Practice Exam Part 1

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how much have N2O levels increased in the atm since 1750?

.06 ppm

why are the atmospheric temp increases since 1750 not attributed to changes in solar radiation

- atm temp increases in troposphere only - need to consider the incr level of greenhouse gases when seeing incr in mean global temperature

major anthropogenic sources for co2

- combustion of fossil fuels - cement production - land use changes such as deforestation

major anthropogenic sources of n2o

- nitrate fertilizers - agricultural burning

what are the natural co2 sources

- plant respiration - microbial respiration and decomposition - air-sea gas exchange

what are the major anthropogenic sources of tropospheric ch4

- rice cultivation - animal farming - agricultural burning - natural gas mining and transportation

what is the physical basis for the above ratio determination

- water molecules with the heavier isotopes 18O or 2H evaporate at a HIGHER temp than those with lighter isotopes - we can see that there is warmer climate by incr in heavier isotopes in frozen precipitation (ice sheets)

what atm aerosols scatter the incoming solar radiation

- wind-blown dust - fly ash - nitrate - sulfate

what is the average global monthly surface daytime temp range on the earth

-25 to 45 celsius

what 3 energy sources have the lowest co2 emissions during their lifecycle?

1. nuclear power 2. hydroelectric 3. wind

what are the 2 factors contributing most to the uncertainty in determining climate forcing

1. short term aerosol 2. cloud forcing values

what are the 5 different climate groups on earth?

1. tropical 2. dry 3. temperate 4. continental 5. polar

how much have ch4 levels increased in the atm since 1750?

1.16 ppm

how much have co2 levels increased in the atm since 1750?

130ppm A LOT

what was the mean annual surface temp of the earth in 2010

14.86 celsius

how do the stable isotopic ratios change if the ocean temperature decreases

18/16 and 2/1 will DECREASE

what stable isotpic ratio is used to determine the past ocean temp from ocean sedimentation cores

18O/16O

what 2 stable isotopic ratios were used to determine the variation in mean ocean temperatures over time as determined from their measurements in ice cores

18O/16O and 2H/1H

in what year was it determined that the atm level of co2 was 310 ppm

1950

how far back before the present can ocean sediment data be used

200 000 million years

what was the maximum CO2 concentration during the past 400 000 years

300 ppm

what was the level of co2 in 2018

410 ppm

what is the latest assessment report from the ipcc called

AR5

what re the next 3 strongest gases imp in climate change (after water)

CO2, CH4, N2O

what are the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, tropospheric O3, CFCs, HCFCs

what are the 4 representative concentration pathways used in GCM models to predict climate change by 2100

RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, RCP8.5

what is the major source of ch4

anaerobic bacteria

what is the major source of n2o

anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials in wetlands

what species cause negative climate forcing

backscattering of incoming radiation by clouds which results in atm cooling

what components of atm aerosols are the strongest absorbers of incoming solar radiation

black carbon and organic carbon

how is it removed from the troposphere

condensation to form clouds followed by precipitation (naturally)

what is climate forcing

considering all of the influences that change the amount of energy absorbed or lost which cause temps to rise or fall

what kind of climate forcing does absorption by black carbon and organic carbon in aerosols cause

positive climate forcing

how is current climate change different from past climate change without man's influence with regard to time scales

global climate change is occurring on a SHORTER TIME SCALE than in the past which occurred gradually over thousands of years

what is the major cause of the temp changes

increase in green house gases -- ESPECIALLY CO2

what is the IPCC

intergovernmental panel on climate change

how does 2010 differ from the 20th century regarding surface temp

it is .96 celsius above what it was in the 20th century

the waxy organic substances that are buried in the sediments gradually form an insoluble organic material called what?

kerogen

what part of the sediment core is used to measure the isotope ratios

macroscopic and microscopic shells found in the sediments

according the the AR5 what would be the outcome if anthropogenic co2 emissions were stopped today

many of the surface temp changes and impacts on terrestrial systems will continue due to the increased overburden of co2 relative to pre 1850 levels

what are the type of organic materials that are deposited in the following environments: marine, terrestrial, lacustrine

marine: phytoplankton and zooplankton terrestrial: plants lacustrine: algae

what is the major sink for n2o

mixing into the stratosphere

what kind of climate forcing does scattering of incoming solar radiation cause

negative climate forcing

what are the concentration pathways named for

possible changes in radiative forcing in Wm^-2 by the year 2100

how do weather and climate differ

weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time while climate is the average of weather over a long period of time

the complete combustion of fuel requires what reactant to be in excess

oxygen

what are the natural sinks for co2

photosynthetic uptake and ocean uptake

how far back before the present can ice core data be used to determine temp changes

present back in time to about 800 000 years

what is the most important sink for ch4

reaction with OH radical

one what basis are the 5 climate groups subdivided

seasonal precipitation types and level of heat

what is the range of temp and mean sea-level rise predicted by the late 21st century in all RCPs

temo: incr .3-4.9 celsius seal level: incr .17 to .82 m

what is climate

the average condition of the weather at a given region over a long period of time as exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation

what is the strongest greenhouse gas

water vapor


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