POLS 487 Final

Two-edged Sword

Advantages (to Group) of State Sponsorship: -Sanctuary/safe base -Funding -Access to weaponry -Better organization -Training Disadvantages (to State) of State Sponsorship: -Citizens may retaliate against state -Danger of tit-for-tat game with other states -May invite attack (Ex. Israel against Iran?)

Earth Liberation Front

EF! members held formal organization meeting for ELF in 1992 in Brighton. If people wanted to participate in acts of "ecotage", the new name "Earth Liberation Front" would be used, with its name and guidelines derived from the ALF. It was understood the simplicity of the guidelines was crucial factor to draw as many people as possible to the new cause, with the intention that ELF would quickly become as popular as ALF

Targeting in general

Government buildings, Members and symbols of security forces, Leaders of status quo, Airlines and airline offices, Embassies, Trading offices, Heads of businesses/businesses, "Betrayers"

Grievances with America

In 12-1860, thirty miners launched a surprise attack on an encampment of Bedonkohes Apaches on west bank of the Mimbres River. According to historian Edwin Sweeney, the miners killed four Indians, wounded others, and captured thirteen women and children Retaliation by Apaches followed with raids against U.S. citizens and property

Castro-run/Soviet-sponsored Terrorism Schools—Best in the World!

Modern international terrorism orchestrated by USSR began at the Tricontinental Conference conducted in Havana 1-66. Conference purpose was to devise a "global revolutionary strategy to counter the global strategy of American imperialism." Resulted in the creation of an African, Asian, and Latin American Solidarity Organization based in Havana, and the Conference also passed resolutions advocating outside aid for groups fighting for "liberation" During 1966, Cuba opened 3 to 6-month training camps for guerrilla fighters under Soviet supervision and run by Castro's Direcion General de Intelegencia. Students were secretly flown into Havana or came by boat and were segregated by nationality and taken to camps Palestinian groups began sending students to facilities on the Isle of Pines. Upon graduation, those students spawned terrorist groups that exploded in the Middle East during the l970s Training included tactics, weapons training, bomb making (including how to blow up oil pipelines), map reading, cryptography, photography, falsification of documents, and disguise Illich Ramirez Sanchez, a.k.a. Carlos the Jackal, received instruction at Camp Mantonzas, Cuba, before further education in the USSR Castro exported instructors to newly opened sites in Angola and Mozambique. Cuban instructors arrived at locations in the Middle East after the October l973 War. During December of that year, 40 Cuban terrorist instructors arrived in South Yemen. South Yemeni desert training sites were protected by the Soviet and East German secret police and became the focal point for instructing and sheltering terrorists from nations including Germany, Ireland, Japan, Turkey, Iran, Italy, France, Belgium, and Palestine When the Lebanese Civil War broke out it created a new place for terrorist groups to operate. In l978, the Palestine Rejection Front was firmly established at a number of sites there. In 3-78 the first team of Cuban instructors arrived at Tyre and gave an eight month course of instruction. Graduates of the school were supplied with false passports and work permits, and were sent to Persian Gulf countries that they were familiarized with during training Castro's support of terrorism also included his Tucuman Plan, designed to export South American revolutionaries to Western Europe. He intended to dispatch members of the Junta for Revolutionary Coordination from Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile to Lisbon and Paris. Castro established a special training site for these operations on a 4,000 acre estate at Guanabo and provided them with a three month course. The plan was foiled by European security services in l978 before numerous operations could be conducted In short, Castro envisioned and created a global scope for Cuban-trained terrorists, partly funded and assisted by the USSR

Josephine Sunshine Overaker

week 12 ppt

Wikileaks

(closely associated with Anonymous—which does hack into and also close websites around the world) released about 5 million e-mails stolen from the private intelligence firm Stratfor in Austin

Atlantic Charter

1st Point—U.S. and UK sought no "aggrandizement, territorial or other" from the War. 2d Point—Neither wanted to "see ... territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned". 3rd Point—Both would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". These principles were included in the new UN Declaration, agreed to by both the U.S. and UK

Remainder of these Notes

Animal Rights Groups: ALF (and ARM) Environmental Groups: Earth First! (and ELF)

State Sponsors of Terrorism per U.S.

Designation applied by Department of State (by law) to nations designated by the Secretary "to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism" Inclusion on list imposes strict sanctions List began 12-29-79 with Iraq, Libya, South Yemen, Syria Cuba added, then dropped to induce them to open relations with U.S.; Libya dropped when gave up WMD Currently Iran, Sudan, Syria

Geronimo History

First Apache raids on Sonora and Chihuahua took place during late 17th century in response to Spanish imperialism. To counter early Apache raids on settlements, presidios established at Janos in Chihuahua and at Fronteras in northern Opata country. In 1835, Mexico placed a bounty on Apache scalps. Two years later Mangas Coloradas became principal chief and war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe. Between 1820 and 1835 alone, some 5,000 Mexicans died in Apache raids, and 100 settlements were destroyed

Single-issue Terrorism

Focuses on one topic (i.e., animal rights, pro-environment, anti-development, anti-abortion) Often small groups or individuals alienated from society. Historically have not participated in as large a number of violent acts as groups bent on regime change or religious terrorists Some statements and actions are very close to the political expression and pluralism accepted in Western countries. Not as much ignored as treated as less of a threat than conventional terrorism; governments usually handle these situations as a violation of criminal statutes (reacting to the vandalism, assault, assault by threat, destruction of property). Some of these people and groups have been incorporated over time into mainstream and non-violent groups

"Ukraine Intel: We Caught Iranians Smuggling a Ship-Killing Missile," Daily Beast, 3-30-18

Four days into 2018, two Iranian nationals tried to buy parts of an advanced missile in Kyiv, according a spokesperson for the Ukrainian intelligence service. This effort appears to have violated a UN arms embargo on Iran. Masked men in Ukraine's secret police arrested the men and found parts of the missile in their vehicle, according to the spokesperson. What followed became a secret diplomatic incident, and both men were detained and then quietly deported to Iran. The attempt as alleged by Ukrainian intelligence sources likely violated United Nations' prohibitions on Iranian arms procurement. And it shows Iran may intend to procure weapons that would let it make the Persian Gulf more dangerous than ever. Hrytsak old American officials Iranians tried to procure an X-31 anti-ship missile components, produced in Ukraine. "X-31" can also be rendered as a Kh-31 missile, depending on how you transliterate the cyrillic. Officers from the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) arrested the men when they were in possession of parts of the missile as well as technical documents related to its use, according to pictures of the arrest reviewed by The Daily Beast. (Those pictures included images of a vehicle's open trunk, packed with missile parts.) One of the men, according to Hrytsak, is named Abdi Biyan and was a military attache at Iran's embassy in Kyiv. "The diplomats in Ukraine are not there for Chicken Kiev," said Tom Karako, a fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. "They're there to get this kind of stuff." The Kh-31 is a Russian-designed anti-ship weapon that can fly along the surface of the sea at supersonic speeds. Dr. Nikolai Sokov, a fellow at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey and an expert on Russian missiles, said that photos of the missile components shared by The Daily Beast "look consistent" with Kh-31 parts but could not be certain the items in the images came from the Kh-31 given that the "missile is disassembled and the pictures are incomplete." "It's most likely this missile is a Kh-31," added Behnam Ben Taleblu, a research fellow focused on missiles at the FDD, who also reviewed the Ukrainian photos. "The Islamic Republic is already home to a wide array of Chinese anti-ship weapons and their Iranian variants," Taleblu said. "Had the Kh-31 been successfully procured, Iran's ability to project power, harass vessels, and deter great powers in the Persian Gulf would have measurably grown." Anti-ship cruise missiles are one of "four core areas" which the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy (IRGCN) has prioritized for naval weapons acquisition, according to a 2017 study published by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence (PDF). In the event of a major conflict in the Gulf, the IRGCN would likely leverage its anti-ship missiles, fast attack craft, small boats, and naval mines to close or restrict access to the strait on the belief that sinking enemy ships early on "would break the political will of an adversary to continue with a military campaign against Iran."

Case Study of an Early Terrorist: Geronimo and the Apache Wars

Geronimo (6-16-1829-2-17-1909) was prominent Native American leader (Apache) who fought for several decades against Mexico and U.S. for their expansion into Apache tribal lands. After attack by Mexican soldiers killed his mother, wife, and three children in 1858, Geronimo joined revenge attacks During career as a war chief, notorious for consistent raids on Mexican provinces and towns, and later across AZ, NM, and western TX. Led one of last groups of native warriors refusing to acknowledge U.S. occupation of American West. 1886, surrendered after lengthy pursuit. As POW in old age was celebrity but never allowed to return to land of birth

Edward Curtis, Portrait of Geronimo, 1905

Geronimo fought against both Mexican and United States troops though outnumbered; became famous for daring exploits and escapes from capture from 1858 to 1886. One such event took place in the Robledo Mountains of southwest NM. Legend is that Geronimo and raiders entered a cave, and U.S. soldiers waited outside entrance for him, but he never came out. Later it was heard Geronimo was spotted in nearby area. Second entrance to cave has yet to be found; still called Geronimo's Cave. About two weeks after the cave escape there was report of family massacred near Silver City; one girl taken alive and hanged from a meat hook jammed under base of her skull

Ethno-nationalist Differentiations

Nationalist: Motivated by nationalism, are separatists Goal is separate state/homeland Secessionist Want autonomy Exs. Kurdish PKK, Chechens, Sri Lankan LTTE, Quebecois, Uyghurs in China, Basque in Spain Irredentist: Want to rejoin state Exs. IRA in Northern Ireland, Kashmir

We can work to keep these weapons away from terrorists and rogue nations

Regarding the killing of Osama bin Laden and the crippling of Al Qaeda, Pres. Obama said this meant that "a terrorist organization that has actively sought nuclear weapons is now on the path to defeat." Is it too late in North Korea? Iran?

Different Ideologies

Separatism (entho-nationalist, nationalist-separatist, irredentist), Religious, Conservative, Liberalism, Anarchism, Communism, Fascism

Remember

States (authoritarian regimes) have killed many, many more persons (tens of millions) through terrorism than terrorist groups or lone wolves. Authoritarian regimes use force and terror to keep persons from having freedoms, civil rights, and civil liberties. Democracies do not, as a rule, practice terrorism

Earth Day—A Connection?

The 1960s had been a very dynamic period for ecology in the U.S. Pre-1960 grassroots activism against DDT in Nassau County, NY, had inspired Rachel Carson to write Silent Spring (1962). In 1968, Morton Hilbert and the U.S. Public Health Service organized the Human Ecology Symposium, an environmental conference for students to hear from scientists about the effects of environmental degradation on human health. This was the beginning of Earth Day. For the next two years, Hilbert and students planned the first Earth Day. In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace. In 1970—along with a federal proclamation from U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson—the first Earth Day was held on April 22. The event is now coordinated by the Earth Day Network. April 22 was the anniversary of the birth of conservationist John Muir. April 22, 1970 was also the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin. Time reported in 1970 that some suspected the date was not a coincidence because of the similarity with the subbotnik created by Lenin in 1920 as the day on which people were required to do community service—typically removing rubbish from public property and collecting recyclables. Subbotniks were also imposed on other countries under the Soviet umbrella in Eastern Europe, and across the USSR in 1955 when Khrushchev proclaimed a national holiday celebrating communism. Modern movement motivated by resistance to progress (i.e., "suburbia" and strip shopping centers) and rejection of the growing materialism they saw in Western society. Ex. Unabomber and his reliance on Al Gore's book Earth in the Balance. Anarcho-naturism advocated vegetarianism, free love, nudism, and freedom from cultural norms. Contemporary Green anarchism incorporates a set of related political theories derived from primitivism, eco-socialism, deep ecology, feminism, and anti-industrialism

"The Bush Doctrine," Op-ed, Abilene Reporter News, Neal Coates, published 9-30-01

A defining moment in American foreign policy occurred after the morning of September 11, 2001. The President declared the horrific terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. triggered a new foreign policy focused on fighting terrorism, and this statement is of such significance we will soon call it the "Bush Doctrine." Presidents are not required to adopt a defining statement of foreign policy. Few have done so. Instead, these declarations have been made to marshal diplomatic, military, and economic tools against a serious threat. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine announced this country would not accept European intervention or new colonies in the Western Hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted the right to take action throughout Central America and the Caribbean. The Truman Doctrine supported Greece and Turkey against communism. In 1969, the Nixon Doctrine stated that America would supply military and economic assistance (but not soldiers) to help nations defend themselves. The Carter Doctrine put the USSR on notice the Persian Gulf was a strategic American interest. And in 1985, the Reagan Doctrine pledged aid to "freedom fighters" everywhere, including those in Afghanistan (ironically even Osama bin Laden) fighting the Soviet invasion. The Clinton Doctrine advocated humanitarian intervention, especially if ethnic cleansing was suspected. Our forces went to Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo, but this policy was criticized by George Bush during the presidential campaign. The Bush Doctrine must not be a reflexive statement for the loss of more than 6,000 civilian and military lives. There have been numerous terrorist attacks, each deserving more action to find perpetrators. In 1993, a car bomb under the World Trade Center killed six and injured more than 1,000 persons. In 1996, the Khobar Towers in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia was attacked with a car bomb, which killed 19 American airmen and wounded 400. In 1998, U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were leveled by truck bombs. 224 were killed and 4,600 wounded. In October 2000, 17 sailors died and 39 were hurt in Aden, Yemen when an explosive-packed motor boat blew up next to the U.S.S. Cole. Because the Bush Doctrine was announced just eight months into his term, and when under intense pressure to quickly gather evidence about whoever planned the attacks, we should consider the new policy's potential positive and negative effects. The doctrine provides a focal point for action. As announced by the President the evening of the attacks and the next day, American foreign policy will now center on finding the terrorists for their "acts of war" and because "freedom and democracy are under attack." Multiple countries have joined the fight. They are motivated by their loss of citizens in the World Trade Center or are swayed by the President's demand at the Joint Session of Congress on September 20 that, "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists." The policy also influenced the unprecedented and unanimous NATO approval of joint action (under Article V) when a member was attacked. Surprisingly, Pakistan agreed to fully cooperate and sent a delegation to Afghanistan to demand bin Laden. Such action was unthinkable just a week earlier as President Musharraf has long been close to the Taliban. Pulling Pakistan away from Islamic fundamentalism would also benefit the Arab world. The pitfalls of the Bush Doctrine center on lack of clarity. The President and Secretary of State Colin Powell have both wisely said terrorists and states harboring them will be targeted. But at the State Department on September 12, Powell said, "If they are a terrorist organization anywhere in the world, the U.S. will be taking action against them, not just with military force, but also with political, diplomatic, and legal actions." It is not clear yet which terrorists (beyond bin Laden and Al Quaida) can be apprehended. Presumably we are not interested in terrorists in places like Sri Lanka or Peru, active only against home governments. Regardless, all terrorists around the world cannot be caught, no matter how many countries cooperate. And what if Saddam Hussein helped bin Laden? Would we invade Iraq? As articulated to date, it appears America would. How many years, and at what cost? The forty billion dollars authorized by Congress is only an initial payment. Now we must reassess existing domestic and foreign goals, including whether missile defense funds should be used against global terrorism. A cautionary note—the Secretary of State advocated the so-called "Powell Doctrine" when serving as Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman during the G.H.W. Bush and Clinton presidencies. The policy advocated that America should act militarily only when its vital interests were at stake, with decisive force, a clear goal, and exit strategy. Will the Bush Doctrine incorporate these? The suicide plane bombings are a wake-up call. Survey results (86% approval rating for the President—Gallup, September 14-15) reveal the vast majority of Americans want the Bush Doctrine to succeed. Let's pray it ensures our safety and guides the world in opposing the menace of terrorism

Hoffman says

About 85% of attacks foiled worldwide when adequate preventive actions taken This strengthens democracy

Focus on Cuba

Fidel Castro was revolutionary politician, and controlled Cuba since 1959 First Secretary—Communist Party of Cuba Allowed USSR to place nuclear weapons on island, leading to Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 Led transformation of Cuba into socialist republic, nationalizing industry, suppressing internal opposition, and introducing free healthcare and education Began Cuban medical brigades to work throughout the developing world and to aid foreign revolutionary socialist groups in the hope of toppling world capitalism Led country in support of terror groups; responsible for Cuba being named by U.S. as state sponsor of terrorism Castro is controversial and highly divisive world figure, lauded as champion of anti-imperialism, humanitarianism, socialism, and environmentalism by supporters, but critics and Western democratic countries accuse him of being a dictator whose authoritarian administration has overseen multiple human rights abuses at home and abroad Ordered torture and jailing of opponents throughout tenure Thousands have fled Cuba over the decades to the U.S. and other countries

Pan Am Flight 103 "Lockerbie Bombing"

From London Heathrow to JFK, 12-21-88, Boeing 747 destroyed by bomb, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew, along with 11 people in Lockerbie, Scotland: 270 fatalities Motive attributed to Libya traced back to a series of military defeats with U.S. Navy in the 1980s in the Gulf of Sidra, the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi retaliated by ordering 1986 bombing of a West Berlin nightclub frequented by U.S. soldiers—killed three and injured 230 NSA interception of incriminatory message from Libya to its embassy in East Berlin, which provided Pres. Reagan with justification to bomb Tripoli and Benghazi. Air strikes also killed Hanna, baby girl Gaddafi claimed adopted To supposedly avenge her death, Gaddafi sponsored 11-1986 hijacking of Pan Am 73 in Karachi The U.S. in turn encouraged and aided the Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT) with satellite intelligence. The Battle of Maaten al-Sarra resulted in devastating defeat for Libyan forces and Gaddafi forced to ceasefire and end his dreams of African dominance. He blamed defeat on French and U.S. "aggression" against Libya, and decided to bomb Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 Until 2003, Libya had never formally admitted carrying out the 1988 Lockerbie bombing, when Libya formally admitted responsibility for Pan Am Flight 103 in a letter presented to the Security Council

Asymmetrical Abilities

IRGC Navy has 100s of fast attack boats, anti-ship cruise missiles, naval mines Iran will attack Hormuz if attacked by Israel—will use oil going to other countries as a weapon Iran heavily relies on its missile force, with ranges allowing it to hit every country in the Middle East and parts of Europe

Important Motivation: Religion

In modern times, until about 1990 suicide attacks had been confined to Lebanon and Kuwait. This began to spread beyond the Middle East; initially embraced by only couple of groups: Al Dawa, an Iraqi Shi'a group, and the Lebanese Shi'a organization Hezbollah (mostly using its cover name, Islamic Jihad)(remember, Hezbollah was specifically created by Iran and its Quds Force to pressure Israel from Lebanon and to capture Jerusalem) Religious teachings have had greater impact than any other reason in propelling vast increase of suicide attacks since 9/11. For example, of the 35 terror organizations using suicide tactics in 2005, 86% (31 of 35) were Islamic.

What is learned about ethno-nationalist terrorism from Geronimo?

Must investigate reasons driving terror acts. Some of the acts are not against "innocents" but instead are against soldiers, political leaders, or symbols of authority—do not feel like the traditional definition of terrorism but instead more like rebellion or civil war. Some sympathy for nationalism-based terrorists. Some of these persons may appear to have legitimate grievances with an oppressive government

Attacks on Iranian Nuclear Scientists

Of all Mossad covert operations, most controversial have been the assassinations of Iranian scientists working on the nuclear project. In January 2007, Dr. Ardeshir Husseinpour, a 44-year-old nuclear scientist working at the Isfahan uranium plant, died under mysterious circumstances. The official announcement of his death said he was asphyxiated "following a gas leak," but Iranian intelligence is convinced that he was the victim of an Israeli assassination. Massoud Ali Mohammadi, a particle physicist, was killed in January 2010, when a booby-trapped motorcycle parked nearby exploded as he was getting into his car. (Some contend that Mohammadi was not killed by the Mossad, but by Iranian agents because of his supposed support for the opposition leader Mir Hussein Moussavi.) Later that year, on Nov. 29, a manhunt took place in the streets of Tehran for two motorcyclists who had just blown up the cars of two senior figures in the Iranian nuclear project, Majid Shahriari and Fereydoun Abbasi-Davani. The motorcyclists attached limpet mines (also known as magnet bombs) to the cars and then sped away. Shahriari was killed by the blast in his Peugeot 405, but Abbassi-Davani and his wife managed to escape their car before it exploded. Following this assassination attempt, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad appointed Abbassi-Davani vice president of Iran and head of the country's atomic agency. Today he is heavily guarded wherever he goes, as is the scientific head of the nuclear project, Mohsin Fakhri-Zadeh, whose lectures at Tehran University were discontinued as a precautionary measure. In July 2011, a motorcyclist ambushed Darioush Rezaei Nejad, a nuclear physicist and a researcher for Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, as he sat in his car outside his house. The biker drew a pistol and shot the scientist dead through the car window. Four months later, in November, a huge explosion occurred at a Revolutionary Guards base 30 miles west of Tehran. The cloud of smoke was visible from the city, where residents could feel the ground shake and hear their windows rattle, and satellite photos showed that almost the entire base was obliterated. Brig. Gen. Hassan Moghaddam, head of the Revolutionary Guards' missile-development division, was killed, as were 16 of his personnel. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's spiritual leader, paid respect by coming to the funeral service for the general and visiting the widow at her home, where he called Moghaddam a martyr. On Jan. 11, 2012, two years after his colleague and friend Massoud Ali Mohammadi was killed, a deputy director at the Natanz uranium-enrichment facility named Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan left his home and headed for a laboratory in downtown Tehran. A few months earlier, a photograph of him accompanying Ahmadinejad on a tour of nuclear installations appeared in newspapers across the globe. Two motorcyclists drove up to his car and attached a limpet mine that killed him on the spot. Israelis cannot enter Iran, so Israel, Iranian officials believe, has devoted huge resources to recruiting Iranians who leave the country on business trips and turning them into agents. Some have been recruited under a false flag, meaning that the organization's recruiters pose as other nationalities, so that the Iranian agents won't know they are on the payroll of "the Zionist enemy," as Israel is called in Iran. Also, as much as possible, the Mossad prefers to carry out its violent operations based on the blue-and-white principle, a reference to the colors of Israel's national flag, which means that they are executed only by Israeli citizens who are regular Mossad operatives and not by assassins recruited in the target country, so the assassins must come from elsewhere. . Operating in Iran, however, is impossible for the Mossad's sabotage-and-assassination unit, known as CaesareaIranian intelligence believes that over the last several years, the Mossad has financed and armed two Iranian opposition groups, the Muhjahedin Khalq (MEK) and the Jundallah, and has set up a forward base in Kurdistan to mobilize the Kurdish minority in Iran, as well as other minorities, training some of them at a secret base near Tel Aviv. Officially, Israel has never admitted any involvement in these assassinations.

Terrorism and Threat of Nuclear Weapons: The Proliferation Debate

Nuclear proliferation is term used to describe spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information, to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the 1968 Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons ("NPT") Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons because they fear that the more countries with nuclear weapons (especially if they are authoritarian or irresponsible countries) may increase possibility of use of nuclear weapons during warfare, the threatening of civilians with nuclear weapons, and destabilizing international or regional relations 190 countries have joined NPT, including the five nuclear-weapon States: U.S., Russia, UK, France, and China (who are also the 5 permanent members of UNSC) 3 countries besides the 5 recognized nuclear weapons states have acquired nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, and North Korea. None of these is party to NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, withdrew in 2003, and has since conducted nuclear tests Israel is not a member of NPT and has never announced if it has nuclear weapons

Single-issue terrorism is/can become a threat to governments and persons

Obviously, if a person is targeted because they serve in government, or if a bystander is hurt as a part of "collateral damage," single-issue terrorism is a threat. Millions of dollars of eco-terrorism in the U.S. alone, and over a number of years Some of these groups have grown more dangerous ideologically or in their actions Prosecutions need to continue

"Inside the Mind of a Suicide Bomber"

Of all terrorists, these are the most feared for their lethal actions and for the difficulty in preventing their attacks Palestinian suicide terrorists, particularly members of Hamas, are the most well-known, and their main target has been mainly Israel and other countries that oppose them Have killed thousands and injured many others Indoctrinated in mosques and madrassas Muslim terrorists are told that in Paradise sins forgiven and will have 72 virgins and all needs meet Many are told that the only solution is capture or destruction of Jerusalem Photographic record for martyr is point of no return

Strategies of Democracies against Suicide Bombers—they can be stopped/slowed

Realize that suicide terrorism is instrument of war (from whom?) that is not going to suddenly end Pay attention to methods and motivations By not letting the terrorists "win"—they are using rational acts as part of a deliberately calculated and run campaign to undermine confidence in government and leadership, crush popular morale, and spread fear and intimidation Go after the masterminds and bombmakers and explosive labs Construct barriers around buildings and some land areas ("The Wall" in Israel—amazing reduction in vest attacks) Interdiction of bomb material deliveries—stopping ships at sea, destruction of tunnels, lengthy border inspections, pre-flight inspections Focus on infrastructure needed to launch and sustain suicide campaigns Develop strong confidence-building ties with communities from which terrorists most likely come Ask businesses from which bomb-making components come to alert authorities if large or unusual purchases Make sure materials in public places can't become shrapnel Education that Islam does not teach Paradise rewards for suicide terrorism

Perhaps the Best Counter-terrorist Organization—the British SAS—and Lessons it Offers

SAS - Survival Secrets: Counter Terrorist Scenario (Speed, Aggression, Surprise)

Additional Motivation/Reasons for Suicide Terrorism

Uneducated (if so, where did they get those suicide jackets) Desperate/Revenge Form of foreign policy tactics (Iran) Religious/theological beliefs To recruit Twisted sense of normality Rivalry/Competition between groups Hoffman: Using the tactic of suicide terrorism is neither irrational nor desperate but is an entirely rational and calculated choice

Adm. McRaven

"As Al Qaeda and other extremist organizations attempt to franchise their ideology and violence globally, we will likely remain engaged against violent extremist networks for the foreseeable future."

Planning for Response to Terrorism

"First Responders" (police, fire, and emergency medical response) have life-saving roles These personnel have (or should develop) plans for mitigating effects of terrorist attacks Local police isolate the incident area, reduce confusion, redirect traffic, and specialized units can conduct tactical operations Fire departments, supplemented by public works agencies and utility providers (e.g., gas, water, electricity) and heavy construction contractors deal with the immediate physical consequences of an attack (i.e., turning off natural gas, clearing roads) Emergency medical services will bring seriously wounded victims to hospitals, which will need to have mass casualty and triage plans in place Public health agencies, from local to national level, may be designated to deal with identification, and sometimes mitigation, of possible biological attacks, and sometimes chemical or radiologic contamination Obviously, the size of a city (NYC v. Abilene) effects the readiness/expense of counterterrorism response at both the federal and state level

Environmental Terrorism

"Green anarchism" or "eco-anarchism" is a school of thought within anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues. An important early influence was the thought of American anarchist and transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden. He advocated simple living and self-sufficiency among natural surroundings in resistance to the advancement of industrial civilization. In the late 19th century anarcho-naturism (or anarcho-primitivism or anti-civilization anarchism) emerged as the fusion of anarchism and naturist philosophies within individualist anarchist circles in France, Spain, and Portugal

But not limited to fighting terrorism in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Ex. Fighting LRA

"In Vast Jungle, U.S. Troops Aid in Search for Kony," NYT, 4-29-12 It has to be one of the oddest matchups in United States military history. One hundred of America's elite Special Operations troops, aided by night vision scopes and satellite imagery, are helping African forces find a wig-wearing, gibberish-speaking fugitive rebel commander named Joseph Kony who has been hiding out in the jungle for years with a band of child soldiers and a harem of dozens of child brides. No one knows exactly where Kony is, but here in Obo, at a remote forward operating post in the Central African Republic, Green Berets pore over maps and interview villagers, hopeful for a clue Their biggest challenge, they say, is Kony's turf, a vast expanse the size of California that is so rugged it renders much of the U.S. useless. Picture towering trees that blot out the sun, endless miles of elephant grass, and swirling brown rivers that coil like intestines and are infested with crocodiles; one of them recently ate a Ugandan member of the force. "This is not going to be an easy slog," said Ken Wright, a Navy SEAL captain and commander of the joint American detachment Still, in the past several months since they arrived, the Americans say Kony's army of around 300 fighters is showing cracks. No longer is Kony able to direct the massacres he directed just a few years ago when his fighters waylaid entire towns and hacked hundreds of people to death. His armed acolytes are breaking up into small, desperate groups, and for the first time they are abandoning many of the women and children they had abducted who cannot keep up "This is strictly an advise and assist role," Wright said, meant to strengthen the capabilities of African troops. Their deployment is emblematic of the Pentagon's new military strategy for Africa, unfurled early in 2012, to develop "innovative, low-cost, and small-footprint approaches to achieve our security objectives on the African continent." Konya started out in a northern Uganda village more than 25 years ago as a Catholic altar boy who spoke in tongues. People said he was a prophet. He went on to form a rebel force, the Lord's Resistance Army, bent on overthrowing Uganda's government and ruling the country with the Ten Commandments. Soon enough, though, Kony was breaking every one. His fighters mowed down impoverished villagers, sawed off lips, and kidnapped thousands of children, brainwashing them for use as tiny killing machines. Kony often donned wigs and costumes, saying he was possessed by spirits including one named, "Who Are You?" In 2006, Ugandan troops pushed Kony out of Uganda into the lawless borderlands where the DRC, the Central African Republic, and what is now South Sudan meet The American government continued running a semi-covert logistics and intelligence operation to extend the Ugandan army's reach so it could chase Kony across the region. The U.S. has also pumped in more than $500 million in development aid to northern Uganda, turning a former battlefield into a vibrant piece of the Ugandan economy with new banks and hotels But many Americans, including the advocacy group Invisible Children, which produced the Kony2012 video, wanted more. They pressured Congress to pass the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act in 2010, which paved the way for President Obama to send in special forces American officials believe Kony is hiding in an especially remote corner of the Central African Republic, though some Ugandan officials said he had moved into Sudan, with the blessing of the Sudanese government

"Mothership" for SEAL units in Persian Gulf and Middle East

"Navy wants commando 'mothership' in Middle East," WPost, 1-27-12 The Pentagon is rushing to send a large floating base for commando teams to the Middle East as tensions rise with Iran, al Qaeda in Yemen, and Somali pirates The Navy is converting an aging warship it had planned to decommission into a makeshift staging base for the commandos. Special Operations forces are a key part of the U.S. strategy to make the military leaner and more agile as the Pentagon confronts at least $487 billion in spending cuts over next decade Navy documents indicate that it could be headed to the Persian Gulf, where Iran has threatened to block the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial shipping route for much of the world's oil supply. With a large naval base in Bahrain, and one or two aircraft carrier groups usually assigned to the region, the Navy has a substantial presence. The ship could play an instrumental role in secretive commando missions offshore Other details of the project became public when the Military Sealift Command posted a bid request to retrofit the USS Ponce, an amphibious transport docking ship, on a rush-order basis, as an Afloat Forward Staging Base. Kafka said it would be used to support mine-clearance ships, smaller patrol ships, and aircraft. It will be rebuilt so that it can also serve as a docking station for several small high-speed boats and helicopters commonly used by Navy SEAL teams Defense officials said the Ponce will serve as a stopgap measure until the Navy can build a new Afloat Forward Staging Base from scratch

Op-Ed regarding these attacks

"Shed no tears for physicists killed in covert nuclear war," Sydney Morning Herald, Michael Burleigh, Op-Ed, 1-14-12 "Physics is an unhealthy line of work in today's Iran. A few days ago, 32-year-old Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan died in his car after two motorcyclists attached a magnetic charge to the door. Roshan was not the first and nor will he be the last casualty of a covert war designed either to dissuade Iran from acquiring a bomb, or to prompt retaliatory missteps that will trigger an all-out onslaught by Israel or the US against Iranian nuclear facilities. The identity of the assassins is inherently unknowable - though a good guess would be the dissident Mujahideen-e-Khalq group on behalf of Mossad. Why it is happening is far easier to fathom. Israel, although not the world's sole assassin, has historical form in this area. In 1963, Mossad embarked on Operation Damocles to menace and murder former Nazi rocket scientists who, according to a defecting Austrian, were helping then President Nasser develop rockets that could be equipped with radiological warheads. They received parcel bombs through the post, while their families back in Germany and Austria were threatened with violence. More recently, in 1990, Mossad shot dead Canadian Gerald Bull outside his Brussels apartment. Bull was helping Saddam Hussein improve Scud missiles while developing a long-range ''supergun'' as a sideline. A similar logic, of degrading an enemy's scientific and technical capacity, was evident from the assassination campaign which Israel waged against key Hamas and Hezbollah figures. Victims included Hamas' Yehiya ''the Engineer'' Ayyash, whose head was blown off in 1996 by what he thought was his mobile phone, and Hezbollah's Imad Mugniyah, scraped from the street in 2008 after he was killed leaving a party at the Iranian embassy in Damascus. Both men had a lethal expertise which would be difficult to replace. The Israelis believe that anyone who knowingly participates in developing weapons of mass destruction or terrorism should be aware that these are not risk-free activities. Iranian scientists know full well that electronic switches are used in nuclear triggers, and that enriching uranium beyond a certain percentage is not for the production of medical isotopes. And they accept the considerable financial rewards involved. If there are questions about the morality of killing such men, there are questions about the morality of their work in the first place. Recent history has mixed lessons. In 1943 and 1944 the RAF and USAAF carried out repeat strikes on the German V-2 rocket launch site at Peenemunde, where the hydrogen peroxide fuel was also produced. They were not unduly concerned whether scientists and engineers were killed too, nor foreign slave labourers, provided the V-2s ceased raining down on London. About the same time, Norwegian agents carried out a more morally fastidious operation to disable the Nazi heavy-water plant at Vemork, after the failure of raids and a glider-borne commando operation. Eventually, they not only got inside the plant to destroy its machinery, but sank a ferry containing railway wagonloads of the finished product in a fjord. While doing so, they scrupulously avoided causing any civilian casualties, by for instance attacking on a Sunday morning when children would not be taking the ferry to school. Meanwhile, physicists and engineers are not subject to ethical codes in the way that biologists are with animal or human experimentation. Indeed, scientists routinely claim the quest for knowledge trumps everything, as those who worked on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos boastfully announced. Robert Oppenheimer said: ''If you are a scientist, you cannot stop such a thing ... You believe that it is good to find out how the world works.'' He and his colleagues at least had the excuse that both the science and the weaponised atom bomb were untested, at least against a real city. Of course they could employ the compartmentalisation argument, rather like railway timetablers and dispatchers who sent trains to Auschwitz. What about the engine drivers and signalmen while we are about it? More plausibly, they can point to dual use, like Fritz Haber, who discovered how to synthesise ammonia into explosives, toxic gas and fertiliser that feeds half the world's population. But then firms that sold base chemicals to Saddam Hussein could make that claim too, and the Kurds got no fertilisers, but murderous clouds of gas."

Drones

"Top U.S. Security Official Says 'Rigorous Standards' Are Used for Drone Strikes," NYT, 4-30-12 The Obama Administration has offered its first extensive explanation of how American officials decide when to use drones to kill suspected terrorists — a tactic that the government often treats as a classified secret even though it is widely known around the world "Yes, in full accordance with the law — and in order to prevent terrorist attacks on the United States and to save American lives — the United States government conducts targeted strikes against specific Al Qaeda terrorists, sometimes using remotely piloted aircraft, often referred to publicly as drones," John Brennan, the President's top counterterrorism adviser, said before the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars The use of armed drones to strike at suspected militants has grown dramatically under the Obama administration, and the emergence of the new technology — which has sharply reduced the cost and risk of warfare to its operators, making it easier to engage in sporadic combat in far-flung regions — has led to growing concerns both about civilian casualties and about a future in which other countries also acquire drones Defending drone strikes as "legal, ethical, and wise," Brennan said the President had directed officials to be more open about how they "carefully, deliberately and responsibly" decide to kill terrorism suspects — including what he described as "the rigorous standards and process of review to which we hold ourselves today when considering and authorizing strikes against a specific member of Al Qaeda outside the 'hot' battlefield of Afghanistan." Merely being a member of Al Qaeda or one of its allies is not enough to be targeted, Brennan said, because that describes many thousands of people. Rather, policymakers approve the killing of only those who pose a particular threat, he said, like operational leaders who are planning attacks against United States interests, lower-level militants training for such an attack, and those who possess "unique operational skills that are being leveraged in a planned attack." Brennan also said the Administration preferred capturing such suspects alive — usually by telling a foreign government where to arrest them — and would authorize a strike only if that was not feasible Brennan added, "We only authorize a strike if we have a high degree of confidence that innocent civilians will not be injured or killed, except in the rarest of circumstances." But he acknowledged "instances when — despite the extraordinary precautions we take — civilians have been accidentally injured, or worse, killed in these strikes. It is exceedingly rare, but it has happened. When it does, it pains us and we regret it deeply, as we do any time innocents are killed in war." Brennan said U.S. citizens who join Al Qaeda may also be targeted Brennan listed four organizations that the United States government now considered to be part of the war against Al Qaeda: the "core" Al Qaeda, whose leadership he described as "a shadow of its former self"; two of its affiliates in Yemen and in North and West Africa; and the Shabab militia in Somalia

Daily Contact with Suspects

"U.S. has 55 daily encounters with "suspected terrorists," Reuters, 5-16-12 Law enforcement and homeland security personnel face an average of 55 daily encounters with "known or suspected terrorists" named on government watchlists, officials told Reuters. The figure - which equals more than 20,000 contacts per year - underscores the growing sweep of the watchlists, which have expanded significantly since a failed Christmas Day 2009 bombing attempt of a U.S. airliner. But officials note that very few of those daily contacts lead to arrests. Civil liberties groups question the use of watchlists, and they have been ridiculed for ensnaring innocent citizens. U.S. officials said the encounters, which involve airport and border security personnel as well as federal and local law enforcement officers, are reported to the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC), an interagency unit led by an FBI official based in a tightly guarded building in northern Virginia. At its headquarters, the TSC operates a 24-hour command center, resembling something from a Hollywood thriller, complete with giant wall-screen projections and signs flashing "SECRET." Officials said that when a law enforcement or homeland security officer in the field stops a person whose name matches a name in the TSC's databases, the officer is supposed to phone the TSC command center for instructions. Based on information in the databases, the TSC then will advise the officer in the field how to proceed, which could range from releasing the suspect to calling in federal officers as backup. The command center gets between 100 and 150 inquiries/day, of which an average of 55 involve individuals who turn out to be listed on one of the federal watch lists. Of those calls, about 60% come from federal officers at border or airport security posts; other come from local police. The watchlists include the best known "no fly list" as well as a "selectee list" of people who the government thinks should get extra screening or questioning before allowed to board a plane. U.S. officials said the no-fly list now contains about 20,000 names, while the selectee list contains another 18,000. Two or three of the inquiries per day turn out to be people listed on the "no fly" list, the most restrictive of the watchlists maintained by the TSC. A suspect's name is put on the "no fly" list if they are deemed by government experts to be a threat to aviation, to be planning an attack or if they are "operationally capable" and are known to be planning to attend, or to have already attended, a militant training camp. Fewer than 500 of the individuals on the no-fly list are U.S. citizens, officials said.

U.S. Military: Afghanistan

"War on Terror" from 9-1-01 to Present Since 10-01, troops in Afghanistan fighting Al Qaeda and Taliban in Operation Enduring Freedom International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established by UN Security Council in 12-01. In 2003, NATO assumed control—ISAF included troops from 42 countries President (Hamid Karzai) elected and constitution adopted in Afghanistan Decade into the war, U.S. continued to battle widespread Taliban insurgency and war had expanded into tribal areas of western Pakistan

Want to Die/Adopt Martyrdom

"We love this kind of death for Allah's cause as much as you like to live," UBL warned CNN's Peter Arnett in 1997 interview Al-Zawahiri, "It was mujahideen's desire for martyrdom that was unique advantage"—audiotape released on first anniversary of 9-11 attack Al-Zawahiri, "It is love of death in the path of Allah that is the weapon that will annihilate this evil empire America by permission of Allah"

Massacre at Casa Grande

1873, Mexican forces again attacked the Apache. After months of fighting in the mountains, both parties decided upon a peace treaty at Casa Grande. After terms were agreed upon, the Mexicans gave mescal (distilled alcoholic beverage made from the agave plant). While they were intoxicated, the Mexicans attacked and killed 20 Apaches and captured many more. The Indians fled to the mountains again

Inexpensive/Low Cost

9/11 attacks cost about $500,000—per UBL taped message released just before U.S. national elections on 10-29-04. In contrast, estimates of worldwide economic impact from 9/11 range from 500 billion to a trillion USS Cole attacks cost $10,000 for boat bomb that caused $250 million in damage to the Cole How much for a suicide vest? As little as $1,200

Easy Target?

A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists need not import chemical weapons if they can cause a major industrial accident. Industrial chemicals in manufacturing, shipping, and storage need greater protection To put this into perspective, the first major lethal chemical attack in WWI used 160 tons of chlorine. Today, industrial shipments of chlorine, widely used in water purification and the chemical industry, travel in 55 or 90-ton tank railroad cars A terrorist attack on a single 90-ton chlorine tank car could generate a cloud of toxic gas that travels 20 miles. If the attack took place in a city, it could kill 100,000 within hours Now multiply that nightmare by another 100,000. That's the approximate number of tank cars filled with toxic gases shipped every year in the U.S. We are vulnerable to catastrophic acts of chemical terrorism—there are 360 sites across the U.S. where, if terrorists attacked, more than 50,000 people at each could be harmed or killed. These are in heavily populated areas of NJ, NY, PA, TX, LA, and CA

USS Ponce

AP - The United States amphibious assault ship USS Ponce sails through the Suez Canal in March 2011. When retrofitted the vessel will accommodate smaller high-speed boats and helicopters used by Navy SEALs

Deadly competition for attention from Israel and supporters starting in 2002

Al-Aqsa, knowing of the Islamists/Hamas opposition to the participation of women in suicide attacks, convinced squads of willing female suicide bombers named after the first attacker Wafa Idris in 2002 First four and the eighth Palestinian women suicide bombers associated with Al-Aqsa. Not to be outdone, fifth, sixth, and ninth bombers were trained by Islamic Jihad and seventh and tenth by Hamas Several attacks during 2002 were due to competition between Fatah and Hamas—5 successful attacks/month (male and female)

United Kingdom's Example

Based on a small sample in Putney High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in Greater London to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4,200,000. According to their estimate the UK has one camera for every 14 people. "Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom" - Wikipedia

Islamic Martyrdom: The Promise of Paradise that Slays Peace

Bloom—Increasing and disturbing trend towards Islamic suicide terrorism In no other present-day religion has martyrdom cult taken root as in Islam Tradition of martyrdom from beginnings of the faith when commanders inspired fighters to war against infidels—Paradise if killed in battle Moderate Islamic scholars say there no such Koranic teaching, nor for premeditated acts of "suicide bombings," nor does Islam allow killing of innocent people, men, women and children during war But jihadists/fundamentalists interpret Islamic teachings in opportune ways and/or rely on some parts of Koran Most Muslims take the position that the Koran forbids suicide (i.e., Sura 4, v. 29, "And do not kill yourselves verily God is compassionate unto you.") But a semantical distinction has been devised by radicals—suicide is not martyrdom because the death is a requirement for the attack's success and is thus justified and accepted. Suicide terrorism is thus the ultimate expression of selflessness and altruism Thus, calling these acts "suicidal" is misleading under fundamentalist understandings of Islamic teaching and is instead heroic sacrifice

Planning for, detecting, and neutralizing potential terrorist acts

Building a counter-terrorism plan involves all segments of a society and many government agencies Regarding foreign terrorists, the lead responsibility is usually at the national level HUMINT and other counter-intelligence provides information on motivation, timing of attacks, tactics, social networks and cell systems of terrorist groups Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an increase in standard police and domestic intelligence: interception of communications, tracing of persons, financial tracking, etc. Domestic intelligence is often directed at specific groups, defined on basis of origin or religion, which is a source of political controversy. Homegrown terrorists (i.e., lone wolves) harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal alien status Political and social understanding of grievances may be the best avoidance mechanism against terrorism. This can take many forms including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and housing, schools, and health clinics in LDCs. Successful human security campaigns are often characterized by participation of diverse actors including governments, NGOs, and citizens

Focus on Leila Khaled: "The poster girl of Palestinian militancy"

Came to public attention for four simultaneous hijackings in 1970 as part of Black September Member of PFLP In older years became member of the Palestinian National Council Born in Haifa, part of the British Mandate for Palestine. Family fled to Lebanon during 1948 Palestinian exodus, leaving her father behind. At the age of 15, following in the footsteps of her brother, she joined the radical Arab Nationalist Movement. The Palestinian branch of this movement became the Popular Front for the Liberation Palestine after the 1967 Six-Day War On 8-29-69, Khaled was part of team that hijacked TWA Flight 840 from Rome to Athens, diverting to Damascus. No one physically injured, but aircraft blown up after hostages disembarked After this hijacking, and after a picture of her holding an AK-47 and wearing a kaffiyeh was widely published, she underwent six plastic surgeries on her nose and chin to allow her to take part in future hijackings On 9-6-70, Khaled and Patrick Arguello, a Nicaraguan, attempted to hijack El Al 219 from Amsterdam to NYC as part of a series of almost simultaneous hijackings by the PFLP. Attack foiled when Israeli skymarshals killed Arguello, who had shot a crew member, and the marshals overpowered Khaled. She was carrying two hand grenades On October 1, the British government released her as part of a prisoner exchange

Counterterrorism

Counterterrorism is the practices, tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, militaries, police departments, and corporations adopt to attack terrorist threats and/or acts If the terrorism is part of a broader insurgency, counterterrorism may also form a part of a counter-insurgency doctrine, but political, economic, and other measures may focus more on the insurgency than the specific acts of terror Counterterrorism includes both the detection of potential acts and the response to related events

Have you heard of ...

Delegates worldwide gather in London in April each year for Counter Terror Expo Super Bowl and Olympic Games and World Cup are trophy targets and every measure is taken to protect principal venues Experts in cybersecurity discuss how to battle in the digital world—a phenomenon which has become focus point for state actors, terrorists, criminals, and hacktivists

Female Bombers

First female suicide bomber was Wafa Idris (know what she looks like), 28 year old divorcee; bombing in Jerusalem in 2002, killing 1 and wounding 114. Remembered fondly and often in Palestinian society

Terrorism and the Liberal Democracy But Quick—A Little History Lesson about the Removal of God

France's King Louis XVI sent his navy and troops to help America win independence. Afterward, France had a few years of crop failure, then a Revolution. In Paris, King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were beheaded. Robespierre led the "Committee of Public Safety," giving a speech to the National Assembly, February 5, 1794, titled "The Terror Justified": "Lead...the enemies of the people by terror...Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice." Robespierre began his Reign of Terror, accusing, arresting, then beheading all the royalty; then the wealthy; then the farmers and businessmen; then those hoarding food; then the clergy, then the former revolutionaries. Over 40,000 were beheaded in Paris. An intentional campaign began to de-Christianize French society and replace it with a civic religion of state worship. Not wanting a constitution 'Done in the year of the Lord,' they made 1791 the new "Year One." They did not want a seven day week with a Sabbath rest, so they made a ten day week and ten month year - ten being their number of man with ten fingers and ten toes. They created the metric system with all measurements divisible by ten. Crosses were forbidden; Religious monuments were destroyed; Public and private worship and education outlawed; Priests and ministers, along with those who harbored them, were executed on sight; Graves were desecrated, including Sainte Genevieve's, the patron saint of Paris who called the city to pray when Attila the Hun was attacking in 451 A.D.; Churches were closed or used for "immoral," "lurid," "licentious," "scandalous" "depravities." Robespierre put a prostitute in Notre Dame Cathedral and called her the goddess of reason to be worshiped. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg was turned into a Temple of Reason. 300,000 were killed in a religious area in western France called the Vendee'. French privateers ignored treaties and by 1798, had seized 300 American ships bound for British ports. Talleyrand, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, demanded millions of dollars in bribes to leave America's ships alone. Known as the XYZ Affair, the American commission of Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry refused. The cry went across America, "Millions for defense, not a cent for tribute." As war with France loomed, second President John Adams asked George Washington, then retired at Mount Vernon, to again be Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Washington agreed, writing the year before he died, July 13, 1798, "Satisfied...you have...exhausted, to the last drop, the cup of reconciliation, we can, with pure hearts, appeal to Heaven for the justice of our cause; and may confidently trust the final result to that kind Providence who has, heretofore, and so often, signally favored the people of these United States... Feeling how incumbent it is upon every person...to contribute at all times to his country's welfare, and especially in a moment like the present, when everything we hold dear and sacred is so seriously threatened, I have finally determined to accept the commission of Commander-in-Chief." President Adams declared a Day of Fasting, March 23, 1798, and again, March 6, 1799: "The people of the United States are still held in jeopardy by...insidious acts of a foreign nation, as well as by the dissemination among them of those principles subversive to the foundations of all religious, moral, and social obligations.... I hereby recommend...a Day of Solemn Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer; That the citizens...call to mind our numerous offenses against the Most High God, confess them before Him with the sincerest penitence, implore His pardoning mercy, through the Great Mediator and Redeemer, for our past transgressions, and that through the grace of His Holy Spirit, we may be disposed and enabled to yield a more suitable obedience to His righteous requisitions..." Adams continued: "That He would interpose to arrest the progress of that impiety and licentiousness in principle and practice so offensive to Himself and so ruinous to mankind... 'Righteousness exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people.'" As the nation prayed, war with France was averted, and a revival, called the Second Great Awakening, spread across America with church membership soaring in all denominations In short, the rights and freedoms of religion are the hallmark of democracy (even more so than freedom of speech). Without religious pluralism, and without Christianity present, a society is doomed to experience terror from above (the government) and below (from various groups) From American Minute with Bill Federer, 7-13-13, "The Reign of Terror"

Important Hallmarks of Democracy

Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of Media Due Process

The Ticking Time Bomb

From Fox TV's 24 to essays by university scholars, one argument in favor of torture is widely known -- the "ticking time bomb." This is the usually a situation in which torture doesn't happen, and wouldn't work if it did.

FBI Definition

Given the FBI's mission of investigating crimes, not surprising that its definition of terrorism includes the psychological dimension—includes terrorism's intimidation and coercive aspects, and includes actions against private and public property Its definition also includes politically motivated acts of vandalism and sabotage

For example

In 1-2010, Mossad sent a 27-member hit team to Dubai to liquidate high-ranking Hamas official Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, who was coordinating smuggling of rockets from Iran to Gaza. The assassination was carried out successfully, but almost all team members were recorded on UAE closed-circuit surveillance TV cameras at the expensive hotel where the event occurred, and the hotel, and six other locations. Mossad had "borrowed" the dual national passports of Israeli citizens. The operation caused diplomatic uproar and was major embarrassment for Mossad

Animal Rights Militia (part of ALF)— a threat to people

In 1982, shift in non-violent stance. Some ALF activists began to make personal threats against individuals, followed by letter bombs and threats to contaminate food, and formed ARM. Also in 1982, letter bombs were sent to all four major party leaders in the UK, including PM Margaret Thatcher. In 11-84, the first major food scare was carried out, with ALF claiming in calls and letters to media that it had contaminated Mars Bars—part of a campaign to force the company to stop conducting tooth decay tests on monkeys. On 11-17-84, the Sunday Mirror received a call from the ALF saying it had injected Mars Bars in stores throughout the UK with rat poison. Millions of bars were removed from shelves and Mars halted production, at a cost of $4.5 million. ALF later admitted the claims had been a hoax

"CIA Director Says Syria Missile Strike a Message for Tehran: Pompeo calls WikiLeaks 'hostile intelligence service'," Free Beacon, by Bill Gertz, April 13, 2017

In his first public remarks since taking over the intelligence agency, Pompeo also criticized the anti-secrecy website WikiLeaks, labeling the group a "hostile, non-government, intelligence service" and calling its founder, Julian Assange, a celebrity-seeking narcissist. On the threat posed by groups such as WikiLeaks, Pompeo said he was speaking out against those engaged in the systematic theft of U.S. secrets "to make sure that the American people understood the threat that they pose to us. Frankly I think the United States government has not done nearly enough to protect our nation, our cyber infrastructure, all the things that are at risk from those threats," he said. Nation states' intelligence threats have been the focus in the past but the new threat is operating in different manner "but has as its motive the destruction of America in the very same way as those nations do," he said. According to Pompeo, WikiLeaks is recruiting agents to join the CIA and leak secrets on ways foreign intelligence services operate to the group. "It is dangerous, and ... I am confident that this administration will pursue them with great vigor." Past administrations have been "squeamish" about pursuing WikiLeaks and similar anti-secrecy groups under what Pompeo said was a misguided notion they have First Amendment rights to publish. "These are not reporters trying to do good work, trying to keep the government honest. These are people who are recruiting agents to steal American secrets with the sole intent of destroying the American way of life. That is fundamentally different than a First Amendment activity as I understand and as most Americans understand it. No one has the right to actively steal American secrets with the intent to do harm to it," he said.

U.S. Legal Context

In the U.S., search and seizure is governed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act after the 9/11 attacks, as well as a range of other legislation. Presidents since 2001 have signed a number of executive orders dealing with terrorism Outside of war, external or international use of lethal force requires a Presidential finding per the authority of the Constitution The Department of Homeland Security was established to consolidate domestic security agencies to coordinate anti-terrorism, as well as a national response to major natural disasters and accidents The Posse Comitatus Act limits domestic use of the military, requiring Presidential approval prior to deploying the Army. Pentagon policy also applies this limitation to the Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. Thus, the assets of the Department of Defense can only be employed domestically on Presidential order, as was done during the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Hurricane Katrina, and the Beltway Sniper incidents. (Posse comitatus is the common-law or statute law authority of a county sheriff, or other law officer, to conscript any able-bodied man to assist him in keeping the peace or to pursue and arrest a felon, similar to the concept of the "hue and cry.")

Command and Control

In the U.S., the DHS Incident Command System will likely be invoked to control various services that need to be involved in response ICS is a systematic tool used for the command, control, and coordination of emergency response under FEMA An ICS-like entity in a given country has varied levels of escalation, such as might be needed for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g., the 2005 bombings in London or the 2004 Madrid train bombings) or all the way to a National Response Plan invocation if national-level resources are needed. National Response, for example, might be needed for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or large chemical attack

State Example: Texas DPS

Intelligence and Counterterrorism Division leads DPS goal of combating terrorism and organized crime ICT manages and operates the Texas Fusion Center—statewide information sharing network. TFC supports criminal investigations across the state on a 24/7 basis. Personnel include non-commissioned analytical experts, small number of commissioned officers, personnel from various other law enforcement and public safety agencies—Department of Criminal Justice, Parks & Wildlife Department, Department of Homeland Security, Department of the Treasury, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Administration, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Air and Army National Guard ICT also oversees security at DPS headquarters and the Texas Capitol Complex (46-square block area in downtown Austin)

How Does Israel Counter Terrorism?

Intelligence collection and analysis Military and paramilitary operations to disrupt terrorist infrastructure Commercial aviation security Targeted assassinations Defense against chemical and biological attacks Efforts to strengthen the psychological endurance of the civilian population

A Terror State's Version of Due Process

Iran: Hassan Rouhani says hangings are "God's commandment" and "law of the people", 4-23-14 http://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2014/04/iran-hassan-rouhani-says-hangings-are.html As international protests against the rising trend of group and arbitrary executions in Iran become stronger every day, Hassan Rouhani, the clerical regime's president, describes the anti-human and anti-Islamic executions in Iran as "God's commandments" or "laws of the people". In fear of the rage and abhorrence of the Iranian people regarding these anti-human verdicts, Hassan Rouhani approves the executions but he says that the victims not to be mistreated at the time of their execution. Speaking to commanders of the Iranian regime's State Security Forces on Saturday, he said: "when someone is condemned to death and he comes to the gallows according to the law, then we have no right to insult him as he is being taken to the gallows... in any case, the law has condemned him and he is punished and this has nothing to do with us. It is either the commandment of God or a law approved by the parliament that belongs to the people and we only execute it (Tasnim news agency, affiliated with the Qods Force - April 19).

1980 Iranian Embassy Siege

Iranian Embassy Siege April 30 to May 5, 1980, after six armed men stormed embassy in London Took 26 hostages—staff, several visitors, police officer guarding embassy Hostage-takers were members of a group campaigning for autonomy of Iran's Khuzestan Province and demanded release of Arab prisoners from jails and their own safe passage out of UK U.K. government quickly decided safe passage would not be granted, and siege ensued Negotiators secured release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as broadcasting hostage-takers' demands on British t.v. By sixth day, gunmen frustrated at lack of progress in demands. That evening they killed one of the hostages and threw his body out of embassy British government ordered Special Air Service (SAS) to conduct assault to rescue remaining hostages. Soldiers repelled from roof and forced entry through windows. During 17-minute raid, SAS rescued all but one of remaining hostages, and killed five terrorists. Remaining terrorist was prosecuted and served 27 years in British prison Operation brought SAS to the public eye for first time and bolstered the reputation of PM Thatcher SAS quickly overwhelmed by applications and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments

Israel Legal Context and More

Israel has a long list of legal protections for its citizens and laws regarding terrorism Israel monitors a list of designated terrorist organizations and has laws forbidding membership in such organizations, funding, or helping them in any way In 2006, Israeli Supreme Court ruled targeted killings were permitted form of self defense—see Wikipedia (!) for "List of Israeli assassinations"

Israel's Example

Israel has given attention, focus, preparations, and training to effectively counter the threat—since 2002, about 80% of all attempts in country thwarted by good intelligence and quick engagements

Obviously She Hasn't Taken Her Life Yet

Khaled is wary of the Arab-Israeli peace process. According to her, "It's not a peace process. It's a political process where the balance of forces is for the Israelis and not for us. They have all the cards to play with and the Palestinians have nothing to depend on, especially when the PLO is not united." Lives in Amman with her husband, a physician

Hoffman also tells us about left-wingers

Left-wing terrorist movements (i.e., Marxist-Leninist), by comparison, appear doubly disadvantaged. Not only do they lack sizable existing pool of potential recruits available to the most ethno-nationalist groups, but among all the categories of terrorists they have formulated the least clear and most ill-defined vision of the future. Prolific and prodigious though their myriad denunciations of the evils of the militarist, capitalist state may be, precious little information is forthcoming about its envisioned successor. Inability to articulate coherently their future plans may explain why left wing terrorists' campaigns have historically been least effectual. Left-wing terrorists use of violence historically has also been heavily constrained. Their self-styled crusade for social justice is typically directed against governmental or commercial institutions, or specific individuals who they believe represent capitalist exploitation and repression

Don't clamp down too hard on society

Many human rights activists argue that heavy legal responses (infringing too much on civil liberties) exacerbates rather than counters the terrorist threat They cite many examples of governments going too far in fighting terrorism internally—vague and overbroad laws regulating free expression, association, and assembly, indefinite detention, wide-spread use of security cameras, ID cards, heavy airport security and in other transportation, warrantless wiretaps, internment camps Human rights advocates argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism. They say that insuring human rights indeed helps countries to insure security

Terrorism, Iranian Nukes Considered Greatest Threats to U.S. Islamic fundamentalism rising as perceived threat, Gallup Poll, 2-28-14

More than a decade after the 9/11 terror attacks, Americans rank international terrorism as the greatest threat to the U.S. in the next 10 years, along with Iran's development of nuclear weapons Majorities also perceive Islamic fundamentalism, the conflict between North and South Korea, and China's economic power as critical threats Fewer Americans see Russia's military power as a critical threat to the U.S. in the coming decade.

Dictatorships & Authoritative States Who Have Used Terror

Nazi Germany: Gestapo Franco's Spain: Assassination squads Soviet Union: High police presence/information gathering, KGB, Gulags Hussein's Iraq: Rape and torture South Africa's Apartheid: Imprisonment, extrajudicial killings Pol Pot's Cambodia: "The Killing Fields" Pinochet's Chile; Argentina's Guerra Sucia; Uruguay's Dictatorship: Disappearances, high military presence Russia in Chechnya: Ethnic cleansing, burning of villages North Korea: Concentration camps, control of food

More on PETA

Not a terrorist group. Criticized for euthanizing most animals it takes in. Criticized for grants to Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front—identified by FBI as agents of domestic terrorism (Look at week 12 PPT)

Congress and the U.S. Patriot Act—main provisions

Proscription of any group "seeking to influence the policy of the Government by intimidation or coercion" High scrutiny and seizure of funding likely to be used by terrorists Extended surveillance procedures (overseen by federal court operating in secret)—wire taps, interception of internet and emails AG authority to detain and deport non-citizens (with little or no judicial review) AG authority to designate domestic groups as terrorist organizations and deport any non-citizen members Presidential option for issuing executive order regarding whether military court appropriate for trials

CIA

Rare Double Agent Disrupted Bombing Plot, U.S. Says, NYT, 5-8-12 The suicide bomber dispatched by the Yemen branch of Al Qaeda last month to blow up a U.S.-bound airliner was actually an intelligence agent for Saudi Arabia who infiltrated the terrorist group and volunteered for the mission, American and foreign officials said. In an extraordinary intelligence coup, the double agent left Yemen last month, traveling by way of the United Arab Emirates, and delivered both the innovative bomb designed for his aviation attack and inside information on the group's leaders, locations, methods, and plans to the CIA. Officials said the agent, whose identity they would not disclose, works for the Saudi intelligence service, which has cooperated closely with the C.I.A. for several years against the terror group in Yemen. He operated in Yemen with full knowledge of the C.I.A. but not under its supervision. After spending weeks at the center of Al Qaeda's most dangerous affiliate, the intelligence agent provided critical information that permitted the C.I.A. to direct the drone strike on Sunday that killed Fahd Mohammed Ahmed al-Quso, the group's external operations director and a suspect in the bombing of the U.S.S. Cole, an American destroyer, in Yemen in 2000. He also handed over the bomb, designed by the group's top explosives expert to be undetectable at airport security checks, to the F.B.I., which is analyzing its properties at its laboratory at Quantico, Va. The agent is now safe in Saudi Arabia. Intelligence officials believe that the explosive is the latest effort of the group's skilled bomb maker, Ibrahim Hassan al-Asiri. Asiri is also believed to have designed the explosives used in the failed bombing attempt on an airliner over Detroit on Dec. 25, 2009, and packed into printer cartridges and placed on cargo planes in October 2010.

Example of Postwar Palestine

Rebellion by Arabs (1936-39) and then Jews (beginning in 1937) prior to WWII in British Palestine Mandate dating from WWI. Irgun (Jewish group) suspended anti-British operations when perceiving that Nazi Germany posed a great menace, and hoped loyalty would result in recognition of Zionist claims to statehood later. Menachem Begin was important Irgun leader Went on to be PM (signed Camp David Accords)—BTW, every Israel PM has served in military. Irgun began operations again to pressure British as war turned against Germany. Sought to position their organization as vanguard of active realization of Jews' political and nationalist aspirations. Menachem Begin adept at interplay of violence, politics, and propaganda. Could not defeat Britain militarily, so plan was to use terrorism to undermine government's prestige and control by striking at symbols

Rivalry and Competition Between Terrorist Groups

Rivalries between Palestinian organizations have spawned suicide competition 11-01 formation of PLO/Fatah's Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (a dedicated suicide unit) due to popularity of Hamas among Palestinians 1-02 Israel seized cargo ship Karine A (from Iran), with 50 tons of arms and explosives for the PLO—it was to accelerate frequency of PLO/Fatah's Al-Aqsa attacks because they realized would be eclipsed by Hamas

14th Amendment: Due Process

Section 1. "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Section 2. ... Section 3. ... Section 4. ... Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Female Terrorists

Seemingly act in contravention of societally-accepted maternal role Often abused by husbands or other men Sometimes women divorcees Involved in "psycho" raising of children At bottom of societal ladder Actions have been more political than religious Rational decision to join terror groups and even kill themselves One reason for increase in female terrorism is competition among Palestinian groups

A little more about her

She was the subject of a film entitled Leila Khaled, Hijacker (2005) In 2011, Khaled had a speaking tour in Sweden, including speeches at May Day demonstrations of the Communist Party In 11-17, Khaled was refused entry at Leonardo da Vinci International Airport, Italy and was forced to return to Amman. The Italian government considers her as part of a terrorist organization (Question: What group?)

FBI

Since 9-11, the FBI's No. 1 priority is protecting the U.S. from terrorism (not investigating violations of federal crimes—the traditional role of the FBI) See www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/terrorism Counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence (CIA has had a Counterterrorism Center for over 20 years)

Pre-emptive Neutralization

Some countries (Israel, U.K., U.S., and Russia) see limited pre-emptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an expected attack Another method of pre-emption is interrogation of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, and the identity of other terrorists "Harsh" interrogation methods are not tolerated by European states. In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights that such methods amounted to a practice of inhumane and degrading treatment, and that such practices were in breach of European Convention on Human Rights

Conclusion

Suicide terrorism has become/is instrumental strategy Has less to do with anger, desperation, or frustration of the attackers than with the strategic goals of the terrorist organizations Suicide tactics are used because they are shocking, deadly, cost-effective, and difficult to stop Culture has accepted that lives are expendable, including those of females

From Hoffman

Terrorism motivated by ethno-nationalist/ separatist aspirations emerged in the modern era from frustrations with Habsburg and Ottoman empires during three decades prior to WWI. After 1945/WWII, during the independence movement from colonialism, this movement took off globally. Two highly symbolic events in WWII pushed the movement forward—Fall of Singapore (2-15-42)(when it appeared the British Empire could suffer a defeat), and the signing of the Atlantic Charter (8-14-41)(Allies promising independence after War). In addition, within its newly-established Empire, Japan left native governments with some self-government

In the UK

The ELF movement in the UK started in 1990, when a group in Hastings organized a protest in Kent at the Dungeness Nuclear Power Station. Also in 1990, a bomb exploded in activist Judi Bari's car, shattering her pelvis and injuring fellow activist Darryl Cherney. They were arrested after police determined they were transporting the bomb. A 1992 protest in the UK focused on importation of tropical hardwood. 500 persons occupied Liverpool's docks for two days. Earth First! announced it would neither "condemn nor condone" criminal damage. Actions in UK involving criminal damage happened often at night and were attributed to ELF "elves" and "pixies". Major growth occurred on the topic of roads, and protest camps were started against the M3 in Hampshire, the Newbury Bypass, the A30 and the M11 in London—whole streets were "squatted" to slow down construction work

Man attempting bomb attack on Capitol arrested in sting operation, 2-17-12

The FBI arrested a man who thought he was going to carry out a bombing attack on U.S. Capitol building but was in fact dealing with FBI undercover operatives for past few months The man, from Morocco and in late 20s, and having overstayed his visa and in the country illegally, was arrested around noon on a Friday near the Capitol after he received what he thought was a vest containing explosives. In fact, it had inert material that was not hazardous An FBI official says the man had expressed desire to carry out a terrorist attack. By the end, he was willing to carry out a suicide mission, which makes this case different from most sting operations. His target was to be the U.S. Capitol Visitors' Center. "He wanted to set off the explosives where people would be around." Alexandria, Virginia, where the man had been living. They have not yet released the man's name but they say they believe he was acting alone. And while they doubt he would have been capable of pulling this off by himself, that is always the unknown factor in a sting of this kind The FBI provided the suspect with a disabled gun during the operation The man thought undercover FBI agents assisting him in his plot were associates of Al Qaeda Before his arrest and the attempted bombing, he had been praying at a mosque in the Washington area

But groups don't last long

The longevity of most modern terrorist groups, however, would suggest otherwise. David Rapoport estimates that the life expectancy of at least 90% of terrorist organizations is less than a year and that nearly half of the ones that make it that far cease to exist within the decade. Thus, the optimistic calls to battle issued by terrorist groups in communiques, treatises, and other propaganda have a distinctly hollow ring given the grim reality of their organizational life cycles (i.e., the efforts to defeat them)

IRA

The more successful ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorist organization is also able to determine an effective level of "tolerable" violence for the local populace, tacitly acceptable to international opinion, and sufficiently modulated not to provoke massive governmental crackdown and reaction. The IRA demonstrably mastered this synchronization of tactics to strategy. IRA often targeted members of the security forces (ordinary policemen and soldiers) in preference to their avowed enemies in rival communities. This was true in Northern Ireland, where fewer than 20% of the IRA's victims between 1969 and 1993 were Protestant civilians. Some categories of terrorist groups admittedly have better chances of survival—and perhaps success—than others. Although religious movements like the Assassins persisted for nearly two centuries and the Thugis remained active for more than 600 years, in modern times ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorist groups have typically lasted the longest and been the most successful. Al-Fatah was founded in 1957, Basque was founded in 1959, and the IRA reached 40 years old. But, except in immediate postwar era of massive decolonization, success for ethno-nationalist terrorist organizations has rarely involved actual realization of their stated long-term goals of self-determination or nationhood. More often it has amounted to string of key tactical victories that have sustained prolonged struggles and breathed new life into faltering movements Ethno-nationalists' comparative success has as much to do with clarity and tangibility of their envisioned future--the establishment (or re-establishment) of a homeland from within some existing country--as with these other characteristics. The articulation of so concrete and comprehensible a goal is by far the most potent and persuasive rallying cry

Perverted Sense of Normality

Throughout much of Palestinian society, suicide—the taking of one's life, an act that is usually negatively regarded as senseless and aberrant, if not abnormal—has become accepted and commonplace Images of suicide terrorists emblazoned on murals and wall posters, calendars, shirts, key chains, postcards, and pennants, respected status accorded their families, announcements in the section announcing weddings, and families of suicide terrorists receive a death benefit (up to $20,000) Hamas encourages, in effect, a culture of suicide

Electric Grid

To give one more example, the North American electrical grid (demonstrated in the Northeast Blackout of 2003) is vulnerable to natural disasters or attacks. A very few terrorists, attacking key power facilities when one or more engineers have infiltrated the power control centers, could wreak havoc Given the current state of U.S. unpreparedness for an EMP event, it is estimated that within 12 months of a widespread EMP event, two-thirds to 90% of the U.S. population would likely perish from starvation, disease, and societal breakdown Targets must be locked, fenced off, patrolled, etc. Unique proposals should also be explored, but some are not workable. Ex. Equipping likely targets with containers or bags of pig lard to discourage attacks by Islamist suicide bombers will not work (the notion that Muslims perpetrating attack would not want to be "soiled" by lard in the moment prior to dying suggested by some is offset by a sympathetic Islamic scholar who could issue a fatwa proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by the swine products)

Counterterrorism Tactical Units

Today, many countries have special units designated to handle terrorist threats and attacks. Besides various security agencies, there are elite tactical units, also known as special mission units, whose role is to directly engage terrorists Such units perform in preventive actions, hostage rescues, and in response to on-going attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counter-terrorist teams. Tactics, techniques and procedures are under constant development These units trained in tactics and are for stealth and to perform the mission with minimal casualties. The units include take-over force (assault teams), snipers, negotiators, dog handlers, and intelligence officers Majority of counter-terrorism operations at the tactical level are conducted by national law enforcement agencies or intelligence agencies. In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. For countries whose military are legally permitted to conduct police operations, this is a non-issue and such counterterrorism operations are conducted by the military

Current policy

U.S. government's use of lethal force in self defense against a leader of al Qaeda or an associated force who presents an imminent threat of violent attack is not unlawful and does violate the Executive Order banning assassination—per Congressional Resolution following 9-11 Used by Pres. Obama and Trump to fight ISIS

Sting Operations take potential terrorists "off-line"

U.S. has narrowly avoided numerous lethal terrorist plots in recent years—several have been intercepted and the attackers arrested due to FBI informers and undercover agents Exs.: Would-be suicide bomber was intercepted on his way to the Capitol; a scheme to bomb synagogues and shoot Stinger missiles at military aircraft by men from Newburgh, N.Y.; and a fanciful idea to fly explosive-laden model planes into the Pentagon and the Capitol, a car bomb to attack a Christmas-tree lighting ceremony in Portland Sting operations usually hold up in court. Defendants invariably claim entrapment and almost always lose because they show predisposition to commit the crime. For example, FBI undercover agents warn suspects about the seriousness of their plots and they are given opportunities to back out Undercover operations have become a mainstay of counterterrorism, and are here to stay in response to the post-9/11 focus on prevention

Last Word

U.S. military used code name "Geronimo" for Osama bin Laden in SEALS raid that killed the Al Qaeda leader in 2011. Its use upset several native Americans because they view Geronimo as much greater a person than bin Laden. Fort Sill Apache Tribal Chairman Jeff Houser sent a letter to President Obama decrying the linking of "the legendary Apache warrior" to a "mass murder and cowardly terrorist. Unlike the coward Osama bin Laden, Geronimo faced his enemy in numerous battles and engagements. He is perhaps one of the greatest symbols of Native American resistance in the history of the United States."

SPECIAL OPS FORCES CREATE "VISIBLE AND DRAMATIC EFFECTS"

U.S. special operations forces are engaged in more than 100 countries, per Adm. William McRaven, commander of U.S. Special Operations Command, in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee 3-6-12 "In significant ways, our forces are creating visible and dramatic effects of the greatest magnitude across the globe," Adm. McRaven said in the 2012 US SOCOM posture statement "The direct approach is characterized by technologically-enabled small-unit precision lethality, focused intelligence, and interagency cooperation integrated on a digitally-networked battlefield.... Extreme in risk, precise in execution and able to deliver a high payoff, the impacts of the direct approach are immediate, visible to the public and have had tremendous effects on our enemies' networks throughout the decade." "However, the direct approach alone is not the solution to the challenges our Nation faces today as it ultimately only buys time and space for the indirect approach and broader governmental elements to take effect. Less well known but decisive in importance, the indirect approach is the complementary element that can counter the systemic components of the threat. The indirect approach includes empowering host nation forces, providing appropriate assistance to humanitarian agencies, and engaging key populations. These long-term efforts increase partner capabilities to generate sufficient security and rule of law, address local needs, and advance ideas that discredit and defeat the appeal of violent extremism."

Focus on Libya

Under Muammar Gaddafi, (former) sponsor of terror and groups in many countries International pariah—Gulf of Sidra incident with U.S., backer of regimes in Africa, stockpiles of mustard gas and other chemical weapons, attempts to purchase or produce nuclear weapons, attempts on lives of Middle East political leaders

Target-hardening

Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent terrorists from hitting their mark or reducing damage of attacks. One method is to place a "Jersey Barrier" or other sturdy obstacles outside tall or politically sensitive buildings or events to prevent car and truck bombing Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights, and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin can open UK train stations removed garbage cans in response to IRA

Congress

While the U.S. has been combating terrorism for decades, current U.S. operations against al Qaeda and the Taliban were sanctioned by the Authorization for the Use of Military Force, passed by Congress shortly after 9/11. This legislation was tantamount to a declaration of war https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ40/PLAW-107publ40.pdf This provides legal basis for the presence of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, as well as American drone strikes and other special operations directed against al Qaeda targets elsewhere, or against ISIS. This is also the legal basis for detaining enemy combatants Additional legal authority comes from the Patriot Act

Ideology

"An ideology is the beliefs, values, principles, and objectives—however ill-defined or tenuous—by which a group defines its distinctive political identity and aims" (Drake). May include: Historical complaints, Semi-mythical or supernatural beliefs, Provides motive and framework for action

And attitude toward Israel

"Commander of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari said conditions are very good for the resistance front in Syria. ... 'As maintained by Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, the enemies of Islam, including the Zionist regime, will be destroyed within the next 25 years,' Jafari added." "IRGC Commander: Conditions Very Good for Resistance Front in Syria," FARS, 3-28-16

Example of Iran-Sponsored Terror: "Judge Awards $907 Million to 1998 Kenya, Tanzania Bomb Victims," Bloomberg, 3-31-14

"Families and victims of the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania that killed more than 200 people were awarded $907 million in compensation by a U.S. judge. U.S. District Judge John D. Bates in Washington awarded the damages March 28, based on formulas that included $3 million for emotional injuries, $5 million for severe physical injuries, and $7 million or more for those blinded and made quadriplegics, according to court papers and plaintiffs attorney Thomas Fay. The governments of Iran and Sudan were sued by survivors under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and accused of helping terrorists produce 'calculated mayhem' that killed hundreds and injured thousands. In the August 1998 attacks, embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, more than 224 people died, including 12 U.S. citizens. The judge cited Iran and Sudan 'for their roles in supporting, funding and otherwise carrying out these unconscionable acts' in simultaneous suicide bombings."

My Life: The Autobiography of Geronimo, 1905

"I have killed many Mexicans; I do not know how many, for frequently I did not count them. Some of them were not worth counting. It has been a long time since then, but still I have no love for the Mexicans. With me they were always treacherous and malicious."

But what "moral/ethical" democracies?

"It must ... be recognized that although it is in modern dictatorships and authoritarian regimes that we find state terror being used routinely as an instrument of repression and political control, [other] governments have resorted to the methods of the dirty war and counter-terror in the name of combating terrorism." (Wilkinson) "There is a widespread misconception that using terror to defeat terror will ultimately work. On the contrary, the evidence is that this policy is counter-productive. Instead of suppressing terrorism ... these methods tend to reinvigorate the terrorist movements and gain them international sympathy." (Wilkinson)

Geronimo's story of the Kas-Ki-Yeh massacre, Coming of the White Men, 1909

"Late one afternoon when returning from town we were met by a few women and children who told us that Mexican troops from some other town had attacked our camp, killed all the warriors of the guard, captured all our ponies, secured our arms, destroyed our supplies, and killed many of our women and children. Quickly we separated, concealing ourselves as best we could until nightfall, when we assembled at our appointed place of rendezvous—a thicket by the river. Silently we stole in one by one: sentinels were placed, and, when all were counted, I found that my aged mother, my young wife, and my three small children were among the slain. There were no lights in camp, so without being noticed I silently turned away and stood by the river. How long I stood there I do not know, but when I saw the warriors arranging for a council I took my place."

Why Iran Sponsors Terrorism

"Religious Inferiority Complex"—always has seen itself as minority and oppressed by majority Sunnis and by outside powers Worldwide promotion of Shiite beliefs and tenets after 1979 Revolution Fixated on opposing (Sunni) Saudi Arabia and its democratic and powerful ally the United States Terror is low-cost, semi-high yield weapon against powerful foes Anti-democracy (society based on law, human rights, freedoms, free market, pluralism) Anti-Israel (anti-Jew) Wants to dominate Middle East Trying to influence future of Iraq and Afghanistan

"Terrorism victims win right to seize $500M Midtown office tower linked to Iran after long legal battle," NYDN, 4-2-14

"Terrorism victims are celebrating a concrete victory in their decades-long quest to hold Iran accountable for its role in the 9/11 attacks and other horrific incidents. They won the right last week to seize a $500 million Midtown office tower linked to Iran and are near a deal with the feds to distribute the assets of the property, lawyers said. The Iranian companies that own 650 Fifth Ave. must forfeit the building to the victims, who hold billions of dollars in judgments against Iran thanks to successful lawsuits over terrorism, Manhattan Federal Judge Katherine Forrest ruled Friday. The 9/11 victims staked claims to the 36-story tower at W. 52nd St. after Manhattan Federal Judge George Daniels, in a 2011 default judgment, said Iran was partly liable for 9/11 because it provided travel support to terrorists.... Some 650 Fifth Ave. claimants had relatives killed in bomb attacks in Beirut in 1983. 'This is an important step toward justice,' said Lynne Derbyshire, who lost her brother, Marine Corps soldier Vincent Smith. 'This isn't about putting money in my hands. It's about taking something away from the Iranian government.'"

Geronimo's story of his life, Coming of the White Men, 1909

"The Indians always tried to live peaceably with the white soldiers and settlers. One day during the time that the soldiers were stationed at Apache Pass I made a treaty with the post. This was done by shaking hands and promising to be brothers. Cochise and Mangus-Colorado did likewise. I do not know the name of the officer in command, but this was the first regiment that ever came to Apache Pass. This treaty was made about a year before we were attacked in a tent, as above related. In a few days after the attack at Apache Pass we organized in the mountains and returned to fight the soldiers."

Targeting & Strategy

"The influence of ideology on terrorist targeting can be seen by comparing the targets attacked by different groups. Differences between groups with different ideologies, and similarities between groups with similar ideologies, may demonstrate to a degree the extent to which ideology affects target selection" (Drake). Targeting is tied to strategy

Iran's Constitution calls for worldwide export of the Shiite Revolution

"We have a fundamental problem with the West and especially with America," Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad-Javad Zarif declares. "This is because we are claimants of a mission, which has a global dimension. It has nothing to do with the level of our strength, and is related to the source of our raison d'être. How come Malaysia [an overwhelmingly Muslim country] doesn't have similar problems? Because Malaysia is not trying to change the international order. It may seek independence and strength, but its definition of strength is the advancement of its national welfare." While Zarif considers national welfare one of the goals of the Islamic Republic, he stresses that "we have also defined a global vocation, both in the Constitution and in the ultimate objectives of the Islamic revolution." He adds: "I believe that we do not exist without our revolutionary goals." Zarif does not take the trouble to explain the global vocation of the Islamic Republic, but his reference to the Constitution is doubtlessly to Article 154: "[the Islamic Republic] supports the just struggle of the mustazafun [the oppressed] against the mustakbirun [the arrogant] in every corner of the globe." This is the "export-of-the-revolution" clause." An Iranian Moderate Exposed," Ali Alfoneh and Reuel Marc Gerecht, New Republic, 2-3-14

Sanctions Imposed by U.S. on U.S.-Listed Countries

1. Ban on U.S. arms-related exports and purchases 2. Controls over exports of dual-use items, requiring 30-day Congressional notification for goods or services that could significantly enhance the country's military capability or ability to support terrorism 3. Prohibitions on economic assistance 4. Imposition of various financial restrictions, including: Requiring the U.S. to oppose loans by the World Bank and other international financial institutions; Lifting diplomatic immunity to allow families of terrorist victims to file civil lawsuits in U.S. courts; Denying companies and individuals tax credits for income earned in terrorist-listed countries; Denial of duty-free treatment of goods exported to U.S.; Authority to prohibit any U.S. citizen from engaging in a financial transaction with that government without Treasury Department license; and Prohibition of Defense Department contracts above $100,000 with companies controlled by those states

Geronimo death

2-1909, Geronimo thrown from horse and lay in the cold all night. Died of pneumonia as prisoner of U.S. at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. On deathbed, he confessed to his nephew that he regretted his decision to surrender. Buried at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery

Typically...

70% of all international conflicts have been anti-colonial, nationalist-separatist. Have tended to produce mass fatalities, gross violations of human rights (genocide, ethnic cleansing, torture, rape). Produced largest IDPs and refugees (due to fleeing and ethnic cleansing). Violence happens internally while government controlling the claimed homeland/territory moves further afield/forward as conflict continues (PKK in Turkey, Northern Ireland, Chechens)(Exceptions: Palestinians from 1968-1980 and Armenian (ASALA and JCAG))

Understanding tactics and strategy is invaluable when an attack occurs—how to know who is responsible. Ex:

9-11—Who did it? Initial reaction: Pres. George Bush (Iraq?); Richard Clarke, chief counter-terrorism adviser on NSC (Al Qaeda)—and AQ soon used "twin" bombings as its calling card

"Taliban Commander Forces Sister Into Suicide Bombing," Clarion Project, 1-8-14

A young Afghani girl has been detained by border police in Helmand province after attempting a suicide bombing. She told police that her brother, a local Taliban commander, had ordered her to carry out the attack. Her age is estimated at between 8 and 10. She was found in a state of "shock and confusion." The girl, named Spozhmai, told police that her brother Zahir, a local Taliban commander, had convinced her to attack a police station. He had threatened her with allegations of "illicit relations" with the police. She refused to wade across a cold river to carry out the attack and was beaten by her father on her return. Scared, she ran away from home, and went to the police the next day. The commander of border police in Lashkar Gah, Col. Hamidullah Sediqi, said: "She was forced by two Taliban commanders to wear the suicide vest and blow up the police base. One of the commanders is her brother. As you can see, this innocent girl, she shouldn't be doing this. No one and no religion allows her to do this." Fawzia Koof, an Afghani member of Parliament said "It's the first time that we have had a girl so young who is motivated by her brother," Koof said. "How can it [sic] be so brutal that he is not nice to his own sister?"

Philosophy of direct action

ALF argues that animals should not be viewed as property, and that scientists and industry have no right to assume ownership of living beings. ALF rejects the animal welfarist position that more humane treatment is needed for animals; they say their aim is empty cages, not bigger ones. ALF says the animals they remove from laboratories or farms are "liberated", not stolen, because they were never rightfully owned. Labs raided, locks glued, products spiked, depots ransacked, windows smashed, construction halted, mink set free, fences torn down, cabs burnt out, offices in flames, car tires slashed, cages emptied, phone lines severed, slogans daubed, muck spread, damage done, electrics cut, site flooded, hunt dogs stolen, fur coats slashed, buildings destroyed, foxes freed, kennels attacked, businesses burgled, uproar, anger, outrage, balaclava clad thugs. It's an ALF thing!—Keith Mann. ALF denies its attacks on property count as violent action, comparing the destruction of animal labs and other facilities to resistance fighters blowing up gas chambers in Nazi Germany. They argue for sabotage because the removal of animals from a laboratory simply means they will be quickly replaced, but if the laboratory itself is destroyed, it not only slows down the restocking process, but increases costs, possibly to the point of making animal research prohibitively expensive. In hearings held 5-18-05 before the U.S. Senate, FBI and ATF officials stated, "violent animal rights extremists and eco-terrorists now pose one of the most serious terrorism threats to the nation."

Underground and above-ground

ALF movement has underground and above-ground components, and is entirely decentralized with no formal hierarchy; it uses this structure to try to create a protection for legal responsibility Volunteers are expected to follow ALF's stated aims when operating: - To inflict economic damage on those who profit from the misery and exploitation of animals - To liberate animals from places of abuse, i.e. laboratories, factory farms, fur farms etc., and place them in good homes where they may live out their natural lives, free from suffering - To reveal the horror and atrocities committed against animals behind locked doors, by performing nonviolent direct actions and liberations - To take all necessary precautions against harming any animal, human and non-human

Final Campaign

According to Charles Sasser, Geronimo's breakout from the San Carlos Apache Reservation in 1886 left 14 Americans dead in the U.S. and between 500 and 600 Mexicans dead south of the border 1886, Capt. Henry Lawton of 4th Cavalry from Fort Huachuca and First Lt. Charles Gatewood led expedition that brought Geronimo and his followers back to the reservation system for final time. Apaches had been worn down with constant pursuit; Geronimo and his followers had little or no time to rest or stay in one place. The group officially surrendered on 9-4-1886 at Skeleton Canyon, AZ. At end of his military career, Geronimo led small band of 36 men, women, and children. They had evaded thousands of Mexican and American troops for over a year, making him the most famous Native American of the time and earning title of "worst Indian who ever lived" among white settlers

"U.S. for First Time Cites Iran Role as Leading Factor in Mideast Unrest," World Tribune, 3-4-11

Administration of Pres. Obama has determined Iran was fomenting unrest in countries including Bahrain, Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen Officials said Iran using Hezbollah and Hamas to destabilize Sunni regimes Iran in particular wants to "surround" Saudi Arabia with restive groups In testimony to Senate Appropriations Committee 3-2-11, Sec. of State Clinton outlined Iranian intervention in Arab states, and Iran assigned Hezbullah to relay orders to regime opponents—"They are doing everything they can to influence the outcomes in these places."

Nexus of Ideological and Operational Imperatives

All terrorist groups seek targets that are rewarding from their point of view and employ tactics that are consonant with their overriding political aims. Ex. Italian Red Brigades kidnapped and assassinated people whom they blamed for economic exploitation or political repression. Ex. In the planning of a 1969 terrorist attack by the group Tupamaros West Berlin, they decided to place a bomb in the Jewish Community Center on the anniversary of the 'Crystal Night' during the Third Reich, and said they were trying to draw a parallel with what they said was Israeli oppression of the Palestinians. Terrorists motivated by religious imperative have engaged in more indiscriminate acts of violence, encompassing not merely their declared enemies but anyone who does not share their religious faith. Left-wing groups oppose what they see as militarist, capitalist states. Ethno-nationalist/separatist groups fall somewhere in between these two models, but often will attack symbols of their "oppression". Right-wing groups are more "wildcards"

Conclusion of Hoffman— Terrorism Can "Work"

Although governments always claim terrorism is ineffective as instrument of political change (i.e. Geronimo), examples of Israel, Cyprus, Kenya, India, and Algeria provide evidence otherwise. Of course, there were powerful forces (anti-colonialism, the Holocaust, capitalism, etc.) in addition to any terrorism. Anti-colonial terrorism campaigns are critical to understanding the evolution and development of modern terrorism; they were first to recognize the publicity value inherent in terrorism and to choreograph their violence for an audience (London, Paris, Washington) far beyond the immediate geographical loci of their struggle

Martyrdom not always in form of attacks on others

Ancient Greece—some philosophers extolled the virtues of suicide as only meaningful response to the human condition Immolation—some Tibetan monks; instigator of "Arab Spring" in Tunisia *Christians in Ancient Rome—some were martyred (killed/murdered) in the Coliseum or elsewhere when they did not denounce Christ (this is not suicide or terrorism by the Christians)

Revolutionary Guard Designated as Terrorist Organization by U.S.

As of 8-07, U.S. has declared purposes IRGC as "specially designated global terrorist" Decision based on group's growing involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan and for support of extremists throughout Middle East, and based on ineffectiveness of UN resolutions against Iran's nuclear program Designation made under Executive Order 13224, which Pres. Bush signed 2 weeks after Sept. 11, 2001 attacks to obstruct terrorist funding. It identifies individuals, businesses, charities, and extremist groups engaged in terrorist activities Allows U.S. to target Guard's business operations and finances for sanctions, by blocking assets and disrupting operations by foreign businesses that "provide support, services or assistance to, or otherwise associate with, terrorists." IRGC is first national military branch included on list, highly unusual because part of a government rather than typical non-state terrorist organization

Ethno-nationalist Example: Where did the Basque Group Attack?

Basque ETA (Basque Homeland and Freedom) is group begun in 1959 and evolved from promoting traditional culture to a paramilitary group with goal of gaining independence for Greater Basque Country. ETA declared ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006, but subsequently broke them. In 9-10, ETA declared new ceasefire still in force. ETA's motto is Bietan jarrai ("Keep up on both"), referring to two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed struggle). ETA responsible for killing 829, injuring thousands, and dozens of kidnappings. 700+ members incarcerated in prisons in Spain, France, and other countries. ETA's "target audience" was not just local, indigenous population but also international community (for sympathy).

Next Steps

By 1987, Earth First! growing fairly rapidly; members came from leftist or anarchist political backgrounds or involvement in the counterculture. Group began to use "ecodefense" tactics to prevent logging, dam building, and development they said would cause habitat destruction or spoil wild places (they called their sabotage "ecotage"). Tactics include lawsuits (some without legal grounds), road blockades, locking themselves to heavy equipment, tree-sitting, sabotage of machinery. The EF! journal carried information on practice of tree spiking and monkeywrenching, which led to injuries and property loss Also involved in "puke-ins" at shopping malls and flag burnings. EF! adversaries began to characterize the group and its intimidation, vandalism, and other "direct action" as a form of terrorism

State Terrorism

Can be internal and external Motivation includes to keep regime in power, become regional power, or to blackmail goods from other states We should expect for that state High military and police presence in everyday life Lack of civil society Activities: Disappearances, shootings, warrantless arrests, seizures, torture/ill treatment Possibility of large-scale (not small) terror activities

"The Iran-Hezbollah Terror Connection: What Must Be Done," JPost, 11-7-13, Irwin Cotler

Cotler is a Canadian MP, professor of law (emeritus) at McGill University, and former minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada. He is the Canadian representative on the International Parliamentary Coalition Against Terrorism and has initiated a series of civil and criminal remedies to combat terror "History teaches us that a sustained and coordinated international response is required to combat grave threats to international peace and security" States must hold Iran and its agents (i.e., IRGC, Hezbollah) accountable for attacks against diplomats pursuant to Art. 13 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, which Iran ratified in 1978 U.S. and other states must actively use strong sanctions Argentina's court decision for the Buenos Aries bombings should be enforced Civil suits should be instituted against Iran Principle of universal jurisdiction should be used to indict Iranian leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity Israel as the leading target for Iranian terror should be included in anti-terror cooperation discussions and international forums

Goals of the NPT—recorded in treaty

Countries without nuclear weapons will not seek them and will not use peaceful nuclear programs for weapons programs. Countries with nuclear weapons agree to not help non-nuclear states gain access to nuclear weapons, to offer access to peaceful nuclear technology, and to work toward nuclear disarmament of their arsenals

Geronimo's Immediate Background

Current Apache groups include Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache (formerly Kiowa-Apache). Geronimo was part of Bedonkohe and married into the Chiricahua. Geronimo was born near Turkey Creek, a tributary of the Gila River in modern-day NM, then part of Mexico, but which his family considered Bedonkohe land. His grandfather (Mako) had been chief of the Bedonkohe Apache His parents raised him according to Apache traditions; after death of his father, his mother took him to live with the Chihenne and he grew up with them. He got married when he was 17 and they had three children. On 3-6-1858, a company of 400 Mexican soldiers from Sonora led by Colonel Jose Carrasco attacked Geronimo's camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Among those killed were his wife, children, and mother. Geronimo's chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. It was during this incident that the name "Geronimo" came about. This stemmed from his ignoring a deadly hail of bullets while repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife. Origin of his name is source of controversy with historians, some writing that it was appeals by the soldiers to Saint Jerome ("Jeronimo!") for help. Others source it as mispronunciation of his name by the Mexican soldiers. He was born with name Goyathlay or Goyahkla ("one who yawns")

Early Years/Tree Sitting

From 1979-86, Earth First! mixed publicity stunts (i.e., rolling a plastic "crack" down Glen Canyon Dam) with far-reaching wilderness proposals more radical than mainstream environmental groups. Thought of themselves as practicing locally informed activism based on communitarian ethics. Published proposals in Earth First! The Radical Environmental Journal. Annual gathering known as Round River Rendezvous, name from myth about a continuous river of life flowing into and out of itself and sustaining all relations. In spring 1985, nationwide call to action brought members to Williamette National Forest in Oregon to take action against logging company Williamette Industries. Finding blockading logging roads was too ineffective, Ron Huber and Mike Jakubal decided to sit in a tree. When U.S. Forest Service law enforcement arrived, Roselle, Huber and others sitting below a tree were arrested for trespassing. The first tree sit lasted a day—Jakubal came down that evening and was arrested by a hidden officer. Earth First! brought tree sitting concept to Washington EF! Rendezvous in June 1985; on June 23, convoy of activists arrived at Willamette NF and set up dozen tree platforms in area about to be logged. A July 10 clash took down all trees with platforms except for Huber's. He remained until July 20 when two sheriff's deputies were lifted in crane box and wrestled him from the tree

His Religion

Geronimo was raised with the traditional religious views of the Bedonkohe. When questioned about his views on life after death, he wrote in his 1905 autobiography, "As to the future state, the teachings of our tribe were not specific, that is, we had no definite idea of our relations and surroundings in after life. We believed that there is a life after this one, but no one ever told me as to what part of man lived after death.... We held that the discharge of one's duty would make his future life more pleasant, but whether that future life was worse than this life or better, we did not know, and no one was able to tell us. We hoped that in the future life, family and tribal relations would be resumed. In a way we believed this, but we did not know it." In his later years Geronimo embraced Christianity, and stated, "Since my life as a prisoner has begun, I have heard the teachings of the white man's religion, and in many respects believe it to be better than the religion of my fathers.... Believing that in a wise way it is good to go to church, and that associating with Christians would improve my character, I have adopted the Christian religion. I believe that the church has helped me much during the short time I have been a member. I am not ashamed to be a Christian, and I am glad to know that the President of the United States is a Christian, for without the help of the Almighty I do not think he could rightly judge in ruling so many people. I have advised all of my people who are not Christians, to study that religion, because it seems to me the best religion in enabling one to live right." Geronimo joined the Dutch Reformed Church in 1903 but four years later was expelled for gambling. To the end of his life, he seemed to harbor ambivalent religious feelings, telling the Christian missionaries at a summer camp meeting in 1908 that he wanted to start over, while at the same time telling his tribesmen that he held to the old Apache religion

Why Suicide Terrorism ("homicidal bombers")? -- Effective and Efficient

Lethal Typically "successful" (even if target not reached) Inexpensive Need no escape route "Smart" bomb—can make alterations as needed It might work (Ex. Hezbollah—Iran—successfully driving U.S. out of Lebanon in 1983)

Since 1990

In early 1990s, some leaders of Earth First! wanted to take the group toward being a mainstream movement and away from actions advocated by some anarchist-leaning members. EF! members who refused to abandon criminal acts started militant offshoot called Earth Liberation Front

Animal Liberation Front

International, underground, leaderless group which engages in illegal direct action in pursuit of "animal liberation". See themselves as modern-day Underground Railroad, removing animals from laboratories and farms, destroying facilities, arranging safe houses and veterinary care, and operating sanctuaries where animals live out rest of their lives. Critics compare them to terrorists Active in over 40 countries, ALF cells operate clandestinely, consisting of small groups of friends and sometimes just one person, which makes the movement difficult for the authorities to monitor Members say ALF is non-violent. According to ALF's code, any act that furthers the cause of animal liberation, where all reasonable precautions are taken not to harm human or non-human life, may be claimed as an ALF action. Activist Rod Coronado said in 2006: "One thing that I know that separates us from the people we are constantly accused of being—that is, terrorists, violent criminals—is the fact that we have harmed no one." Criticism that ALF spokespersons and members refuse to condemn acts of violence or have themselves engaged in it. In 2002, the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors extremism in the U.S. (per its definition), noted the involvement of ALF in the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty campaign, which SPLC identified as using terrorist tactics. In 2005, ALF was included in Dept. of Homeland Security planning document listing a number of domestic terrorist threats on which the USG expected to focus resources. In the UK, ALF actions are regarded as domestic extremism, and are handled by the National Extremism Tactical Coordination Unit, set up in 2004 to monitor ALF and other illegal animal rights activity

Kamikazes, "Divine Wind"—Prior to 9-11, these were the most feared suicide bombers by U.S. citizenry

Japanese dive-bombers steeped in the beliefs of Shinto 2,000 young men chosen near end of World War II Group pressure—all agreed to serve, no one "stepped forward" to be identified as a coward About 1,000 kamikazes flew in Battle of Okinawa Continuing for 82 days, the Battle was last major battle of the Pacific War, and was largest sea-land-air battle in world history 72,000 U.S. casualties at Okinawa; 5,000 of those from kamikaze attacks Imperial Japanese kamikaze pilots caused largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history with sinking of 38 and damaging of another 368 Japan lost 110,000 men during battle; there were 150,000 Okinawan civilian casualties The fierceness of combat and destructiveness of kamikaze attacks led the Navy to expect enormous losses if an Allied invasion was to be made on the main Japanese island

Some of the Groups that have employed martyrdom operations

LTTE Hamas—main users of suicide vests PIJ PFLP Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade Hezbollah Chechens Kashmiris Al Qaeda ISIS

Focus on Iran

Largest state sponsor of terrorism in the world Large financial, material, and logistic support for terrorist and militant groups throughout Middle East and Central Asia—direct impact on internat'l efforts to promote peace, threatens economic stability in the Gulf, and undermines the growth of its own democracy. Supporter of Hezbollah and Hamas, and other groups—even Al Qaeda. Props up Syrian regime (to have Arab ally, and supply Hezbollah)

Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps

Many consider IRGC world's largest terror organization; significantly larger than al-Qaeda and Taliban IRGC Army: 100,000 IRGC Navy: 20,000 (patrol Persian Gulf and Hormuz Strait) IRGC Air Force: 20,000 Basij paramilitary militia: 90,000 Qods Force: 15,000 IRGC also train at old U.S. Embassy in Tehran Deep business ties to all sectors of economy IRGC Chief General: Mohammad Ali Jafari

1979 Revolution and Terrorism

Modern-day Shiite Revolution is pivotal moment for Iran. Regime regularly reminds persons of spiritual promises of the Revolution and distracts them from its failures (to provide economic and military security) by fixating on its enemies the "Great Satan" (U.S.) and the "Zionists" / "Little Satan" (Israel). Uses state-actors (IRGC, Quds Force, Hezbollah, Basij) against other states and its own people

Ideology, Tactics, and Targets

Most terrorism is neither crazed nor capricious. Terrorist attacks are generally both considered and carefully planned. While the damage inflicted is real, the terrorists' main purpose is not to destroy property or obliterate tangible assets but to dramatize or call attention to a political cause. Attacks are designed to communicate a message, so it is important the attacks be conceived and executed in a manner that simultaneously reflects the terrorist group's particular aims and motivations, fits its resources and capabilities, and takes into account the "target audience" at which the act is directed. Violence is usually perceived (threatened) to be both purposeful and deliberate, sustained and omnipresent until the goal is met. Tactics and targets of various terrorist movements, as well as weapons they favor, are therefore shaped by a group's ideology, its internal organizational dynamics, and the personalities of its key members

Iran has Two Military Forces

National military charged with defending Iran's borders and providing internal security. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) charged with protecting the Revolution and its achievements (stronger, better funded, all-invasive than the national military)—the role of the Guards is to protect the Islamic system and prevent foreign interference as well as coups by the military or "deviant movements".

July 1946 King David Hotel Bombing in Jerusalem

No ordinary hotel. Nerve center of British rule in Palestine—Secretariat and Headquarters of military forces. 91 killed (28 were Brits), 45 injured. One of most lethal incidents of 20th Century. Irgun recognized that British would not carry out wholesale reprisals against citizens—not barbaric like the Nazis. Not a war of numbers—between 1945-47 under 150 British soldiers killed. But each successive terrorist attack showed the government's inability to curb, much less defeat the terrorists (the Irgun blended in with the population)(contrast with fact that there were few successful attacks in U.S. after 9-11)

Animal Terrorism: Is PETA a Terror Group?

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an animal rights interest group with 300 employees Claims two million members—probably largest animal's rights group in world. Slogan: "Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment". Four core issues—opposition to factory farming, fur farming, animal testing, and using animals in entertainment (ex. PETA opposed "War Horse"). Against fishing, killing pests and insects, and animal fighting. But criticism from feminist members of PETA about using scantily clad women in anti-fur campaigns

Two Main Time Periods

Post-Colonial Struggles (1930s-1960s): Sri Lanka, Algeria, Kashmir, Irgun in Palestine Post-Cold War (1990s): Chechnya, Yugoslavia (Serbia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Croatia), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Rwanda, Burundi, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Kashmir

and thus includes attacks on

Retail businesses and stores by anti-globalists and anarchists. Medical research facilities by groups opposing experimentation on animals such as Animal Liberation Front. Ski resorts, condominium vacations sites, commercial logging operations, or automobile dealerships by radical environmentalists associated with Earth Liberation Front. Abortion clinics by militant opponents of legalized abortion

Earth First!

Radical environmental group that emerged in Southwestern U.S. in 1980s. "Chapters" in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, Spain, UK, U.S. Inspired by Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," Aldo Leopold's land ethic, and Edward Abbey's "The Monkey Wrench Gang". Originators: environmental activist Dave Foreman, ex-Yippie (Youth International Party) Mike Roselle, Wyoming Wilderness Society members Bart Kohler and Howie Wolke, and Bureau of Land Management employee Ron Kezar, pledged, "No Compromise in Defense of Mother Earth!" while riding in Foreman's VW bus from the Pinacate Desert in northern Mexico to Albuquerque 4-4-80. Provoked by what they saw as "sell-out" by mainstream environmental groups during the U.S. Forest Service's Roadless Area Review planning process, EF! originators envisioned a revolutionary movement to set aside multi-million acre ecological preserves across the U.S.. EF! promote "deep ecology", a philosophy which holds that all forms of life (and even inanimate objects) on Earth have equal value in and of themselves, without regard for their utility to human beings

Partial compensation for victims of Beirut Barracks bombing

Reuters: "The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that almost $2 billion in frozen Iranian assets must be turned over to American families of people killed in the 1983 bombing of a U.S. Marine Corps barracks in Beirut and other attacks blamed on Iran. The court's 6-2 ruling dealt a setback to Iran's central bank, finding that the U.S. Congress did not usurp the authority of American courts by passing a 2012 law stating that the frozen funds should go toward satisfying a $2.65 billion judgment won by the families against Iran in U.S. federal court in 2007. Bank Markazi had challenged a 2014 ruling by the New York-based 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals that the assets, bonds held in a trust account overseen by former federal judge Stanley Sporkin, should be handed over to the more than 1,000 American plaintiffs. With the legal questions resolved, lawyers for the plaintiffs said all that is left is for a federal judge to allow Sporkin to distribute the funds. The lead plaintiff was Deborah Peterson, whose brother, Marine Lance Corporal James Knipple, died in the Beirut bombing. Peterson said for her the legal fight has never been about the just money. 'The mission was for those responsible for the bombing to be held accountable and for the world to understand what happened in Beirut,' Peterson said. Ted Olson, the lawyer for the victims who argued the case before the Supreme Court, said the ruling brings 'long-overdue relief to more than 1,000 victims of Iranian terrorism and their families, many of whom have waited decades for redress.' ... The assets held in New York were part of the Iranian bank's foreign currency reserves. They were traced to a Citibank account in New York held by Luxemburg-based Clearstream Banking, which acted as a intermediary for Banca UBAE, an Italian bank of which Bank Markazi is a customer." "U.S. top court rules Iran bank must pay 1983 bomb victims," USNWR, 4-20-16

Right Wingers such as Neo-Nazis and Skinheads

Right-wing terrorism has often been characterized as the least discriminating, most senseless type of contemporary political violence. Reputation mostly as result of seemingly mindless street violence and unsophisticated attacks that in recent years have increasingly targeted immigrants, refugees, guest workers, and other foreigners in many European countries, especially in eastern Germany and other former communist-bloc states. Their ostensible goal is the destruction of the liberal-democratic states to clear the way for a renascent National Socialist ("Nazi") or fascist one Majority of right-wing groups do not espouse any specific program of reform, preferring to hide behind vague slogans of strident nationalism, the need for racial purity, and the reassertion of governmental strength. Democratic state is somewhat reflexively assailed for its manifold weaknesses—notably its liberal social welfare policies and tolerance of diverse opinion—alongside its permitting of dark-skinned immigrants in the national labor force and of Jews and other minorities in positions of power or influence. Right-wing terrorists believe their nation's survival dependent upon exorcism of these elements from its environs and by becoming politically, racially, and culturally, homogeneous. European and American groups' similarities: racism, anti-Semitism, xenophobia, hatred of liberal government

ALF Formed

Roots of ALF trace back to 1963, when British journalist John Prestige was assigned to cover a Devon and Somerset Staghounds event in the UK and watched hunters chase and kill a pregnant deer. He formed the Hunt Saboteurs Association, which evolved into groups of volunteers trained to thwart the hunts' for foxes with the use of hounds (beagles) by blowing horns and laying false scents One of these HSA groups was formed in 1971 by Ronnie Lee, who decided more militant tactics were needed. Under the name The Bands of Mercy, they attacked hunters' vehicles by slashing tires and breaking windows, designed to stop the hunt from even beginning. In 1973, the Band learned that Hoechst Pharmaceuticals was building a research laboratory near Milton Keynes. On 11-10-73, two activists set fire to the building, causing £26,000 worth of damage, returning six days later to set fire to what was left of it. It was the animal liberation movement's first known act of arson. Between June and August 1974, the Band launched eight raids against animal-testing labs, and others against chicken breeders and gun shops, damaging buildings or vehicles. Its first act of "animal liberation" took place when activists removed half a dozen guinea pigs from a guinea pig farm in Wiltshire, after which the owner closed the business, fearing further attacks. In 8-74, Lee arrested for taking part in a raid on Oxford Laboratory Animal Colonies; convicted with partner to three years in prison, during which Lee went on the movement's first hunger strike to obtain vegan food and clothing. When released in 1976, more militant than ever. Group chose a name to haunt those who used animals; thus, the Animal Liberation Front born

Plot to Kill Putin Is Uncovered, Russian TV Reports, 2-27-12

Russian t.v. reported Ukrainian and Russian intelligence services had in recent weeks acted to thwart assassination attempt on Russian PM Vladimir Putin. Announcement came less than a week before Russian presidential election. Putin, the dominant figure in Russian politics, was seeking to return to presidency, which he held two terms before becoming PM in 2008; he was widely expected to win. Report by state-controlled broadcaster Channel One said two potential assassins were arrested in a Ukrainian city after surviving an explosion inside an apartment; third man died in blast. Authorities said that the apartment's inhabitants had been dispatched to the city by the Chechen terrorist leader Doku Umarov. One survivor, Ilya Pyanzin, told authorities there was a plan to attack strategic sites in Moscow and then stage an attack on Putin. Critics questioned timing of the revelations, just six days before presidential election but apparently two months after authorities learned the plot. Channel One released what it said were preliminary details about the plot, including filmed depositions from two of suspects. "The final goal was to go to Moscow and attempt to carry out an attack on Prime Minister Putin," said Adam Osmayev, the other surviving suspect. "There are combat mines, which are called armor-piercing mines. So it wouldn't necessarily be a suicide bomber." An official of the agency said investigators searching computer files found in the apartment had discovered video of several top officials' routes through Moscow, among them Putin's. The files noted the positioning of security guards and number of back-up vehicles. Official said detonators and plastic explosives had been brought to Moscow earlier

Guard in Charge of Iranian Military Industry

Sanctions by U.S. since 1979 have forced Iran to make most of own military needs Produces own tanks, armored personnel carriers, radar systems, fighter planes, UAVs Hoot (supercavitation torpedo travels 225 mph, several times faster than conventional torpedo, reverse engineered from Russian VA-111 Shkval) Have accumulated vast arsenal of short range and 100s of ballistic missiles such as Shahab-2 and Shahab-3 (can carry nuclear payload) Guards have ballistic missiles that can target U.S. forces stationed in Gulf Cooperation Council countries, threaten GCC countries, and target Israel and other countries beyond

In the U.S.

Term "green scare" was popularized by activists to refer to legal action by the USG against the radical environmentalist movement. Term appeared in 2002 in wake of February 12 Congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" which discussed groups including ALF and ELF. In late 2005 and early 2006, as part of Operation Backfire, U.S. grand juries indicted 18 activists on range of charges related to "violent acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes." According to FBI, many of these acts were carried out on behalf of ELF—considered as one of the largest arrests of environmental activists in U.S. history. Their nickname was "the family". In 2008, the FBI increased the reward for four ELF suspects to $50,000. The four, two Americans and two Canadians, were believed to have fled through Mexico and were possibly hiding in Syria, Russia, China, or India. Incidents included arson attacks against meat-processing plants, lumber companies, a high-tension power line, and a ski center, in Oregon, Wyoming, Washington, California, and Colorado between 1996 and 2001

Anonymous attacks on the Wall Street Journal

Took down WSJ site 2-22-12 after article published which cited several security officials warning that the hacker group could take down the U.S. power grid within a couple of years. One official quoted also said that the U.S. should be wary of a foreign government or al-Qaeda trying to hire the hackers to mount a cyber attack. Previously, Anonymous had focused on attacking websites for government agencies, financial companies, and security firms. The websites go down, but then they come back up. Anonymous has also leaked sensitive phone calls and personal information, but the consequences have been limited. The hacktivist group has also so far made no indication that suggests it would attack the power grid. Some officials told the WSJ the group is gaining the numbers and capability to pull off a large-scale attack. "A near-peer competitor [country] could give cyber malware capability to some fringe group," Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said at a Congressional hearing, WSJ reported. "Some hacker could be into our electrical grid. We have to get after this."

ARM 1996 Onward

Violence against property increased after high-profile UK campaigns closed down facilities perceived to be abusive to animals—a facility breeding beagles for animal testing; one which bred cats; one which bred guinea pigs. In the UK, 1991-1992 saw around 100 refrigerated meat trucks destroyed by incendiary devices at a cost of around £5 million. Butchers' locks were superglued, shrink-wrapped meats were pierced in supermarkets, slaughterhouses and refrigerated meat trucks set on fire. ALF activist Donald Currie was jailed for 12 years and placed on probation for life in 2006 after found guilty of planting homemade bombs on the doorsteps of businessmen with links to HLS. The HLS director was attacked by men wielding pick-axe handles in 2001, an attack so serious the police said it was only by sheer luck they were not starting a murder inquiry

During the Cold War

the CIA had a top secret program of Politburo acting, with D.C.-based agents playing the part of the various members and especially of the premier/general secretary Today, it is assumed the CIA does the same for key personnel in various terror groups (Baghdadi would be the most recent)

All terrorists have one trait in common:

they "live in the future", for that distant yet close point when they will triumph over enemies and attain ultimate realization of their political destiny. For religious groups, this future is divinely decreed and the terrorists are anointed to achieve it, as a 1996 communique issued by the Egyptian Gamat al-Islamiya (Islamic Group) reveals. "They plot and plan and God too plans, but the best of planners is God." Therefore the group must faithfully and resolutely "pursue its battle ... until such time as God would grant victory—just as the Prophet Mohammed did with the Quredish [his most implacable enemies] until God granted victory over Mecca." For the secular terrorists, eventual victory is an inevitable as it is predetermined. Indeed, the innate righteousness of their cause itself assures success. So the violence will continue