tactical action, consider tools used by a hunter who searches an area, actively looks for prey, tracks the prey, watching what the prey is doing or is about to do. In this regard, the hunter can begin to anticipate future moves and get into the mind of the prey. Orient Upon observation, one begins to develop a mental image of the situation seen, gaining awareness. With this awareness, recognition that a decision is necessary in order to influence the situation usually follows. This is where we diagnose, recognize, and analyze changes in the environment we have observed. Decide After recognition that a decision is necessary, a course of action is determined. In this case, decisiveness is sought, frequently with an acceptable degree of risk. Effective and succinct communication of this decision is key when we talk about leading subordinates. Act Timely and tactically sound decisions are useless alone. In order to influence the situation effectively, leaders must turn decision into action in a time competitive environment.

TBS-LDR-1014 Given an evaluation, define Operational Security (OPSEC) without omitting key components.

Operational Security (OPSEC) The process to deny the enemy critical information about us. Communications Security (COMSEC) Measures and controls taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications systems and ensure authenticity of such communications. Classified Information Official information which has been determined to require, in the interests of national security, protection against unauthorized disclosure and which has been so identified by the assignment of a security classification. Classified Material A document or any media upon which classified information is recorded or embodied. Security The establishment of a protected environment for classified information and materials. Access The ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information or possession of classified materials. Need to Know The necessity for access to knowledge or possession of classified information in order to carry out official military or government duties. Clearance An administrative determination by a designated authority that an individual is eligible for access to classified information of a specific classification designation or less.

TBSOFF-2102j Given an evaluation, identify the maneuver warfare concepts in accordance with MCDP 1.

- Orienting on the enemy: understand the unique characteristics that make the enemy's system function - Philosophy of Command: Commander's intent - Decision Making - accept a promising COA with acceptable degree of risk and do it quicker than the enemy - Mission Tactics - provides the 5Ws without telling how to accomplish the mission - Commander's Intent - vision which allow subordinates to understand the larger context of the op. - Main Effort - cmdr's bid for success - Surfaces and Gaps - Sur = strengths / Gap = weakness - Combined Arms - Present a no-win situation to EN - Combat Power - total destructive pwr we bring to bear on EN - Surprise and Boldness - Develop an ambush mentality - Center of Gravity - EN's key strength. If defeated, they bend to our will - Critical Vulnerability - EN's key weakness, provides a pathway for destroying the COG - Creating/Exploiting Opportunities - Ability and willingness to ruthlessly exploit these opportunities creates decisive results

TBS-TRNG-2008a Given a Risk Management Worksheet (RMW), training materials, training plan, and with the aid of references, identify hazards to mitigate risks associated with each training event.

STEP 1. IDENTIFY HAZARDS - A hazard is an actual or potential condition where the following can occur due to exposure to the hazard: o Injury, illness, or death of personnel. o Damage to or loss of equipment and property. o Mission degradation. Hazards are sources of danger or risks due to enemy or adversary presence and other conditions not due to enemy or adversary capabilities. Hazards are found in all operational environments. Combat operations, stability operations, base support operations, and training present unique hazards for units involved in these kinds of missions. Hazards are identified during nearly all levels of the decision making process: mission receipt, begin planning, arrange for reconnaissance, and make reconnaissance. The factors of METT-T provide a sound framework for identifying hazards when planning, preparing, and executing operations. Mission Leaders first analyze the assigned mission. They look at the type of mission to be accomplished and consider possible subsequent missions. Certain kinds of operations are inherently more dangerous than others. Identifying missions that routinely present great risk is imperative. Enemy Commanders look for enemy capabilities that pose significant hazards to the operation. Terrain and Weather In addition to those due to the enemy or adversaries, the most obvious hazards to military operations are due to terrain and weather. Terrain and weather affect the type of hazard encountered. When the enemy uses terrain to his advantage, the risk is clearly tactical. The aspects of terrain and weather may create situations where accident risks predominate. When looking at this from a purely mission perspective, familiarity of the unit with the terrain and its associated environment must be paramount. Troops Leaders analyze the capabilities of available friendly troops. Associated hazards impact both the Marine and unit. Key considerations are level of training, manning levels, the condition and maintenance of vehicles and equipment, morale, availability of supplies and services, and the physical and emotional health of Marines. All Marines must be vigilant to the fact that hazards in these areas can adversely affect a mission, even when all tactical considerations point to success. Time Available The hazard is insufficient time to plan, prepare, and execute operations. Planning time is always at a premium. Leaders routinely apply the one-third/two-thirds rule to ensure their subordinate units are given maximum time to plan. Failure to accomplish a mission on time can result in shortages of time for subordinate and adjacent units to accomplish their mission.

TBS-TRNG-2008b Given a Risk Management Worksheet (RMW), training materials, training plan, and with the aid of references, assess hazards to mitigate risks associated with each training event.

STEP 2. ASSESS HAZARDS TO DETERMINE RISK Step 2 completes the risk assessment. Risk is the chance of hazard or bad consequences. This step examines each hazard in terms of probability and severity to determine the risk level of one or more hazardous incidents that can result from exposure to the hazard. This step is conducted during four steps of the decision-making process — begin planning, arrange for reconnaissance, make reconnaissance, and complete the plan. This step is also conducted after controls are developed. The hazardous incident must be credible in that it must have a reasonable expectation of happening. Substep A o Substep A addresses the severity of each hazard. It is expressed in terms of: - Degree of injury or illness. - Loss of or damage to equipment or property. - Environmental damage. - Other mission-impairing factors such as lost combat power. The degree of severity estimated for each hazard may be based on knowledge of the results of similar past events. The table provides a summary of the four degrees of hazard severity. Hazard severity categories are assigned Roman numerals to depict each degree of severity (I through IV) in descending order. Severity Category I Loss of ability to accomplish the mission. Death or permanent total disability. Loss of mission-critical system or equipment. Major facility damage. Severe environmental damage. Mission-critical security failure. Unacceptable collateral damage. Category II Significantly degraded mission capability or unit readiness. Permanent partial disability or severe injury or illness. Extensive damage to equipment or systems. Significant damage to property or the environment. Security failure. Significant collateral damage. Category III Degraded mission capability or unit readiness. Minor damage to equipment, systems, property, or the environment. Minor injury or illness. Category IV Little or no adverse impact on mission capability or unit readiness. Minimal threat to personnel safety or health. Slight equipment or systems damage, but fully functional and serviceable. Little or no property or environmental damage. Substep B o Leaders and staffs assess each hazard in relation to the probability of a hazardous incident. The probability levels estimated for each hazard may be based on the mission, COAs being developed and analyzed, or frequency of a similar event. The table provides a summary of the four degrees of probability. The letters in parentheses following each degree (A through D) provide a symbol for depicting probability. Probability & Degree of Probability Likely (A) Likely to occur immediately or within a short period of time. Expected to occur frequently to an individual item or person or continuously over a service life for a fleet, inventory of items, or group. Probably (B) Probably will occur in time. Expected to occur several times to an individual item or person or frequently over a service life for a fleet, inventory of items, or group. May(C) May occur in time. Can reasonably be expected to occur sometime to an individual item or person or several times over a service life for a fleet, inventory of items, fleet, inventory of items, or group. Unlikely (D) Unlikely to occur, but not impossible. Substep C o In this substep leaders and staffs expand what they understand about probable hazardous incidents into estimates of levels of risk for each identified hazard and an estimate of the overall risk for the operation. Estimating risk follows from examining the outcomes of Substeps A and B; that is, both the probability and severity of hazardous incidents. Assessment of risk requires good judgment. Risk Assessment Matrix The Marine Corps' policy on using a risk assessment matrix is that it should be used to accomplish the second step of the RM process. Using a matrix to quantify and prioritize the risk(s) does not lessen the inherently subjective nature of risk assessment. However, a matrix does provide a consistent framework for evaluating risk. Although different matrices may be used for various applications, any risk assessment tool should include the elements of hazard severity and mishap probability. The Risk Assessment Code defined in the matrix represents the degree of risk associated with a hazard considering these two elements. While the degree of risk is subjective in nature, the RAC does accurately reflect the relative amount of perceived risk between various hazards. Leaders and staffs enter the estimated degree of severity and probability for each hazard in Substeps A and B from the severity row and probability column of the risk matrix, respectively. The point where the severity row and probability column intersect defines the level of risk, and is known as the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). Risk Assessment Code (RAC) Number & Corresponding Level of Risk: 1 = Critical 2 = Serious 3 = Moderate 4 = Minor 5 = Negligible

TBS-TRNG-2008c Given a Risk Management Worksheet (RMW), training materials, training plan, and with the aid of references, determine risk controls to mitigate risks associated with each training event.

STEP 3 DEVELOP CONTROLS/ MAKE RISK DECISION Step 3 is accomplished in two substeps: develop controls and make risk decisions. This is done during arrange for reconnaissance, make reconnaissance, and complete the plan steps of the decision-making process. Substep A: Develop Controls After assessing each hazard, leaders develop one or more controls that either eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk (probability and/or severity) of a hazardous incident. When developing controls, they consider the reason for the hazard not just the hazard itself. o Types of Controls. Controls can take many forms, but they fall into three basic categories — Engineering controls, Administrative controls, and Physical controls. - Engineering Controls. These are controls that use engineering methods to reduce risks by design, material selection, or substitution when technically or economically feasible. An example is using an extension rod for cleaning rather than climbing a ladder. - Administrative Controls. These are controls that reduce risk through specific administrative actions such as providing suitable warnings, markings, placards, signs, and notices; establishing written Policies, programs, instructions, and standard operating procedures; training personnel to recognize hazards and take appropriate precautionary measures; and limiting the exposure to a hazard. An example is limiting the number of alcohol beverages you consume - Physical Controls. These are controls that take the form of barriers or guards to warn individuals and units that a hazard exists. Additionally, personal protective equipment (PPE) falls into this category. This is the least desirable control type to use. This control should be used only after engineering and administrative controls have been fully implemented. An example is wearing body armor and Kevlar helmets while traveling on a main supply route. o Criteria for Controls. To be effective, each control developed must meet the following criteria: - Suitability. Control removes the threat or mitigates (reduces) the risk to an acceptable level. - Feasibility. Has the capability to implement the control. - Acceptability. Benefit or value gained by implementing the control justifies the cost in resources and time. Residual Risk Once the responsible leader develops and accepts controls, he determines the residual risk associated with each hazard and the overall residual risk for the mission. o Residual risk is the risk remaining after controls have been selected for the hazard. Residual risk is valid (true) only if the controls for it are implemented. o Overall residual risk of a mission must be determined when more than one hazard is identified. The residual risk for each of these hazards may have a different level, depending on the assessed probability and severity of the hazardous incident. Overall residual mission risk should be determined based on the incident having the greatest residual risk. Determining overall mission risk by averaging the risks of all hazards is not valid. If one hazard has high risk, the overall residual risk of the mission is high, no matter how many moderate or low risk hazards are present. STEP 4. IMPLEMENT CONTROLS Leaders and staffs ensure that controls are integrated into SOPs, written and verbal orders, mission briefings, and staff estimates. The critical check for this step, with oversight, is to ensure that controls are converted into clear, simple execution orders understood at all levels. Implementing controls includes coordination and communication with: - Appropriate superior, adjacent, and subordinate units and those executing the mission. - Civilian agencies that are part of the force. The media, NGOs, and PVOs must be included in coordination when their presence impacts or is impacted by the force.

TBS-TRNG-2008d Given a Risk Management Worksheet (RMW), training materials, training plan, and with the aid of references, determine how to assess effectiveness of risk control to ensure continued safety throughout each training event.

STEP 5. SUPERVISE AND EVALUATE Leaders supervise mission rehearsal and execution to ensure standards and controls are enforced. Techniques may include spot-checks, inspections, situation reports and brief-backs, buddy checks, and close supervision. During the mission, leaders continuously monitor controls to ensure they remain effective, and modify them as necessary. Leaders and individuals anticipate, identify, and assess new hazards to implement controls. They continually assess variable hazards such as fatigue, equipment serviceability, and the environment. Leaders modify controls to keep risks at an acceptable level. - Time Critical. An "on the run" mental or oral review of the situation using the five- step process without recording the information on paper is often all that time will allow. The time-critical level of RM is employed by experienced personnel to consider risk while making decisions in a time-compressed situation. It is the normal level of RM used during the execution phase of training or operations, as well as in planning during crisis response scenarios. It is particularly helpful in choosing the appropriate course of action when an unplanned event occurs during the execution of a planned operation or daily routine. - Deliberate. Application of the complete five-step process will aid in planning an operation or evaluating procedures. This level uses primarily experience and brainstorming to identify hazards and develop controls; and is therefore, most effective when done in a group. Examples of deliberate applications include planning of upcoming operations, review of standard operating, maintenance or training procedures, damage control, and disaster response planning. - In-depth. A process involving a very thorough risk assessment (first two of the five steps). Research of available data, use of diagram and analysis tools, formal testing, or long term tracking of the hazards associated with the operation (sometimes with assistance from technical experts) are used to identify and assess the hazards. The in-depth level of RM is used to more thoroughly study the hazards and associated risk in a complex operation or system, or one in which the hazards are not well understood. Examples of in-depth applications include long-term planning of complex operations, introduction of new equipment, materials and missions, development of tactics and training curricula, and major system overhaul or repair.

TBS-MED-1006i Given an evaluation, identify symptoms of shock without error.

Signs and Symptoms of Shock Examine the casualty for any of the following signs or symptoms: • Sweaty but cool skin. • Pale skin. • Restlessness, nervousness. • Thirst. • Loss of blood (caused by internal or external bleeding). • Confusion or loss of awareness. • Faster than normal breathing rate. • Blotchy or bluish skin (especially around the mouth and lips). • Nausea and vomiting.

TBS-OFF-2102h Given an evaluation, identify the levels of war in accordance with MCDP 1.

Strategic: The level of war at which a nation, often as a member of a group of nations, determines national or multinational (alliance or coalition) security objectives and guidance, and develops and uses national resources to accomplish these objectives. Operational: The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations. Activities at this level link tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives needed to accomplish the strategic objectives, sequencing events to achieve the operational objectives, initiating actions, and applying resources to bring about and sustain these events. Tactical: The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this level focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other and to the enemy to achieve com- bat objectives.

TBS-LDR-1012a Given an evaluation, identify the levels of security classification in sequence without omission.

TOP SECRET is the designator applied to material whose unauthorized disclosure can be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to national security. SECRET is the designator applied to material whose unauthorized disclosure could be expected to cause serious damage to national security. CONFIDENTIAL is the designator applied to material whose unauthorized disclosure could be expected to cause identifiable damage to national security. Unclassified Material which does not fall into one of the three categories above are designated UNCLASSIFIED. For Official Use Only (FOUO) FOUO, although NOT a classification designator, may be used instead of UNCLASSIFIED to designate unclassified portions containing information exempt from mandatory public release.

TBS-OFF-2102o Given an evaluation, define small unit leader decision making competencies without omission.

This is my best guess (logan): An effective adaptive leader employs a continuous OODA Loop throughout all phases of an operation that allows for an advantage gain over opponents. Adaptive leaders often display the following characteristics: Personality Related Characteristics: Self-sufficient Resilient Open to Change Motivated by Achievement Tolerant of Ambiguity Willing to Learn Cognitive Characteristics Cognitive Ability Problem Solver Interpersonal Characteristics Communicates Well Awareness of Self and Others Domain Specific Experience Knowledge of Material Experience with Material

TBS-OFF-2102m Given an evaluation, define the two types of decision-making without omission.

Two Methods of Decision-Making In describing the three types of decision making stimuli, we have identified two methods of decision-making; analytical and recognitional. The table below shows when to use each method and their advantages and disadvantages. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Analytical Use when time is not critical Advantages: - Can justify decision to others - Manages large amount of information - Relies on subject matter expert contributions - Decision maker can feel as comfortable as possible while dealing with uncertainty Disadvantages: - Time consuming - Requires large amount of information input - Does not develop decision-making abilities of those involved Analytical Decision Making is the most comprehensive and accurate type of decision making. The reason is the time available allows for a detailed review of the situation which subsequently leads to a decision and resulting action. Your tactical planning classes will take you through the methods and tools we use to conduct an analytical decision making process prior to execution. However, analytical decision making is not limited to the preparation phase of an operation. It continues into the conduct and consolidation phases as well, albeit to a lesser degree due to the nature of those environments. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recognitional Use when time is Critical; during crisis situations Advantages: - Requires little time - Requires relatively little current information - Requires less planning time - Leads to increased tempo and increases ability to maintain the initiative against the enemy Disadvantages: - Requires large experience base on the subject before the crisis - Requires moral courage - Decision maker assumes increased risk without group absolution from staff planning Recognitional decision making or "recognition-primed" decision making is a model of how people make quick, effective decisions when faced with complex situations. It often occurs subconsciously. Recognitional decision making inherently assumes more risk, as less than perfect information is rapidly processed and acted upon. To ensure that unnecessary risk is mitigated during recognitional decision making, training and experience is paramount. Repetitive training, rehearsals, and experience allows for faster recognition of key variables that will drive one towards a particular decision. Take our football example above. During the hurry-up offense, what increases the quarterback's ability to conduct recognitional decision making and lead the team in that action? The practice during the week's preparation for the game trains the quarterback to pick up opposing team patterns and subsequent actions faster. There are two types of decision making strategies that we consider "recognition-primed:" Feature-Matching The decision-maker identifies that he or she has personally experienced the elements of a given situation. This experience can be a result of past actions, training, or rehearsing a plan. Comparison based on the previous personal experience allows for quicker decision making given the same situation but different time and place. Reason by Analogy The retrieval of stored information derived from a similar situation. This is a comparison of the elements and results of a similar situation that the decision-maker has previously observed or read about. This usually occurs as a result of past studies. For example, a football player has watched tape of an opponent in preparation for an upcoming game. When the player sees a similar situation emerge, the decision capability increases in speed. Both types require pattern recognition to occur. We identify patterns based on experiences (Feature-Matching) or by historical references studied (Reason by Analogy). Pattern recognition improves in speed and accuracy the more we experience a certain collection of events. We accomplish this through training.

TBS-MED-2102a Given casualties with various types of injuries, and a secure position out of effective enemy fire, prioritize casualties for CASEVAC to prevent further injury or death.

Urgent: A severe injury; threatening to life, limb, or eyesight— casualties marked as urgent must be treated first at the scene and transported immediately. • Airway and breathing difficulties. • Gunshot wounds. • Spinal or pelvic fractures. • Cardiac arrest. • Uncontrolled or suspected severe hidden bleeding. • Open chest or abdominal wounds. • Severe head injuries with evidence of brain damage, no matter how slight. • Several medical problems: Priority: An injury that requires immediate medical attention, but is not threatening to life, limb, or eyesight—for casualties marked as priority, transportation and hospital treatment can be delayed slightly. • Burns without complications. • Major or multiple fractures. • Back injuries without spinal damage. • Heat/cold injuries—not counting heat stroke. Routine: An injury that is not threatening to life, limb or eyesight. Routine casualties are transported or treated last. Examples of routine injuries are • Injuries of a minor nature, i.e. sprains, small fractures, minor lacerations, etc. • Obviously mortal wounds where death appears reasonably certain. • Obviously dead.

TBS-PAT-1002a Given a military topographic map, identify marginal information without error.

We use marginal information for: - Identification - indicates which area coverage the map represents. - Interpretation - provides correlation between actual terrain features and map topographic symbols. - Evaluation - helps determine the validity of the information represented on the map. Some key elements contained in marginal information are listed below with a brief description. Refer to Figure 1 to see where each element is located on the Quantico topographic map. Sheet Name (1) The sheet name is found in bold print at the center of the top and in the lower left area of the map margin. A map is generally named for the largest settlement contained within the area covered by the sheet, or for the largest natural feature located within the area at the time the map was drawn. Sheet Number (2) The sheet number is found in bold print in the upper right and lower left areas of the margin, and in the center box of the adjoining sheets diagram found in the lower right margin. To link specific maps to overlays, operations orders, and plans, use the sheet number as reference. For maps at 1:100,000-scale and larger, the sheet numbering system is arbitrary and makes possible the ready orientation of maps at scales of 1:100,000, 1:50,000, and 1:25,000. Series Name (3) The map series name is found in bold print in the upper left corner of the margin. The name given to the series is generally that of a major political subdivision such as a state within the United States or a European nation. A map series usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale and on the same sheet lines or format. They are designed to cover a particular geographic area and may be a group of maps that serve a common purpose, such as military city maps. Scale (4) The scale is found in the upper left margin after the series name and in the center of the lower margin. The scale note is a representative fraction that gives the ratio of a map distance to the corresponding distance on the earth's surface. For example, the scale note 1:50,000 indicates that one unit of measure on the map equals 50,000 units of the same measure on the ground. Series Number (5) The series number is found in the upper right margin and the lower left margin. It is a sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit numeral (1125) or as a letter followed by a three- or four-digit numeral (M661, T7110). Edition Number (6) The edition number is found in bold print in the upper right area of the top margin and the lower left area of the bottom margin. Editions are numbered consecutively; if there is more than one edition, the highest numbered sheet is the most recent. The map information date is found immediately below the word "LEGEND" in the lower left margin of the map. This date is important when determining how accurately the map data might be expected to match what is encountered on the ground Index to Boundaries (7) The index to boundaries diagram appears in the lower or right margin of all sheets. This diagram, which is a miniature of the map, shows the boundaries that occur within the map area such as county lines and state boundaries. Adjoining Sheets Diagram (8) Maps at all standard scales contain a diagram that illustrates the adjoining sheets. It consists of as many rectangles representing the adjoining sheets as are necessary to surround the rectangle that represents the sheet under consideration. The diagram usually contains nine rectangles, but the number may vary depending on the locations of the adjoining sheets. All represented sheets are identified by their sheet numbers. Sheets of an adjoining series, whether published or planned, that are at the same scale are represented by dashed lines. The series number of the adjoining series is indicated along the appropriate side of the division line between the series. Elevation Guide (9) The elevation guide is normally found in the lower right margin. It is a miniature characterization of the terrain shown. The terrain is represented by bands of elevation, spot elevations, and major drainage features. The elevation guide provides the map reader with a means of quick recognition of major landforms. Declination Diagram (10) The declination diagram is located in the lower margin of large-scale maps and indicates the angular relationships of true north, grid north, and magnetic north. In recent edition maps, there is a note indicating the conversion of azimuths from grid to magnetic and from magnetic to grid next to the declination diagram. Bar Scales (11) Bar scales are located in the center of the lower margin. They are rulers used to convert map distance to ground distance. Maps have three or more bar scales, each in a different unit of measure. Care should be exercised when using the scales, especially in the selection of the unit of measure that is needed. Contour Interval Note (12) The contour interval note is found in the center of the lower margin normally below the bar scales. It states the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines of the map. When supplementary contours are used, the interval is indicated. In recent edition maps, the contour interval is given in meters instead of feet. Spheroid (13) The spheroid note is located in the center of the lower margin. Spheroids (ellipsoids) have specific parameters that define the X Y Z axis of the earth. The spheroid is an integral part of the datum. Grid Note (14) The grid note is located in the center of the lower margin. It gives information pertaining to the grid system used and the interval between grid lines, and it identifies the UTM grid zone number. Projection Note (15) The projection system is the framework of the map. For military maps, this framework is of the conformal type; small areas of the surface of the earth retain their true shapes on the projection; measured angles closely approximate true values; and the scale factor is the same in all directions from a point. The projection note is located in the center of the lower margin. The three types of projection notes are: - Between 80 degrees south and 84 degrees north, maps at scales larger than 1:500,000 are based on the transverse Mercator projection. The note reads TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION. - Between 80 degrees south and 84 degrees north, maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and smaller are based on standard parallels of the Lambert conformal conic projection. The note reads, for example, LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTIONS 36 DEGREES 40 MINUTES NORTH AND 39 DEGREES 20 MINUTES NORTH. - Maps of the polar regions (south of 80 degrees south and north of 84 degrees north) at 1:1,000,000 and larger scales are based on the polar stereographic projection. The note reads POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. Vertical Datum Note (16) The vertical datum note is located in the center of the lower margin. The vertical datum or vertical-control datum is defined as a level surface taken as a surface of reference from which to determine elevations. In the United States, Canada, and Europe, the vertical datum refers to the mean sea level surface. However, in parts of Asia and Africa, the vertical-control datum may vary locally and is based on an assumed elevation that has no connection to the sea level surface. Map readers should habitually check the vertical datum note on maps, particularly if the map is used for low-level aircraft navigation, naval gunfire support, or missile target acquisition. Horizontal Datum Note (17) The horizontal datum note is located in the center of the lower margin. The horizontal datum or horizontal-control datum is defined as a geodetic reference point (of which five quantities are known: latitude, longitude, azimuth of a line from this point, and two constants, which are the parameters of reference ellipsoid). These are the basis for horizontal-control surveys. The horizontal-control datum may extend over a continent or be limited to a small local area. Maps and charts produced by NGA are produced on 32 different horizontal-control data. Map readers should habitually check the horizontal datum note on every map or chart, especially adjacent map sheets, to ensure the products are based on the same horizontal datum. If products are based on different horizontal-control data, coordinate transformations to a common datum is performed. UTM coordinates from the same point computed on different data may differ as much as 900 meters (m). Control Note (18) The control note is located in the center of the lower margin. It indicates the special agencies involved in the control of the technical aspects of all the information that is disseminated on the map. Preparation Note (19) The preparation note is located in the center of the lower margin. It indicates the agency responsible for preparing the map. Printing Note (20) The printing note is also located in the center of the lower margin. It indicates the agency responsible for printing the map and the date the map was printed. The printing data should not be used to determine when the map information was obtained. Grid Reference Box (21) The grid reference box is normally located in the center of the lower margin. It contains instructions for composing a grid reference. Unit Imprint and Symbol (22) The unit imprint and symbol is on the left side of the lower margin identifies the agency that prepared and printed the map and its respective symbol. This information is important to the map user in evaluating the reliability of the map. Legend (23) The legend is located in the lower left margin. It illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of the more prominent features on the map. The symbols are not always the same on every map. Always refer to the legend to avoid errors when reading a map. Special Notes (24) A special note is a statement of general information that relates to the mapped area. It is normally found in the lower right margin. For example, a particular note could be "this map is red-light readable." User's Note (25) The user's note is normally located in the lower right-hand margin. It requests cooperation in correcting errors or omissions on the map. Errors should be marked and the map forwarded to the agency identified in the note. Stock Number Identification (26) All maps published by the NGA that are in the Department of the Army map supply system contain stock number identifications that are used in requisitioning map supplies. ------------------------------------------- Colors Black Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and all labels. Red-Brown / Gray The colors red and brown are combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, non-surveyed spot elevations, and elevation such as contour lines on red- light readable maps. The color gray is also used to make maps readable under blue or green light. Blue Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage. Green Identifies vegetation with military significance such as woods, orchards, and vineyards. Brown Identifies all relief features and elevation such as contours on older edition maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable maps. Red Classifies cultural features such as populated areas, main roads, and boundaries on older maps. Other Occasionally, other colors may be used to show special information. As a rule, these are indicated in the marginal information.