posi

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95%

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people. Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections.

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False

Which amendment passed after the Civil War granted African American men the right to vote?

Fifteenth

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe that there was a presise meaning

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated ______.

In their state of entry

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters.

In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in ______.

Winning elective office

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with _____ requirements.

affirmative action

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had _____ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

an inferior status

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

de facto discrimination

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however, ______.

groups more often fight for civil rights

In the presidential election following enactment of the Voting Rights Act, Black turnout in the South ______.

increased by 20 percentage points

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for Black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

required

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to public facilities equal access to the opportunities society provides

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

women Catholics Asian Americans

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment