Political Science Final

Political parties

Groups to help elect people in shape policies, and have the same ideas to influence the government -seem to emerge with the extension of voting franchise -Started in the 17th century of England

Secularists

Rose among People who aren't religious a person who advocates separation of the state from religious institutions

Formateur

conducts actual negotiations

line-item veto

executive can veto part of a bill, 43/50 states do it

civil code/ Roman law

"written law" - a comprehensive body of written statues in tended to anticipate all contingencies (Predictions for things that didn't happen yet) - Codes usually effected in complete form, not incrementally -No right of class examination - Sentencing is strictly set by statute - "inquisitorial" procedure -extensive Preliminary interrogations accused

Liberal Democracy or constitutional Democracy

- also elects representatives - Places formal Permanent limbs on governments power - Constitution provides strong prosections off individual rights -Tries to maintain strict adherence to due process of law

presedential executives

-Elected independently of the legislature -do not depend on the legislative support -can be elected by direct popular vote or electoral college -58 electoral votes -270 needed to win

Western Civilization

-Greco Roman heritage -Judeo - Christian- tradition Renaissance and scientific Revolution Classic liberal / tradition civilization that evolved in Europe and in recent centuries spread to America

Prime Minister (PM)

-To become a P.M you are chose for "legislative" responsibility -P.M heads party or coalition with required support of Parliament (at least 50% more of the party) -directly proposes most legislations (bills) -Has no Veto (stops the bill from being passed, refuses too sign it) Subject to vote of confidence

Stages of party development

1 ) " cadre " party- small elite group usually ✰ confined it to legislature , guided by needs of private wealthy constitutions 2 ) mass party - arose in responsible to major external social issues . British labor movement , American populous Facist parties after World War I Struggles with deflation Tea party ( taxed enough already 3 ) Catch all party structure of modern major parties Seeks to unite various groups regions and interest within a larger umbrella organization Sectional Governed for all not merely specific interests

Levels of participation

1 ) Gladiators 5-7 % of population ☆ Hold very intense views often associated with eules much better and informed , more involved than others Regulatory consult prestige medical sources often members of formal party organizations of interest grow Often attached to specific issues or policies 2 ) spectators 60 to 65 percentage of a population Usually vote regularly fairly well informed not activist otherwise 3 ) apathities 30-35 % of eligibly Voters are cynical or fatalists and seldom participate

Selecting candidates

1 ) Primary elections LRG Can be open or closed 2 they can be chosen by party members as in nominating conservations 3 can be chosen by party leaders " selectors " 4 Party committee assigned to designate candidates

Functions of major modern parties

1 ) govern set the direction of public policy when in power 2 ) they designate candidates for public office 3 ) mobilize voters at election time 4 ) they can unite disparate interests under single standards

How to present news stories

1 ) reinforcement appeals to Views audience already hold 2 ) agenda setting set topic for public discussion or determines section of stories 3 ) priming prepares viewers for examining specific issues for greater depths 4 ) framing sets a context for a story

unconventional participation

1 Rallies of demonstrations . 2 signing petitions 3 ) organicen Communities Support 4 Civil disobedience

Selecting party leaders

1 party Congress Norway , Sweden 2. Rank and file members ( Belgium ) 3 members of parliament 4 Party committee

authoritarian regimes

1) Absolute Monarchies -Least oppressive -Tradition, customers, prestige, reputation, concerned about family traditions 2) Ruiling presidents -Formers Soviet Republics from Africa and Asia -Long term presidents that usually have military support 3) Ruiling parties -communist contries 4) Military Rules 5) Theocracy Rules by religious procept

problems or bureaucracy

1) Accountability- "ruled by nobody" 2) Interagency rivalry- duplicate procedures 3) Expansions/ costs: as an agency grows you need to give them more benefits 4) Agencies develop rested interested distinct from public policy goals

Bureaucracy Money Structure

1) Congress controls taxation 2) Executives can only spend money on budget based on what congress allows them to spend

Functions of the Legislature

1) Control of all taxation and budgetary allocations 2) Regulation expenses of economy, foreign trade, imports of all government agencies 3) oversight, especially executive branch Approval of all executive appointments impeachment of president/ leader 4) Influence of foreign affairs senate rarities treaties congress must approve all defense spending senate confirms all ambassadors provides a forum for debating major issues

Structure of Bureaucracy

1) Impersonal authority, governed by standardized rules and procedures 2) Carefully delineated tasks and areas of authority 3) Recruitment strictly according to professional qualifications and experiences 4) Salaries determined by job classification 5) Promotion according to Merit or reclassification 6) emphasis on "scientific" management methods

What is a representative

1) Numerical: equality for all states 2) Proportional: calculated by population Subject to periodic re-opportiomnet rearrange the number oe legislation 435 members in House

Transformation of modern media

1) commercializing caters to consume preferences 2 ) Fragmentation proliferation of channels 3 ) globalizing Communications technology 4 ) interactive media cell phone

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

English Civil War (1642-1649)

A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

Legislature

A group of people who have the power to make laws

demagogue

A person who appeals to people's emotions in a democracy

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Cadre

A type of political party which consisted mainly of legislative members and only a small number of outside members

iudicare

A word in latin that means to judge

Role of parties an authoritarian regimes

All communist countries ☆ 1 ) confess a sense of legitimacy 2 ) Can mobilize public support for government support 3 ) recruitment new members and future leaders 4 ) Channel and process ordinary concerns or complaints ( non political ) 5 ) shield to defect criticism

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws Abstract Review - advice from a higher cart on pending legislature Concrete Review await an actual case - it Reviews lower decisions as well as legislative increment

Whigs (liberals)

Anti-Jackson, political party, that generally stood for national community activist government Favored limiting kings power United, wealthy people Anti monarchists

Fatalist

Believe what's there is there and you cant change it

Political culture in Authoritarian Regimes

Cannot simply be imposed , despite efforts to do SO Totalitarians cannot tolerate multiple belief system Serves to reinforce rulers and their ideology Generate support to regimes policies

Bureaucrats (civil servants)

Career government employees

Veto

Chief executive's (President) power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Conventional versus unconventional

Conventional formally within an established legal framework Unconventional outside formal political system including illegal activity

Balkinization

Ethnic and diversity debate

Fragmnetation

Expansions on channels and news outlets

In general , political culture represents the beliefs and attitudes that government leaders attempt to impose on the societies which they govern .

FALSE

Beginning of American parties

Federalists Hamilton, ADAM's, Washington New England plus mid Atlantic region Stronger national government, especially executive Develop cities/industries and overseas trade Democratic Republicans 1812 Democrats Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Southern agrarians and plantation owners Farming, And Ness decision left to States

Variety of elections

First order election -chooses national leaders often Turman by policies for a few years how does voter turn out Second order elections Choose congressional candidates and state or regional officers

Civic culture

General acceptance by most sub groups that the ✰ political system is legitimate

president

Head of the Executive Branch he cannot propose legislation -can veto legislative acts (can decide to sign the bills or not)

Judiciary administration of Justice

Judicial administration consists of the practices, procedures and offices that deal with the management of the system of the courts

Parties across ideological spectrum

Left Communist Socialist Greens - " niche party " Single issue , more intense commitment Center Labor Social democratics Democrats USA Right National party Flemish blocke

Prestige media

New York Times Wall Street Journal Washington Post

Literacy ( sources of information

Newspaper first weekly then daily Electronic media ( radios , news field) Tv Internet , social media , instantaneous ( bad fake news )

Objecting the idea of political parties receiving government fundings

People don't want their tax dollars going to people on they don't want

Refreendum

Policy proposal

Parliamentary executives

Prime Minister, Chancellor or Premior -Coalition: 2 or more parties combine to support P.M and government, (need the support to become a P.M) -P.M and cabinet (major important departments of a government) retain seats in Parliament -Chief executive runs the government and the chief if state (president, king, leader) are separate

Torries (Conservatives)

Pro Monarchists Heredity nobility Angelica's church

Proportional elections

Represents in government determined by percentage of votes a party received

Real Clear Politics

Republican Most human history has been illiterate

Majority election

Requires 50 % of more to win usually need second round

Post materialism

Seeks " meaning " or purpose in secular political movements

Green Party

Small niche party Popular with highly educated party types Made in Europe

Sub culture

Smaller groups of political parties more isolated

A " civilizational " culture , such as the one found in western Europe and the United States , often transcends national boundaries reflects the shared beliefs and traditions of many countries and peoples .

TRUE

participation

Taking apart in someway and political events or * processes

Plurality election

The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else

Plurality election

The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else President has less than 50% of votes

Ways that stories are politically incorrect

They choose stories that are not important May not give you the whole story They can be biased They are under a limited time

Puritans

They wanted to limit Monarch power A religious group who wanted to purify the church of England They came to America from religious freedom and settled Massachusetts bay

Civilization culture

Transnational , transgenerational Inputs and components from various sources and times

Moralistic Culture

Views Participation as a positive good , an aspect of virtue is citizenship . Political process useful instrument for affective positive reforms party reform especially how funded ( issues )

Traditional culture

Views Participation as a positive good , an aspect of virtue is citizenship . Political process useful instrument for affective positive reforms party reform especially how funded issues

Subcultures

Views political system as hostile , competitive and to be use only for narrow group needs . Participation not seen as civic virtue but as practical and necessity to achieve individual goals

Political patronage

Vote the right way

Conventional / Voting participation

Voting , joining a political party , interest group , contacting elected officials , volunteer work on campaigns

Bureaucracy

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Common Law

a system of law based on precedent and customs - develops gradually as cases arise and precedents are set - does not attempt to anticipate future circumstances - must await a case to issue rivalry - Can consider case in equity-petition to forestall or block an anticipation action

Criminal Law

a system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes. State always party as prosecurser - more evidence is Required to be able to convict

increased power of "responsible" or democratic

greater public demands on government visibility mass media (ex movies were fast, black and white, for campaigning) shorten time of international crisis

ascriptive status

have something contributed to you ,based on family or heredity status, or religious significance ( places people in status positions because of family background, race, sex, or place of birth),

nepotism

having family connections and businesses pass down to you from your family (type of ascriptive status)

Public Law

law dealing with the relationship between government and individuals (there will be constant questions)

Private Law

law that involves suits between private individuals or groups

Stages of Democratization

liberalization, transition, consolidation, deepening

increased activity of democratic eye in the 20th century

mass viability

Political Parties

organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices

semi presidential system of France

president -can hold up tp 2-5 year terms -chosen by popular vote manages foreign legislationscan decide war -no veto can propose referenda no veto

refrenda

proposing a law without going through the legislative/ congerss

Class Consciousness (Marx)

recognition of social inequality

Informateur

recommends possible coalitions

max weber

studied modern civil service

legislation

the act of making or enacting laws

civil service system

the practice of hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit

executives

top-level managers with responsibilities for the direction and success of the entire business Ex: Kings, Queens, Sultan, Emperor, Governor, Mayor Traditionally acknowledge n formal limits to power Responsible or accountable formal limits to their power, can be removed peacefully

personell recruitment

traditionally based on ascriptive status

electoral vote

votes by the senate of each state

minority vote

votes that are not electoral, popular votes

Unicameral vs. Bicameral

• UNICAMERAL- requires one state Bicameral- requires two states

Bicameral Congress

2 chambers, House of Representatives and the Senate

Civil Law

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.