Physical Science Semester Exam

transparent

(adj.) allowing light to pass through; easily recognized or understood; easily seen through or detected

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Amplitude

Height of a wave

crest

Highest point of a wave

Examples of Newton's Second Law

If you use the same force to push a truck and push a car, the car will have more acceleration than the truck, because the car has less mass.

When you add a resistor to the fan, what happened to the speed?

It slowed down

Galileo

discovered inertia

The formula for speed

distance/time

motors use electromagnetism to convert

electricity into mechanical energy

electric circuits transfer

energy

electromagnetic spectrum waves

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays

Acceleration includes

speeding up, slowing down, changing direction

Rarefactions are

spread out parts of a longitudinal wave

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

Refraction

the bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle

Reflection

the bouncing back of a ray of light, sound, or heat when the ray hits a surface that it does not go through

electromagnetic spectrum

the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency

Sound causes _________________ to vibrate

the eardrum

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

elastic potential energy

the potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed

friction

the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

Inertia

the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

Why do resistors have colored bands?

to identify resistance

spring scale

tool used to measure force

balance scale

tool used to measure mass

What type of wave is light?

transverse

volts

unit for voltage

The ampere (Amps) is a unit of

unit of electric current

grams or kilograms (g or kg)

unit of measurement for mass; grams are used for small objects, kilograms are used for large objects

sound is produced by

vibrations and is a type of mechanical energy. Sound travels in compression waves and at a speed much slower than light. It needs a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) in which to travel.

mechanical waves

waves that require a medium through which to travel

GPE formula

weight x height

the independent variable is graphed on the ___ axis

x

How is sound transmitted?

• Vibration of air molecules goes through the pinna, passing through the external auditory canal • The waves then vibrate the tympanic membrane which causes the three ossicles to move • The ossicles cause the oval window to vibrate - This leads to stimulation of hair cells inside the cochlea

When the trap is pulled back and held, the mousetrap has

potiental energy

mass of Moon - compared to Earth

1/8 of Earth's

Ammeter

A device used to measure current in a circuit

Gravity

A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

Examples of Newton's First Law

A spaceship continues to orbit the moon even though its engines have been turned off.

transverse wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels

Batteries in Parallel

Add the currents, Voltage remains the same

Batteries in series

All current goes through all batteries

Trough

Lowest point of a wave

medium

Material through which a wave travels

Newton's 1st Law of Motion

Objects in motion stay in motion, objects at rest stay at rest unless acted on by an outside force

Newton's 2nd Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Newtons

The unit of measurement for force

dependent variable is graphed on the ____ axis

Y

Voltmeter

a device used to measure voltage

force

a push or pull on an object; measured in Newtons (N)

dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. The data you collect

eletromagnetic wave

a wave that can travel through or matter and consists of changing electric and magnetic fields.

translucent

allowing light to pass through, but blurring it so that images cannot be seen clearly

Magnet

any material that attracts iron and materials that contain iron

bones transfer vibrations to the

auditory nerve

Examples of Newton's Third law

bumper cars, pressing hands against a wall, hammer vs. nail

waves

can travel through any form of matter but not through empty space

Batteries store what type of energy?

chemical

batteries have

chemical energy

waves travel in

compressions and refractions

elastic force

force exerted by a material when it is stretched or compressed

Insulators have a _______________ resistance.

high

high frequency equals

high energy

A thin wire has ___ resistance than a thick wire

higher

opaque

impossible to see through; preventing the passage of light

if mass increases, the gravitional force will

increase

what happened to the speed of the mousetrap car

increased and then decreased

the Earth's core is made of what metal

iron

What three metals are magnetic?

iron, nickel, cobalt

what happened to the speed of the Fan car?

it sped up then leveled out

When the trap is release, the mousetrap has

kinetic energy

solar cells tranform _________ energy into _________ energy

light into electrical

Good conductors have

low electrical resistance

Motors need 3 main things to work

magnents, coils of wire, a power source

lodestone is a rock that contains lots of

magnetite

Electrical resistance depends on what factors

material, thickness, length

sound waves travel through all

matter

Sound waves are _____ waves.

mechanical

The units for speed are

meters per second

compressions

molecules are pressed closer together

factors that determine the strength of an electromagnet

number of loops wire material amount of current flowing wire gauge wire length

in a battery, you have to have one _________________ electrode and one ______________ electrode.

positive and negative