PLS 150 Final exam URI

In what kind of climates do the cucurbits grow best?

60-80 degrees. fairly hot

What kind of climate is preferred for each of these crops?

65-80 degrees

What are the meristems that allow turf grasses to be mown called and where are they located?

Bast and Intercalary Meristems Located at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledons—e.g., grasses).

Sweet Peppers Species

Bell pepper

Genus of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, Cabbage

Brassica

What are the different ways turfgrasses are propagated?

By Seeds "plugged" or "sprigged": -Sprigging is a vegetative form of propagation and it is used when the type of grass you want to use has a poor seed quality or the seed for the grass isn�t available.� Sprigging is usually used for warm season grasses. - Plugging is Plugging is the process where small pieces of sod, plugs, are taken and placed throughout the area being filled in with grass.� This process will leave a lot of the soil exposed which can be a down side to this procedure.� The plugs in this case are supposed to take root and then spread to fill in the bare dirt.� The general rule is that is will take at least one to two seasons to completely fill in the area.� Since the plugged area has a lot of bare soil there can be a big problem with weeds.� The big benefit is that plugging can be somewhat cheaper than sodding Hydromulching: Hydromulching is somewhat new but now is being used more.� Hydromulching is also sometimes called hydroseeding.� This process uses seed of the grass you want mixed in with virgin wood mulch and water and is sprayed onto the area that you want seeded. Stolonizing- Stolonizing is the process of taking the stolon of the turfgrass plant which is a reproductive structure and spreading them over the surface of the dirt much like seeding.� This type of propagation only works with grasses that are stoloniferous.� The most common stoloniferous grass is the bermudagrass and bent grass.� The process is a much more expensive task. The one benefit of stolonizing is that it can produce a very uniform turf that is all one genetic type.�

broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, Cabbage - What is this family commonly known as?

Cabbage Family (mustard family)

Hot Peppers Genus

Capsicum

Sweet Peppers Genus

Capsicum

Where did squash originate and how long ago?

Central America. 350 million years ago. Found again after discovery of the New World in 16th century, and the oldest known definite record of it is dated 1591.

What country grows the most watermelons?

China

Watermelon Genus

Citrullus

Watermelon Species

Citrullus lanatus

What are examples of cool- and warm-season grasses, including both common and genus names?

Cool Season Grasses: • bentgrass (Agrostis) • fescue (Festuca) • fine • tall • bluegrass (Poa) • ryegrass (Lolium) Warm Season Grasses: • bermudagrass (Cynodon) • zoysiagrass (Zoysia) • St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum) • crabgrass (Digitaria) • dallisgrass (Paspalum) • panicum (Panicum) - but not all

What makes a grass "c3"

Cool-season grasses- they go dormant in summer/winter, thrive spring/fall • they use the C3 carbon fixation pathway (they do not use the Hatch-Slack pathway) • they require less energy for carbon fixation which is good, because they waste CO2 In the Northeast, C3 grasses are our typical "turf" grasses, well-adapted to our climate

What are four major pest problems of squash and what kind of pest are they?

Cucumber Beetles The squash bug (Anasa tristis) The squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) The pickleworm (Diaphania nitidalis)

Cantaloupe Genus

Cucumis

Cucumber Genus

Cucumis

Muskmelon Genus

Cucumis

Squash Genus

Cucurbita

Cantaloupe Family

Cucurbits

Cucumber Family

Cucurbits

Muskmelon Family

Cucurbits

Watermelon Family

Cucurbits

zucchini Family

Cucurbits

zucchini Speicies

Field pumpkin

What are the physical characteristics that define a melon?

Fleshy fruit. hard outer skin

Squash Family

Gourd

Maxima

Maximas can get huge, and keep fairly well in storage. You can usually tell them from a Pepo or Moshata in that they have a spongy cork-like stem. Most winter squash are also part of this family. Varieties include Pink Banana, Buttercup, Hubbard and Turban.

Why can turfgrasses be mown?

Meristems. AKA tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.

Mixta (argyrosperma)

Mixtas typically have pale yellow or cream-colored flesh. They are usually not quite as sweet or refined as a Moshata or Maxima. They are often stuffed or baked with brown sugar or maple syrup to complement their flavor. The above descriptions are general and I have found there can be many exceptions. Mixta are also known as argyrosperma.

Moshata

Moshatas are excellent keepers. Their flesh is usually orange in color, sweet and refined. They store extremely well and are well suited for a multitude of recipes. Their stems are smooth and have deep ridges. Examples are the Cushaw Green and Gold and Butternut. Their color is usually tan or cream and they are elongated in shape.

Cantaloupe Species

Muskmelon

Muskmelon Species

Muskmelon

Eggplant Family

Nightshade

Sweet Peppers Family

Nightshade

Most common pumpkin

Pepo

How does turf remain perennial, despite the fact that individual plants do not live more than one year?

Perennial- Plant that lives more than 2 years It doesn't die when you mow it.

Hot Peppers Species

Poblano, chili, cayenne, serrano,

Where and when did tomatoes and potatoes originate?

Potatoes- First cultivated in the mountainous regions of Peru and Bolivia 3000 to 7000 years ago Tomatoes- Tomatoes are native to South America, in fact, several species are still found growing wild in the Andes. Brought to Mexico, tomatoes were domesticated and cultivated there by 500 BC.

Are tomatoes and potatoes self- or cross-fertile

Potatoes- • cross-pollinated Tomatoes- "perfect" or "self pollinated"

What is the difference between rotary and reel mowers?

Reel Mower= Old fashioned. A Reel Mower is a mower in which the blades spin vertically. No gas need to mow. Golf courses are most often cut with reel mowers which are pulled by a tractor. Rotary Mower= Typical lawn mower. A Rotary Mower is a mower in which the blade spins horizontally (east to west) and uses a sucking and tearing action to cut the blades of grass. Rotary mowers usually have one blade which rotates very fast. Powered by gasoline which makes the blade spin like a fan at the bottom of the lawn mower.

Eggplant Genus

Solanum

Pepo

Some Pepos are eaten in the immature stage as thin-skinned summer squash. Most traditional Jack-o-lantern carving and baking pumpkins are of the Pepo species. Acorn squash and spaghetti squash are also part of this family. They have distinctive hard woody stems that have furrows in them. The pumpkins in this family are a deep or bright orange.

zucchini Genus

Squash

two groups of peppers

Sweet Peppers Hot Peppers

What is the growth habit of each of the two pepper groups?

Sweet Peppers- Most plants grow to 2 to 3 feet tall. Two words used abundantly for peppers is "lobes" and "blocky". When you cut a pepper crosswise near the stem, you'll notice that the walls divide the pepper fruit into sections. Pepper experts call these sections "lobes". Well defined "lobes" make the pepper "blocky". Most sweet peppers have 3 to 4 "lobes". Blocky fruits are best suited for stuffing or slicing. Hot Peppers- easier to grow than sweet peppers and produce more peppers. The active ingredient in these peppers that make them hot is called 'capsaicin'. This active ingredient forms tiny blisters on the fruit's inner wall. Fewer blisters are located at the tips of a hot pepper, so be careful when testing hotness, the tip is the weakest hot area. If you cut or handle the pepper roughly, you may break the inner-wall lining and release the capsaicin to all areas of the pepper.

What plant pest caused problems for potato growers in Rhode Island?

The Colorado potato beetle. In Rhode Island, many potato farmers converted their farms to sod production.

What is a synonym for the inflorescence of cauliflower?

The curd

What is a genus containing inedible gourds? gourds whose insides are used as sponges? gourd that taste bitter?

The fetid odor and the extremely bitter taste of the buffalo gourd make the fruit inedible sponges- Luffa Gourds bitter- Momordica charantia

What are the hard, dried fruits of black pepper called?

The fruit of the black pepper is called a drupe and when dried is known as a peppercorn.

What happens to turf density when you mow grass at the proper height?

The more you mow, the denser your grass gets.

What is sod?

The surface of the ground which grass grows on top of. Fake grass.

What makes squash monoecious?

They have male and female flowers on the plant. cross polination

What country is the largest producer of each of these crops?

Tomatoes- China Potatoes- China Peppers- India Tobacco- China

What is meant by the term "breed true"

Tomatoes- breed true potatoes- do not breed true A true-breeding plant is one that, when self-fertilized, only produces offspring with the same traits.

What is the family, genus, and species of tomatoes and potatoes

Tomatoes: Family- Solanaceae Genus-Solanum Species-Beefsteak, Plum, Cherry, Grape, Campari Potato Family- Solanaceae Genus-Solanum Species- 4,000 Varieties.

Know the difference among the landscape plant types.

Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Herbaceous Plants

Why is a tomato botanically a fruit?

True fruits are developed from the ovary in the base of the flower, and contain the seeds of the plant

What makes a Grass "c4"

Warm Season Grasses- go dormant in winter, thrive in high summer temperatures • use the C4 carbon fixation pathway (also known as the Hatch-Slack pathway) • require more ATP, but use CO2 more efficiently and have a rapid metabolism · In the Northeast, C4 grasses are usually aggressive, unsightly annual weeds · In subtropical to tropical climates, C4 grasses are used for lawns, athletics, and golf courses

What Kind of flower is typical in this family

Wild Mustard Plant: Flowers in this family have four white or yellow petals, whose shape resembles a cross

What do we call the phenomenon where flowering occurs the first year in biennials?

annual cultivars

Eggplant Species

aubergine

What climate is best for eggplant?

between 70° and 90°F

What is the most common lawngrass used in the northern United States?

bluegrass is good for lawns and athletics

What is the hybrid between broccoli and cauliflower named? What are its characteristics?

broccoflower the curd, or inflorescence, most resembles cauliflower in shape and texture dark green broccoli flower bud color & the creamy white cauliflower florets produce a lime-green head in their hybrid flavor described as milder than either parent

Which grass works well on golf greens in the northern United States?

c4 Grasses on golf courses c3 is better for northeast though. Bluegrass is good for most athletics Tall fescue is good for athletics, but requires deep soil to optimize its drought resistance; we generally do not have those kind of deep soils here in New England, like they do in other parts of the country, so it may not perform as well in New England as in other parts of the country; it is good in the transition zone because it has better heat tolerance than other cool-season grasses and better cold tolerance than warm-season grasses - a place that is difficult for most turfgrasses to thrive

What 'hot' chemical is in the plants of each of the two pepper groups mentioned in class?

capsaicin

What plant is sometimes used in place of flour or rice?

cauliflower

What chemical in wild squash relative can make you sick?

cucurbitacins

How did Brussels sprouts get their name?

discovered as a sport, or mutation, on a cabbage plant in the Brussels region of Belgium

What is the typical growth habit for plants in Cucurbitaceae?

fast-growing prostrate or climbing vines with long-stalked palmate leaves that alternate along the stem. Spirally coiled tendril.

What grass tolerates shade the best in the northern United States?

fine fescue

What is another name for a melon?

gourd

In what class of compounds is the poisonous chemical, solanine, placed?

most solanaceous plants contain alkaloids. glycoalkaloid poison

Hot Peppers Family

nightshade

What colors may eggplant have for their outer surface?

pale green to a deep purple that looks black, including many that appear in shades of yellow, or even white

Relatives of Potatoes and Tomatoes

pepper (Capsicum) • petunia (Petunia) • tobacco (Nicotiana) • jimson weed (Datura) • mandrake (Mandragora) • nightshade (Belladona)

Why are turf grasses used to cap landfills? Why may artificial surfaces used instead of turf grass cause problems?

roots generally not deep enough to interfere with in-ground systems • provide permanent cover • minimal maintenance • may not even require mowing

Why are cauliflower leaves sometimes tie around the inflorescence? What is this process called?

self-blanching cultivars eliminate need to cover heads by tying leaves around them

How is eggplant usually prepared for eating?

slice into 1/2-inch to 1-inch rounds Sprinkle salt on eggplant slices

What is meant by the term 'amenity'?

something that contributes to comfort, pleasant ;a useful feature

What are the differences between cool- and warm-season grasses?

the difference between them is where they are perennial • cool-season turf is perennial in the North (and CA) • warm-season turf is perennial in the South • there is some overlap in the "transition zone" but you generally can't grow a warm-season grass in a place that gets a real winter

Why are turfgrasses used for soil stabilization?

they greatly improve the quality of the landscape and the environment soil remediation- turf can improve soil quality (organic matter, microbial activity)

What kind of genetics does a seedless watermelon have, if it has 3 sets of chromosomes?

triploid - three sets of the base number of 11 chromosomes

What part of each plant is used to start growing each crop

tubers?