Physiology Lab Exam 1 review
Assume a pill has a dosage of 350 mg of medication. How much medication is this in grams? A) 35000 g B) 0.35 g C) 35 g D) 3.5g
B) 0.35 g
What is the plasma membrane?
Boundary which restricts the cell and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.
The total magnification at which you are viewing an object when you use the 10X objective is: A) 10X B) 90X C) 100X D) 20X
C) 100X
kilo (k) = A) 1/1000 B) 0.01 C)X 1000 D)1/10 answers a and b answers b and c answers c and d
C) X 1000
Cell shape influences cell function. TRUE AND FALSE
TRUE
centi = A)0.001 B) 0.01 C) 1/100 D) X 100 answers a and c answers b and c answers b and d
answers b and c
deci = A) X 10 B) 0.01 C)1/10 D)0.1 answers a and b answers b and c answers c and d
answers c and d
Identify the cell type below (be very specific):
skeletal muscle
You have seen several types of cells under the microscope during your previous lab. Which cells are multinucleated (contain many nuclei)?
skeletal muscle
Identify one factor that influences how quickly a particle will diffuse across a cell membrane:
temperature, steepness of the concentration gradient, or the size of the particle in terms of how quickly it can travel.
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
What is an action potential?
An electrochemical signal sent from neurons to other excitable cells such as other neurons and muscle cells in response to stimulation.
The movement of any particle passively down its gradient is called: A) osmosis B) diffusion C) active transport D) exocytosis
B) diffusion
The ______________ is the basic unit of life.
CELL
Simple diffusion
Net movement of particles from area of high [ ] to area of low [ ] due to their constant, random motion
Cell shape influences cell function. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Identify one organelle found in plants but not in animal cells.
chloroplasts
John's height is 175 cm. Yes or No - is he taller than 6 ft? (Show your calculations)
1m = 3.281 ft 175 cm = 1.75 m 1.75 X 3.281 = 5.74 ft or 5 ft 8.8 inches therefore no, he is not taller than 6 ft
You weigh a patient in the doctor's office and her weight is 63 kg. How much does she weigh in pounds? Show your calculations.
63 x 2.205= 138.9 lbs
You take a patient's temperature and note that it is 39°C. What is his temperature in °F? (Show your calculations)
9/5(39)+39= 102.2 ºF
Explain why the rate of transport is more efficient when a large structure is subdivided into smaller units (as is the case in multicellular organisms)?
A smaller structure has a larger surface area to volume ratio than a larger structure providing more space across which substances can be transported per unit volume making the transport more efficient when you have many smaller structures instead of one large structure.
Hypotonic solution
A solution with less solute (more water) or lower osmotic pressure than another solution to which it is being compared.
Hypertonic solution
A solution with more solute (less water)
Isotonic solution
A solution with the same osmotic pressure as another solution to which it is being compared.
The greater the amount of work to be done, the greater the number of motor units activated so that enough force can be exerted. The activation of more and more motor units as greater force is needed/exerted is known as: A) Motor unit recruitment B) Tetanus C) Time to fatigue D) Muscle contraction
A) Motor unit recruitment
Motor units are activated when a muscle is stimulated to contract, for example to lift and hold an object. Heavier objects require A) greater numbers of motor units activated B) fewer motor units activated C) no difference in the number of active motor units D) greater numbers of motor units activated during the lifting process than to hold the object thereafter
A) greater numbers of motor units activated
This would make solution 2: A) less concentrated than/more dilute than/hypotonic to solution 1 B) more concentrated than/less dilute than/hypertonic to solution 1 C) less concentrated than/less dilute than/hypotonic to solution 1 D) more concentrated than/less dilute than/hypertonic to solution 1
A) less concentrated than/more dilute than/hypotonic to solution 1
If you view an object under the microscope, the way to determine the total magnification at which you are viewing hte object is by: A) multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece (10X), by the maginification produced by the objective (4X, 10X, or 40X, for example). B) adding 10 to the objective power. C) adding the magnification of the eyepiece to the magnification of the objective. D) subtracting the magnification of the eyepiece from the magnification of the objective.
A) multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece (10X), by the maginification produced by the objective (4X, 10X, or 40X, for example).
Tonicity differences across the semi-permeable cell membrane dictate the transport of water molecules in and out of the cell. If a solution is more concentrated (hypertonic) inside the cell and less concentrated (hypotonic) outside the cell, there will be a net movement of water molecules A) out of the cell B) into the cell
B) into the cell
If solution 1 has more solute relative to solvent (water) than solution 2, solution 1 is said to be A) less concentrated than/more dilute than/hypotonic to solution 2 B) more concentrated than/less dilute than/hypertonic to solution 2 C) less concentrated than/less dilute than/hypotonic to solution 2 D) more concentrated than/less dilute than/hypotonic to solution 2
B) more concentrated than/less dilute than/hypertonic to solution 2
Intracellular structures that facilitate division of labor in eukaryotic cells are called: A) vesicles B) organelles C) ATP D) hydrophobic
B) organelles
Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Cells undergo osmosis when ... A) the cell membrane bursts B) there is a difference in the tonicity inside versus outside the cell C) the cell membrane allows for the transport of all fluid and solutes in and outside of the cell D) solutes in the solution travel across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration
B) there is a difference in the tonicity inside versus outside the cell
You administer 100cc of saline to a patient. How many liters of saline did you give the patient? A) 100 L B) 10 L C) 0.1 L saline D) 0.01 L
C) 0.1 L saline
The structure of the cell membrane is referred to as the: A) fluid mosaic B) phospholipid bilayer C) A and B D) neither A nor B
C) A and B
You can measure the volume of a solid object by: A)Placing it on a scale and measuring its mass B)Multiplying its mass by its diameter C) Placing it in a known volume of water and noting the amount of liquid displaced D) Placing it in a volume of water that you have weighed
C) Placing it in a known volume of water and noting the amount of liquid displaced
With respect to muscle contraction and the subsequent generation of force, time to fatigue refers to: A) The period of time it takes to go from maximal force exertion to zero force B) The period of time it takes to go from minimal to maximal force exertion to zero force C) The period of time it takes to go from maximal force exertion to 50% of the maximum force D) The period of time it takes to go from minimal force exertion to 50% of the maximum force
C) The period of time it takes to go from maximal force exertion to 50% of the maximum force
Complete the following sequence: macromolecule --> organelle --> _________ --> tissue A) atom B) organ C) cell D) organ system
C) cell
If a cell is placed in a solution and it swells, the contents of the cell are most likely _____________ with respect to the solution. A) hypotonic B) Isotonic C) hypertonic D) catatonic
C) hypertonic
Solutes will be prevented from moving down their gradient across a cell membrane lacking protein transporters for all of the following reasons except: A) they are charged particles B) they are too big C) they are nonpolar. D) they are hydrophilic
C) they are nonpolar.
Identify the type of muscle activity shown in the figure below: A) unfused tetanus B) tetanus C) treppe D) Sliding filament mechanism
C) treppe
What are muscle fibers?
Cells capable of shortening and converting the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy
What are microtubules?
Cytoskeletal elements that allow for motility of organelles inside the cell.
What is the mass of a substance that has a volume of 8 ml and a density of 7.5 g/ml? Show your calculations
D = m/v, therefore m = D X V 7.5 X 8 = 60g
The process of dynamometry measures the amount of force exerted. What is the proper way to hold the dynamometer so that accurate readings may be achieved? A) At the bottom of the handle with the dynamometer tilted to the side B) In the middle of the handle with the dynamometer held upright C) At the top of the handle (without touching the dynagrip crossbar metal) with the dynamometer tilted to the side D) At the top of the handle (without touching the dynagrip crossbar metal) with the dynamometer held upright
D) At the top of the handle (without touching the dynagrip crossbar metal) with the dynamometer held upright
Density is the ratio between weight and volume (mass per unit volume; g/ml). How can you measure the density of a solid object? A) Measure the length, width and height of the object; multiply the length X width X height B) Measure the length, width and height of the object; divide the length by the width then by the height C) Weigh the object then calculate its volume by observing the amount of fluid it displaces; multiply the mass by the volume D) Weigh the object then calculate its volume by observing the amount of fluid it displaces; divide the mass by the volume
D) Weigh the object then calculate its volume by observing the amount of fluid it displaces; divide the mass by the volume
Define density
Density is the mass per unit volume.
List two key differences between active transport and diffusion (be sure to identify which form of transport displays which characteristic).
Diffusion moves particles from high to low concentration, using no energy. Active Transport moves particles from low to high concentration, using energy like ATP.
A substance with a density lower than 1.0 g/ml will sink in water. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The value you calculated in the previous question is the normal body temperature for humans. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
What is fatigue (in terms of muscle physiology)?
Fatigue is defined as a decrease in the muscle's ability to generate force.
What are microvilli?
Finger-like projections emerging from specialized cells; their function is to increase the surface area of absorptive surfaces
What is the Golgi?
Intracellualr structure responsible for carbohydrate synthesis, modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins.
What is the nucleus of the cell?
Intracellular structure which houses genetic information (DNA).
What is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
Membrane-bound organelles, esp. the nucleus.
What is the centrosome?
Organizing center for microtubules as the cell prepares for division.
What is the lysosome?
Structure with digestive enzymes that allow the cell to break down cellular debris and damaged components.
An obejct will not move if your muscles exert a force less than the weight of the object. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What is the all-or-none principle?
The all-or-none principle states that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. As long as the stimulus above the threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response. If, on the other hand, the stimulus is below threshold, there will be no response at all.
Osmotic pressure
The amount of pressure that would have to be applied to one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis
Active transport
The movement of a solute through a cellular membrane, against its concentration gradient, involving a carrier protein that expends ATP.
Osmosis
The net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, influenced by the concentration of non-permeable molecules on both sides of the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
The process of transporting a chemical through a cellular membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier that does not consume ATP
What is the mitochondrion?
The site of energy production within the cell.
What is a ribosome?
The site of protein synthesis inside the cell
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
There are two types: 1. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) contains ribosome and therefore facilitates protein synthesis. 2. The smooth endplasmic reticulum (SER) is responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, Ca++ storage.
What is threshold stimulus?
This is the minimum stimulus required to produce an action potential in a muscle.
Identify the cell shown below (indicated with an arrow). Be very specific.
White blood cell
Concentration gradient
a gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution
Filtration
a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane
List the four major categories of cells found in the body and provide one example of each:
connective: macrophages epithelial: tissues of blood vessels and organs muscular: heart nervous: Neurons
Identify one organelle found both in animal and plant cells:
nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi, etc.
