Physiology and Anatomy Test 5

The urinary system regulates blood pressure and volume by adjusting the ________ lost in urine.

volume of water

The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______________, which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.

Sphincter

As filtrate moves along the tubule it gradually changes in?

concentration

In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:

duodenum, ileum, and jejunum

Absorption of monosaccharides is by?

facilitated diffusion

Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by the production of hormones including?

secretin

The urinary system helps stabilize ___________ by controlling the loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in urine

Blood pH

Which of the following is not a dissaccharide? A.maltose B. sucrose C. lactose D. fructose

D. fructose

Emptying of the urinary bladder is a spinal reflex regulated by: A. the kidneys B. the hypothalamus C. the pituitary gland D. higher brain centres

D. higher brain centres

Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:

absorption

Which branch of the nervous system regulates the function of the gastrointestinal system?

autonomic

The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called?

bile

What are the main sources of bicarbonate in the intestine?

bile and pancreatic juice

The renal corpuscle is the site of ________ where blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries/

filtration

The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called ?

micelles

Most of the digestive tract is lined by what kind of epithelia?

simple columnar epithelia

Most water soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of __________ into the digestive epithelium of healthy individuals.

specific carriers

Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into?

the small intestine

The large intestine consists of the following EXCEPT: A. cecum B. anus C. colon D. rectum

B. anus

Which of the following is not a principle function of the renal system? A. excretion B. digestion C. elimination D. homeostatic regulation

B. digestion

The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the: A. illeum B. duodenum C. cecum D. stomach

B. duodenum

Alcohol intake increases urine production by a similar mechanism to ______________________ , namely inhibiting ADH secretion. A. excessive dietary sodium B. excessive water intake C. excessive plasma protein D. insufficient water intake

B. excessive water intake

All of the following are components of the urinary tract EXCEPT: A. urinary bladder B. kidney C. urethra D. ureters

B. kidney

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each ___________________. A. second B. minute C. hour D. day

B. minute

_________________ diuresis results from large quantities of unreabsorbed solutes in the renal tubules (e.g. excess dietary sodium, or consuming sea water). A. tubular B. osmotic C. water D. distal

B. osmotic

Which of the following is not a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme? A. pancreatic lipase B. pancreatic glucagon C. pancreatic proteolytic enzymes D. pancreatic alpha-amylase

B. pancreatic glucagon

Which of the following is one of the two main lairs of the kidney? A. renal epicardium B. renal medulla C. renal capsule D. renal subscapsule

B. renal medulla

each nephron contains a: A. renal capillary B. renal tubule C. renal hilus D. renal layer

B. renal tubule

Which of the following are specifically involved in the elimination of urine? A. kidney and urinary bladder B. urinary bladder and urethra C. kidney and urethra D. kidney and ureter

B. urinary bladder and urethra

Which substance released from the adrenal cortex, acts on the nephron to increase tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions and secretion of potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ions? A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. renin C. aldosterone D. angiotensin

C. aldosterone

Reabsorption is the removal of substances from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid before eventually re-entering the: A. urine B. lymph C. blood D. feces

C. blood

Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the distal convoluted tubule? A. selective reabsorption of water, which assists in concentrating the tubular fluid B. selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid C. passive reabsoption of ammonia and calcium ions D. active secretion of ions, acids and other materials

C. passive reabsorption of ammonia and calcium ions

Secretion is the transport of solutes from the ___________ fluid, across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. A. extratubular B. intratubular C. peritubular D. monotubular

C. peritubular

Urine contains all of the following EXCEPT: A. water B. ions C. proteins D. small soluble compounds

C. proteins

From the renal corpuscle, filtrate enter the renal tubule, which is responsible for a ll of the following EXCEPT: A. reabsorbing 90% of the water in the filtrate B. secreting waste products into tubular fluid C. synthesizing uric acid from nitrogenous waste D. reabsorbing useful organic substrates entering the filtrate

C. synthesizing uric acid from nitrogenous waste

Steps involved in urine formation include all of the following EXCEPT: A. glomerular filtration B. tubular reabsorption C. tubular filtration D. tubular secretion

C. tubular filtration

Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, HCl is secreted by parietal cells, so pepsin is secreted by_________ in the stomach?

Chief cells

Water diuresis results from excessive water ingestion and is principally due to a decrease in: A.renin B. angiotensin C. aldosterone D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D. ADH

All of the following are components of the digestive tract EXCEPT: A. salivary glands B. pharynx C. liver D. larynx

D. Larynx

Sympathetic activation of the nerve fibres in the nephron causes: A. the direct stimulation of water and sodium reabsorption B. regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure C. stimulation of renin release D. all of the above

D. all of the above; the direct stimulation of water and sodium reabsorption, regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure, stimulation of renin release

Which of the following is not a component of the renal tubule? A. the loop of Henle B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the distal convoluted tubule D. Bowman's capsule

D. bowman's capsule

Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach? A. cardia B. pylorus C. fundus D. duodenum

D. duodenum

Which of the following is NOT absorbed by the thick ascending loop of Henle? A. sodium (Na+) B. potassium (K+) C. chloride (Cl-) D. magnesium (Mg2+)

D. magnesium

Amino acids are absorbed via the following EXCEPT: A. facilitated diffusion B. co-transport C. specific amino acid transport systems D. osmosis

D. osmosis

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following except? A. water B. electrolytes C. mucin D. pancreatic amylase

D. pancreatic amylase

Age related changes to the renal/urinary system include which of the following: A. increase in the number of functional nephrons B. increased sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) D. problems with the micturition reflex

D. problems with the micturition reflex

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is principally controlled by each of the following processes EXCEPT: A. autoregulation B. hormonal regulation C. autonomic regulation D. temperature regulation

D. temperature regulation

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) absorbs all of the following except? A. organic nutrients B. ions C. water D. uric acid

D. uric acid

Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic enzymes and bile into the?

Duodenum

A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of?

HCl

The urinary system assists the ____________ in detoxifying poisons and during starvation altering amino acids so other tissues can more easily break them down.

liver

Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers in the?

liver and pancreas

The part of the renal tubule that lies in the renal medulla is?

loop of Henle

the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to the release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:

cholesystokinin (CCK)

Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ____________, which is secreted into the interstitial fluid/

chylomicrons

Each nephron empties into the __________, a series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron

collecting system

What part of the loop of Henle is permeable to water?

descending limb

Bile salts are involved in ___________ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interactions between the lipids and lipid digesting enzymes.

emulsification

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) mostly inhibits gastric activity and stimulates?

insulin release

The excretory function of the renal system is performed by the?

kidneys

Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth via salivary amylase and continues to digest in the stomach for about _______ until the enzyme is inactivated.

1-2 hours

Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the ?

Salivary glands

The urinary system conserves valuable nutrients by preventing their excretion in urine while excreting natural waste products such as?

Urea

Fat is mainly absorbed by the?

lymphatic system

Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine each day, ___________ of it is absorbed and the remainder is excreted in the stool.

8.8

The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the?

Anus

Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and ?

monoglycerides

Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed. This is regulated by what vitamin derivative and facilitated by protein?

Vitamin D

All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT: A. chyme phase C. cephalic phase B. gastric phase D. intestinal phase

A. chyme phase

Which of the following is NOT a waste product excreted in urine? A. fatty acids B. urea C. creatinine D. uric acid

A. fatty acids

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? A. regulation of gastrointestinal motility B. formation of blood plasma proteins C. storage of glucose D. destruction of old red blood cells

A. regulation of gastrointestinal motility

All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT: A. spleen B. liver C. pharynx D. salivary glands

A. spleen

A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is:

Peristalsis

Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the?

Pharynx

The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, while the large intestine?

Reabsorbs water, sodium, and other minerals

Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes _______ secretion of saliva

Reflex

Glomerular filtration is affected by_______ pressure.

Renal arteriole

Protein digestion involves stomach acid, trypsin, pepsin, and other enzymes to degrade it into ?

amino acids

What effect will aldosterone blocking agents have on urine production?

block sodium reabsorption. increase urine volume

Filtration produces a protein free solution, which is similar to?

blood plasma

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the?

nephron

Urine production begins in the __________.

nephrons

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______.

proximal convoluted tubule

The urinary system regulates _____________ concentrations of ions by controlling the quantities lost in urine.

plasma

Gastrin promotes increased_______ motility

stomach

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the?

stomach

When ADH levels rise:

the amount of water reabsorbed increases

The capillary network in the renal corpuscle is known as?

the glomerulus