PP--John Locke
how does Locke respond to the objection that there never were original social contracts creating civil societies?
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what are the ends of political society, according to Locke?
It necessary for men to want to form a government to preserve their lives, liberties, and estates (which Locke reminds his readers all constitute the term "property").Civil society precedes the state, both morally and historically. Society creates order and grants the state legitimacy.
how does Locke urge against absolute monarchy?
Locke believes an absolute monarchy to be incompatible with civil society. The intention of forming a government is to protect property. It is counterintuitive to allow the absolute monarch to do as he desires with men's lives and possessions. Locke disputed the rationalization for an absolute monarchy- the divine right of kings. He did not believe God legitimated the rule of this one man and his posterity because such a rule violated the laws of nature. William Barclay, saw a monarch's rule descending from that of Adam. Locke overturns such claims by noting that there is no way to trace Adam's lineage and that the only valid form of government is one that the people create.
who would individual property right arise in the state of nature, according to Locke?
Locke makes clear that a man's individual labor is his own and the laws of nature dictate that he reap the rewards of his hard work. If he picks an apple or kills a hare for sustenance, no one else can claim that it does not belong to him. With this autonomy must come an understanding of the law of nature, which sets forth that a man should not take more than is necessary. It is wasteful to gather more apples than one can eat, or to enclose acres of land that lie uncultivated. This is the only way conflict will be avoided in a state of nature, and it requires reason on the part of mankind.
How does Locke conception of the state of nature differ from Hobble's?
The state of nature is what men reside in before they consent to form a government. In a state of nature, men are governed by reason. They seek to preserve humankind and respect other men's lives, liberty, and possessions. and there is no Just and unjust in the state of nature. -If any man uses force against another, they have placed themselves in a state of war with that man. All men in the society have the ability to punish the transgressor because that man has violated the law of nature and sown discontent into the society.
who does Locke respond to the objection that since all man are born under a government, non of the liberality to unite together and form a new one?
They should be only on monrachy in the world. however, Express consent is necessary for one to be a "member" of a Commonwealth, and anyone who gives such express consent is forever subject to that Commonwealth, unless it frees him of the obligation to submit to it. Whereas, One tacitly consents to obey the laws of a government just by owning property that is under the government's jurisdiction or "barely travelling freely on the Highway"
Forms of government
absolute monarch is not a good way of government. however other forms is government is legitimate-- democracy etc.