Political Science Final
Political parties
Groups to help elect people in shape policies, and have the same ideas to influence the government -seem to emerge with the extension of voting franchise -Started in the 17th century of England
Secularists
Rose among People who aren't religious a person who advocates separation of the state from religious institutions
Formateur
conducts actual negotiations
line-item veto
executive can veto part of a bill, 43/50 states do it
civil code/ Roman law
"written law" - a comprehensive body of written statues in tended to anticipate all contingencies (Predictions for things that didn't happen yet) - Codes usually effected in complete form, not incrementally -No right of class examination - Sentencing is strictly set by statute - "inquisitorial" procedure -extensive Preliminary interrogations accused
Liberal Democracy or constitutional Democracy
- also elects representatives - Places formal Permanent limbs on governments power - Constitution provides strong prosections off individual rights -Tries to maintain strict adherence to due process of law
presedential executives
-Elected independently of the legislature -do not depend on the legislative support -can be elected by direct popular vote or electoral college -58 electoral votes -270 needed to win
Western Civilization
-Greco Roman heritage -Judeo - Christian- tradition Renaissance and scientific Revolution Classic liberal / tradition civilization that evolved in Europe and in recent centuries spread to America
Prime Minister (PM)
-To become a P.M you are chose for "legislative" responsibility -P.M heads party or coalition with required support of Parliament (at least 50% more of the party) -directly proposes most legislations (bills) -Has no Veto (stops the bill from being passed, refuses too sign it) Subject to vote of confidence
Stages of party development
1 ) " cadre " party- small elite group usually ✰ confined it to legislature , guided by needs of private wealthy constitutions 2 ) mass party - arose in responsible to major external social issues . British labor movement , American populous Facist parties after World War I Struggles with deflation Tea party ( taxed enough already 3 ) Catch all party structure of modern major parties Seeks to unite various groups regions and interest within a larger umbrella organization Sectional Governed for all not merely specific interests
Levels of participation
1 ) Gladiators 5-7 % of population ☆ Hold very intense views often associated with eules much better and informed , more involved than others Regulatory consult prestige medical sources often members of formal party organizations of interest grow Often attached to specific issues or policies 2 ) spectators 60 to 65 percentage of a population Usually vote regularly fairly well informed not activist otherwise 3 ) apathities 30-35 % of eligibly Voters are cynical or fatalists and seldom participate
Selecting candidates
1 ) Primary elections LRG Can be open or closed 2 they can be chosen by party members as in nominating conservations 3 can be chosen by party leaders " selectors " 4 Party committee assigned to designate candidates
Functions of major modern parties
1 ) govern set the direction of public policy when in power 2 ) they designate candidates for public office 3 ) mobilize voters at election time 4 ) they can unite disparate interests under single standards
How to present news stories
1 ) reinforcement appeals to Views audience already hold 2 ) agenda setting set topic for public discussion or determines section of stories 3 ) priming prepares viewers for examining specific issues for greater depths 4 ) framing sets a context for a story
unconventional participation
1 Rallies of demonstrations . 2 signing petitions 3 ) organicen Communities Support 4 Civil disobedience
Selecting party leaders
1 party Congress Norway , Sweden 2. Rank and file members ( Belgium ) 3 members of parliament 4 Party committee
authoritarian regimes
1) Absolute Monarchies -Least oppressive -Tradition, customers, prestige, reputation, concerned about family traditions 2) Ruiling presidents -Formers Soviet Republics from Africa and Asia -Long term presidents that usually have military support 3) Ruiling parties -communist contries 4) Military Rules 5) Theocracy Rules by religious procept
problems or bureaucracy
1) Accountability- "ruled by nobody" 2) Interagency rivalry- duplicate procedures 3) Expansions/ costs: as an agency grows you need to give them more benefits 4) Agencies develop rested interested distinct from public policy goals
Bureaucracy Money Structure
1) Congress controls taxation 2) Executives can only spend money on budget based on what congress allows them to spend
Functions of the Legislature
1) Control of all taxation and budgetary allocations 2) Regulation expenses of economy, foreign trade, imports of all government agencies 3) oversight, especially executive branch Approval of all executive appointments impeachment of president/ leader 4) Influence of foreign affairs senate rarities treaties congress must approve all defense spending senate confirms all ambassadors provides a forum for debating major issues
Structure of Bureaucracy
1) Impersonal authority, governed by standardized rules and procedures 2) Carefully delineated tasks and areas of authority 3) Recruitment strictly according to professional qualifications and experiences 4) Salaries determined by job classification 5) Promotion according to Merit or reclassification 6) emphasis on "scientific" management methods
What is a representative
1) Numerical: equality for all states 2) Proportional: calculated by population Subject to periodic re-opportiomnet rearrange the number oe legislation 435 members in House
Transformation of modern media
1) commercializing caters to consume preferences 2 ) Fragmentation proliferation of channels 3 ) globalizing Communications technology 4 ) interactive media cell phone
House of Burgesses
1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.
Pendleton Act
1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons
English Civil War (1642-1649)
A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.
Legislature
A group of people who have the power to make laws
demagogue
A person who appeals to people's emotions in a democracy
Representative Democracy
A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.
Spoils System
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
Cadre
A type of political party which consisted mainly of legislative members and only a small number of outside members
iudicare
A word in latin that means to judge
Role of parties an authoritarian regimes
All communist countries ☆ 1 ) confess a sense of legitimacy 2 ) Can mobilize public support for government support 3 ) recruitment new members and future leaders 4 ) Channel and process ordinary concerns or complaints ( non political ) 5 ) shield to defect criticism
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws Abstract Review - advice from a higher cart on pending legislature Concrete Review await an actual case - it Reviews lower decisions as well as legislative increment
Whigs (liberals)
Anti-Jackson, political party, that generally stood for national community activist government Favored limiting kings power United, wealthy people Anti monarchists
Fatalist
Believe what's there is there and you cant change it
Political culture in Authoritarian Regimes
Cannot simply be imposed , despite efforts to do SO Totalitarians cannot tolerate multiple belief system Serves to reinforce rulers and their ideology Generate support to regimes policies
Bureaucrats (civil servants)
Career government employees
Veto
Chief executive's (President) power to reject a bill passed by a legislature
Conventional versus unconventional
Conventional formally within an established legal framework Unconventional outside formal political system including illegal activity
Balkinization
Ethnic and diversity debate
Fragmnetation
Expansions on channels and news outlets
In general , political culture represents the beliefs and attitudes that government leaders attempt to impose on the societies which they govern .
FALSE
Beginning of American parties
Federalists Hamilton, ADAM's, Washington New England plus mid Atlantic region Stronger national government, especially executive Develop cities/industries and overseas trade Democratic Republicans 1812 Democrats Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Southern agrarians and plantation owners Farming, And Ness decision left to States
Variety of elections
First order election -chooses national leaders often Turman by policies for a few years how does voter turn out Second order elections Choose congressional candidates and state or regional officers
Civic culture
General acceptance by most sub groups that the ✰ political system is legitimate
president
Head of the Executive Branch he cannot propose legislation -can veto legislative acts (can decide to sign the bills or not)
Judiciary administration of Justice
Judicial administration consists of the practices, procedures and offices that deal with the management of the system of the courts
Parties across ideological spectrum
Left Communist Socialist Greens - " niche party " Single issue , more intense commitment Center Labor Social democratics Democrats USA Right National party Flemish blocke
Prestige media
New York Times Wall Street Journal Washington Post
Literacy ( sources of information
Newspaper first weekly then daily Electronic media ( radios , news field) Tv Internet , social media , instantaneous ( bad fake news )
Objecting the idea of political parties receiving government fundings
People don't want their tax dollars going to people on they don't want
Refreendum
Policy proposal
Parliamentary executives
Prime Minister, Chancellor or Premior -Coalition: 2 or more parties combine to support P.M and government, (need the support to become a P.M) -P.M and cabinet (major important departments of a government) retain seats in Parliament -Chief executive runs the government and the chief if state (president, king, leader) are separate
Torries (Conservatives)
Pro Monarchists Heredity nobility Angelica's church
Proportional elections
Represents in government determined by percentage of votes a party received
Real Clear Politics
Republican Most human history has been illiterate
Majority election
Requires 50 % of more to win usually need second round
Post materialism
Seeks " meaning " or purpose in secular political movements
Green Party
Small niche party Popular with highly educated party types Made in Europe
Sub culture
Smaller groups of political parties more isolated
A " civilizational " culture , such as the one found in western Europe and the United States , often transcends national boundaries reflects the shared beliefs and traditions of many countries and peoples .
TRUE
participation
Taking apart in someway and political events or * processes
Plurality election
The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else
Plurality election
The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else President has less than 50% of votes
Ways that stories are politically incorrect
They choose stories that are not important May not give you the whole story They can be biased They are under a limited time
Puritans
They wanted to limit Monarch power A religious group who wanted to purify the church of England They came to America from religious freedom and settled Massachusetts bay
Civilization culture
Transnational , transgenerational Inputs and components from various sources and times
Moralistic Culture
Views Participation as a positive good , an aspect of virtue is citizenship . Political process useful instrument for affective positive reforms party reform especially how funded ( issues )
Traditional culture
Views Participation as a positive good , an aspect of virtue is citizenship . Political process useful instrument for affective positive reforms party reform especially how funded issues
Subcultures
Views political system as hostile , competitive and to be use only for narrow group needs . Participation not seen as civic virtue but as practical and necessity to achieve individual goals
Political patronage
Vote the right way
Conventional / Voting participation
Voting , joining a political party , interest group , contacting elected officials , volunteer work on campaigns
Bureaucracy
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
Common Law
a system of law based on precedent and customs - develops gradually as cases arise and precedents are set - does not attempt to anticipate future circumstances - must await a case to issue rivalry - Can consider case in equity-petition to forestall or block an anticipation action
Criminal Law
a system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes. State always party as prosecurser - more evidence is Required to be able to convict
increased power of "responsible" or democratic
greater public demands on government visibility mass media (ex movies were fast, black and white, for campaigning) shorten time of international crisis
ascriptive status
have something contributed to you ,based on family or heredity status, or religious significance ( places people in status positions because of family background, race, sex, or place of birth),
nepotism
having family connections and businesses pass down to you from your family (type of ascriptive status)
Public Law
law dealing with the relationship between government and individuals (there will be constant questions)
Private Law
law that involves suits between private individuals or groups
Stages of Democratization
liberalization, transition, consolidation, deepening
increased activity of democratic eye in the 20th century
mass viability
Political Parties
organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices
semi presidential system of France
president -can hold up tp 2-5 year terms -chosen by popular vote manages foreign legislationscan decide war -no veto can propose referenda no veto
refrenda
proposing a law without going through the legislative/ congerss
Class Consciousness (Marx)
recognition of social inequality
Informateur
recommends possible coalitions
max weber
studied modern civil service
legislation
the act of making or enacting laws
civil service system
the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit
executives
top-level managers with responsibilities for the direction and success of the entire business Ex: Kings, Queens, Sultan, Emperor, Governor, Mayor Traditionally acknowledge n formal limits to power Responsible or accountable formal limits to their power, can be removed peacefully
personell recruitment
traditionally based on ascriptive status
electoral vote
votes by the senate of each state
minority vote
votes that are not electoral, popular votes
Unicameral vs. Bicameral
• UNICAMERAL- requires one state Bicameral- requires two states
Bicameral Congress
2 chambers, House of Representatives and the Senate
Civil Law
A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.
