Physiology and Anatomy Test 5
The urinary system regulates blood pressure and volume by adjusting the ________ lost in urine.
volume of water
The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______________, which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents.
Sphincter
As filtrate moves along the tubule it gradually changes in?
concentration
In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into:
duodenum, ileum, and jejunum
Absorption of monosaccharides is by?
facilitated diffusion
Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by the production of hormones including?
secretin
The urinary system helps stabilize ___________ by controlling the loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in urine
Blood pH
Which of the following is not a dissaccharide? A.maltose B. sucrose C. lactose D. fructose
D. fructose
Emptying of the urinary bladder is a spinal reflex regulated by: A. the kidneys B. the hypothalamus C. the pituitary gland D. higher brain centres
D. higher brain centres
Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before:
absorption
Which branch of the nervous system regulates the function of the gastrointestinal system?
autonomic
The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called?
bile
What are the main sources of bicarbonate in the intestine?
bile and pancreatic juice
The renal corpuscle is the site of ________ where blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries/
filtration
The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called ?
micelles
Most of the digestive tract is lined by what kind of epithelia?
simple columnar epithelia
Most water soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of __________ into the digestive epithelium of healthy individuals.
specific carriers
Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into?
the small intestine
The large intestine consists of the following EXCEPT: A. cecum B. anus C. colon D. rectum
B. anus
Which of the following is not a principle function of the renal system? A. excretion B. digestion C. elimination D. homeostatic regulation
B. digestion
The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the: A. illeum B. duodenum C. cecum D. stomach
B. duodenum
Alcohol intake increases urine production by a similar mechanism to ______________________ , namely inhibiting ADH secretion. A. excessive dietary sodium B. excessive water intake C. excessive plasma protein D. insufficient water intake
B. excessive water intake
All of the following are components of the urinary tract EXCEPT: A. urinary bladder B. kidney C. urethra D. ureters
B. kidney
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each ___________________. A. second B. minute C. hour D. day
B. minute
_________________ diuresis results from large quantities of unreabsorbed solutes in the renal tubules (e.g. excess dietary sodium, or consuming sea water). A. tubular B. osmotic C. water D. distal
B. osmotic
Which of the following is not a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme? A. pancreatic lipase B. pancreatic glucagon C. pancreatic proteolytic enzymes D. pancreatic alpha-amylase
B. pancreatic glucagon
Which of the following is one of the two main lairs of the kidney? A. renal epicardium B. renal medulla C. renal capsule D. renal subscapsule
B. renal medulla
each nephron contains a: A. renal capillary B. renal tubule C. renal hilus D. renal layer
B. renal tubule
Which of the following are specifically involved in the elimination of urine? A. kidney and urinary bladder B. urinary bladder and urethra C. kidney and urethra D. kidney and ureter
B. urinary bladder and urethra
Which substance released from the adrenal cortex, acts on the nephron to increase tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions and secretion of potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ions? A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. renin C. aldosterone D. angiotensin
C. aldosterone
Reabsorption is the removal of substances from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the peritubular fluid before eventually re-entering the: A. urine B. lymph C. blood D. feces
C. blood
Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the distal convoluted tubule? A. selective reabsorption of water, which assists in concentrating the tubular fluid B. selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid C. passive reabsoption of ammonia and calcium ions D. active secretion of ions, acids and other materials
C. passive reabsorption of ammonia and calcium ions
Secretion is the transport of solutes from the ___________ fluid, across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. A. extratubular B. intratubular C. peritubular D. monotubular
C. peritubular
Urine contains all of the following EXCEPT: A. water B. ions C. proteins D. small soluble compounds
C. proteins
From the renal corpuscle, filtrate enter the renal tubule, which is responsible for a ll of the following EXCEPT: A. reabsorbing 90% of the water in the filtrate B. secreting waste products into tubular fluid C. synthesizing uric acid from nitrogenous waste D. reabsorbing useful organic substrates entering the filtrate
C. synthesizing uric acid from nitrogenous waste
Steps involved in urine formation include all of the following EXCEPT: A. glomerular filtration B. tubular reabsorption C. tubular filtration D. tubular secretion
C. tubular filtration
Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, HCl is secreted by parietal cells, so pepsin is secreted by_________ in the stomach?
Chief cells
Water diuresis results from excessive water ingestion and is principally due to a decrease in: A.renin B. angiotensin C. aldosterone D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. ADH
All of the following are components of the digestive tract EXCEPT: A. salivary glands B. pharynx C. liver D. larynx
D. Larynx
Sympathetic activation of the nerve fibres in the nephron causes: A. the direct stimulation of water and sodium reabsorption B. regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure C. stimulation of renin release D. all of the above
D. all of the above; the direct stimulation of water and sodium reabsorption, regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure, stimulation of renin release
Which of the following is not a component of the renal tubule? A. the loop of Henle B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the distal convoluted tubule D. Bowman's capsule
D. bowman's capsule
Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach? A. cardia B. pylorus C. fundus D. duodenum
D. duodenum
Which of the following is NOT absorbed by the thick ascending loop of Henle? A. sodium (Na+) B. potassium (K+) C. chloride (Cl-) D. magnesium (Mg2+)
D. magnesium
Amino acids are absorbed via the following EXCEPT: A. facilitated diffusion B. co-transport C. specific amino acid transport systems D. osmosis
D. osmosis
There are 3 pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following except? A. water B. electrolytes C. mucin D. pancreatic amylase
D. pancreatic amylase
Age related changes to the renal/urinary system include which of the following: A. increase in the number of functional nephrons B. increased sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) D. problems with the micturition reflex
D. problems with the micturition reflex
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is principally controlled by each of the following processes EXCEPT: A. autoregulation B. hormonal regulation C. autonomic regulation D. temperature regulation
D. temperature regulation
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) absorbs all of the following except? A. organic nutrients B. ions C. water D. uric acid
D. uric acid
Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic enzymes and bile into the?
Duodenum
A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of?
HCl
The urinary system assists the ____________ in detoxifying poisons and during starvation altering amino acids so other tissues can more easily break them down.
liver
Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers in the?
liver and pancreas
The part of the renal tubule that lies in the renal medulla is?
loop of Henle
the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to the release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone:
cholesystokinin (CCK)
Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create ____________, which is secreted into the interstitial fluid/
chylomicrons
Each nephron empties into the __________, a series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron
collecting system
What part of the loop of Henle is permeable to water?
descending limb
Bile salts are involved in ___________ which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interactions between the lipids and lipid digesting enzymes.
emulsification
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) mostly inhibits gastric activity and stimulates?
insulin release
The excretory function of the renal system is performed by the?
kidneys
Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth via salivary amylase and continues to digest in the stomach for about _______ until the enzyme is inactivated.
1-2 hours
Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the ?
Salivary glands
The urinary system conserves valuable nutrients by preventing their excretion in urine while excreting natural waste products such as?
Urea
Fat is mainly absorbed by the?
lymphatic system
Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine each day, ___________ of it is absorbed and the remainder is excreted in the stool.
8.8
The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the?
Anus
Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and ?
monoglycerides
Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed. This is regulated by what vitamin derivative and facilitated by protein?
Vitamin D
All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT: A. chyme phase C. cephalic phase B. gastric phase D. intestinal phase
A. chyme phase
Which of the following is NOT a waste product excreted in urine? A. fatty acids B. urea C. creatinine D. uric acid
A. fatty acids
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? A. regulation of gastrointestinal motility B. formation of blood plasma proteins C. storage of glucose D. destruction of old red blood cells
A. regulation of gastrointestinal motility
All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT: A. spleen B. liver C. pharynx D. salivary glands
A. spleen
A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is:
Peristalsis
Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the?
Pharynx
The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, while the large intestine?
Reabsorbs water, sodium, and other minerals
Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes _______ secretion of saliva
Reflex
Glomerular filtration is affected by_______ pressure.
Renal arteriole
Protein digestion involves stomach acid, trypsin, pepsin, and other enzymes to degrade it into ?
amino acids
What effect will aldosterone blocking agents have on urine production?
block sodium reabsorption. increase urine volume
Filtration produces a protein free solution, which is similar to?
blood plasma
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the?
nephron
Urine production begins in the __________.
nephrons
Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______.
proximal convoluted tubule
The urinary system regulates _____________ concentrations of ions by controlling the quantities lost in urine.
plasma
Gastrin promotes increased_______ motility
stomach
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the?
stomach
When ADH levels rise:
the amount of water reabsorbed increases
The capillary network in the renal corpuscle is known as?
the glomerulus