PRACTICE TEST
CRANIAL NERVE VII
Facial; about equally mixed; motor - facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears; sensory - taste and proprioception
Endolymph
Fills the membranous labyrinth
Lacrimal caruncle
Fleshy, raised area at the medial commissure that produces a whitish oily secretion
Ciliary processes
Forms aqueous humor which helps maintain intraocular pressure of the eye and provides nutrients for the avascular lens and cornea. Reabsorbed by the scleral venous sinus.
Spiral Organ
Found within the cochlear duct and contains the receptors for hearing - sensory hair cells and nerve endings of the cochlear nerve, a division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).
CRANIAL NERVE IX
Glossopharyngeal; about equally mixed. Motor -- swallowing movements and secretion of saliva Sensory -- taste, regulation of blood pression, proprioception
Light stimulus changes membrane potential of rods and cones; this influences bipolar cells which stimulate ganglion cells, whose axons leave the retina in the optic nerve.
How does light stimulate the inner cells of the retina to produce a nerve impulse to the brain?
CRANIAL NERVE XII
Hypoglossal; primarily motor -- movement of tongue for speech, chewing, swallowing. Sensory - proprioception
Adductor longus
Identify highlighted muscle
Trochlear Nerve
Identify nerve associated with Letter D
Primary Motor Cortex
Identify structure marked 4
Premotor cortex
Identify structure marked 6
Insula
Identify the highlighted area
Flexor carpi radialis
Identify the highlighted muscle
Accessory nerve
Identify the highlighted structure
Cerebral hemisphere
Identify the highlighted structure
Conus medullaris
Identify the highlighted structure
Femoral nerve
Identify the highlighted structure
Lumbar plexus
Identify the highlighted structure
Sympathetic trunk
Identify the highlighted structure
Retina
Innermost sensory layer of the eye, two-layered
Bony labyrinth
Internal ear's system of chambers filled with perilymph
Lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal apparatus members
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body axons
Lens
Light enters eye and is focused on the retina by this structure. Flexible, crystalline. Held vertically by the ciliary zonule. Thickness is changed by ciliary body, and that change in shape focuses light on retina.
Primary visual cortex
Located in occipital lobe of the brain, where the optic radiation terminates and synapse with the cortical neurons allowing visual interpretation.
Basilar Membrane
Located in the spiral organ, forms the floor of the cochlear duct and holds the hair cells that are auditory receptors
Scala tempani
Lower chamber of cochlear cavity that is bounded by membranous area called the round window.
Vitreous humor
Major internal reinforcement of posterior eyeball helping to keep retina pressed firmly against the wall of the eyeball. It is formed ONLY before birth.
Commissures (canthi)
Medial and lateral junctions of the upper and lower eyelids
Cochlear Duct or Middle Scala Media.
Membranous, soft, wormlike tube 3.8 cm long winds through the full two and three-quarter turns of the cochlea separating the cochlear cavity into upper and lower chambers. Filled with endolymph. Supports the spiral organ.
Vascular layer
Middle layer also called the uvea
Ciliary glands
Modified sweat glands that lie between the eyelash hair follicles; help lubricate the eyeball.
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane that lines the internal surface of the eyelids (palpebral/internal surface of eyelids and bulbar/junction with corneal epithelium)
Latissimus dorsi
Name muscle indicated by letter E
Cell body
Name structure labeled B
Axon Hillock
Name structure labeled C
Dendrites
Name structures labeled A
Nodes of Ranvier
Name structures labeled D
Latissimus Dorsi
Name the Letter A Muscle
Serratus Anterior
Name the Letter B Muscle
Chain ganglion
Name the enlarged structure indicated by arrow labeled E
Fissure
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter A
Sulcus
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter B
Gyrus
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter C
Cortex (gray matter)
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter D
Frontal Lobe
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter E
Parietal Lobe
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter G
Lateral Sulcus
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter H
Temporal Lobe
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter I
Occipital Lobe
Name the feature of the brain indicated by the letter J
Orbicularis oculi
Name the highlighted bone
Extensor digitorum longus Action: Extends digits (toes) and dorsiflexes foot/ankle
Name the highlighted muscle
Teres major
Name the highlighted muscle
Tibialis anterior Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot/ankle
Name the highlighted muscle
Pectoralis major Origin: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of true ribs Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus Action: flexes, adducts and medially rotates humerus/shoulder
Name the highlighted muscle, its origin, insertion and action
Extensor carpi radialis longus Extends and abducts hand/wrist
Name the muscle and action
Transversus abdominis. Action: Compresses abdomen
Name the muscle and its action for Letter D.
Internal oblique. Action: It compresses the abdomen and moves the vertebral column laterally
Name the muscle and its action for Letter E
External oblique Action: compresses abdomen, moves vertebral column laterally
Name the muscle and its action for Letter G.
Gluteus Medius Origin: Superior & lateral surface of ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Abduction and medial rotation of thigh
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter A
Gluteus Maximus Origin: Sacrum, coccyx, and dorsal ilium Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur & iliotibial tract Action: Powerful extensor of thigh/hip; lateral rotation and abduction of thigh
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter B
Pectoralis Major. Origin: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of true ribs. Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus/shoulder
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter C
Semimembranosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia Action: extends thigh, flexes leg, knee, and medially rotates thigh
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter C
Biceps femoris Origin: Long head/ischial tuberosity; short head/ posterior & distal femur Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Action: Extends thigh; flexes leg/knee, laterally rotates thigh
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter D
Semitendinosus Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial, proximal tibia Action: extends thigh, flexes leg/knee, medially rotates thigh
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter E
Gastrocnemius Origin: One head each from the posterior portions of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur Insertion: calcaneous (via the calcaneal tendon) Action: plantar flexes foot/ankle and flexes leg/knee
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter F
Rectus abdominis Origin: Pubis Insertion: Xiphoid process of costal cartilages of 5-7 ribs Action: Flexes lower vertebral column, compresses abdomen
Name the muscle, its origin, insertion, and action for Letter F
Central Sulcus
Name the specific groove or indentation indicated with the arrow labeled with the letter F.
Cerebellum
Name the structure indicated with the arrow labeled J
Malleus (hammer)
Name the structure labeled A and its purpose.
Incus (anvil)
Name the structure labeled B and its purpose
Oval Window (deep to stapes)
Name the structure labeled C and its purpose
Semicircular canals
Name the structure labeled D and its purpose
Vestibule Most involved with sense of static equilibrium (sensing linear acceleration such as gravitational pull)
Name the structure labeled E and its purpose
Vestibular nerve
Name the structure labeled F and its purpose
Cochlear nerve
Name the structure labeled G and its purpose
Stapes (Stirrup)
Name the structure labeled H and its purpose
Round Window
Name the structure labeled I and its purpose
Cochlea
Name the structure labeledJ and its purpose
CRANIAL NERVE III
Oculomotor; primarily motor; movement of eyelid/eyeball, accommodation of the lens for near vision; constriction of the pupil. SENSORY PART - Propriorception (orientation in space)
CRANIAL NERVE I
Olfactory; entirely sensory; olfaction/smell
Sclera
Opaque white outermost fibrous layer "white of the eye"
CRANIAL NERVE II
Optic; entirely sensory; vision
Photoreceptors
Outer layer of cells of the retina that includes rods and cones.
Lacrimal puncta (openings in the lacrimal canaliculi) - into the larimal sac - into the nasolacrimal duct - nasal cavity
Path of dilute salt solution released by lacrimal glands
Axons of ganglion cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, then the photoreceptors
Pathway of light order of cells encountered
Outer layer of retina
Pigmented layer that abuts the choroid and extends anteriorly to cover the ciliary body and posterior side of the iris
Iris
Pigmented most anterior part of the vascular layer
Posterior chamber
Posterior to iris in the anterior segment.
Posterior segment
Posterior to lens, filled with vitreous humor
Choroid
Posterior-most part of the vascular layer - blood-rich nutritive region contains dark pigment that prevents scattering of light
Dilator pupillae
Radial muscles in the iris -- in distant vision and dim light contract, dilating the pupil, allowing more light to enter.
Rods
Receptors for dim light - gray tones
Pupil
Rounded opening left by incomplete iris through which light passes
Frontal eye field
Structure marked 8
Membranous labyrinth
Suspended in the perilymph, a system that follows the contours of the bony labyrinth
Oval window
The auditory ossicles (as a lever system) amplify and transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to fluids of inner ear via this structure
Optic tracts
The fiber tracts fromed as axons of ganglion cells of the retina leave the eye and cross over at the chiasma.
Humerus
The highlighted muscle inserts on to which bone?
Femur
The highlighted muscle originates from which bone?
Humerus
The highlighted muscle originates from which bone?
Pituitary gland
The highlighted structure controls the _____________, which secretes many hormones
Lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
The optic tract fibers synapse with neurons located here.
Auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Fovea centralis
A tiny pit about 0.4 mm in diameter which contains only cones and is the area of greatest visual acuity. Focusing for discriminative vision. In the center of the macula lutea.
CRANIAL NERVE VI
Abducens; primarily motor - movement of eyeball; sensory, proprioception
Pigmented cells of the retina
Absorb light and prevent it from scattering within the eye. Participate in photoreceptor cell reneweal as phagocytes. Store Vitamin A needed by photoreceptor cells.
CRANIAL NERVE XI
Accessory; primarily motor; movement of head and shoulders. SENSORY - proprioception
Palpebrae
Another name for eyelids
Ciliary body
Anterior modification of choroid composed of ciliary muscles that help control lens shape
Anterior chamber
Anterior to iris in the anterior segment.
Anterior segment
Anterior to the lens, contains aqueous humor
Cornea
Anteriormost portion of sclera that is modified to be transparent -- here is where light enters the eye
Posterior
Are extensor muscles on the anterior or posterior of the forearm?
Anterior
Are flexor muscles on the posterior or anterior of the forearm
Vision - primary visual cortex, visual association area
Area marked 17, 18, 19
Primary somatosensory cortex
Area marked 3-1-2
Hearing - auditory association area and primary auditory cortex
Area marked 41 and 42
Somatosensory association cortex
Area marked 7
Wernicke's area
Area outlined 22
Broca's area for initiating speech
Area outlined 44 and 45
Ciliary processess
Attached to ciliary body and secrete aqueous humor
Optic disc
Blind spot located in a weak spot in the fundus or posterior wall of the retina, where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.
Vestibule and semicircular canals
These two structures are involved with equilibrium
Pharyngotympanic tube
This auditory tube connects the middle ear chamber with the nasopharynx and assists in equalizing pressure of middle ear with external air pressure.
Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canals
Three subdivisions of the bony labyrinth
Inner layer of the retina
Transparent neural layer extends anteriorly only to the ciliary body. Photoreceptors (rods & cones) begin the chain of electrical events/nerve impulses transmitted to primary visual cortex of the brain.
CRANIAL NERVE V
Trigeminal; about equally mixed; motor - chewing; sensory - conveys sensations for touch, pain, temperature from facial skin and gums and for pain in teeth. Also, proprioception
lysozyme
antibacterial enzyme found in the lacrimal secretion
Sphincter pupillae
Circular muscles in the iris -- in close vision and bright light cause the pupil to construct
Cones
Color receptors that permit high levels of visual acuity but function only with high light intensity.
Cochlea
Contains the sensory receptors for hearing.
Fovea only contains cones. Macula contains mostly cones. From edge of macula to retina periphery, cone density declines gradually.
Describe the density of cones in the retina
Most numerous in the periphery and density decreases as macula is approached
Describe the density of rods in the retina
Cauda equina
What is the name of the multi-stranded structure shown in brackets labeled H
Dorsal root of a spinal nerve
What is the name of the slender structure with the arrow labeled with the letter E
Conus medullaris
What is the name of the structure labeled G
Trochlear nerve (IV)
What is the nerve labeled "D"
Abducens nerve (VI)
What is the nerve labeled "E"
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
What is the nerve labeled "F"
Vagus nerve (X)
What is the nerve labeled "G"
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
What is the nerve labeled "H"
Oculomotor nerve (III)
What is the nerve labeled "J"
Trigeminal nerve (V)
What is the nerve labeled "K"
Facial Nerve (VII)
What is the nerve labeled "L"
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
What is the nerve labeled "M"
Accessory nerves (XI)
What is the nerve labeled "N"
Extension
What is the primary action of the muscle labeled with arrow D?
Central canal
What is the structure called marked E
Iris
What is the structure indicated by the Letter A
Anterior segment Aqueous humor
What is the structure indicated by the Letter B
Cornea
What is the structure indicated by the Letter C
Lens
What is the structure indicated by the Letter D
Ciliary zonule suspensory ligament
What is the structure indicated by the Letter E
Ciliary body
What is the structure indicated by the Letter F
Sclera
What is the structure indicated by the Letter G
Choroid
What is the structure indicated by the Letter H
Retina
What is the structure indicated by the Letter I
Fovea centralis inside the macula lutea
What is the structure indicated by the Letter J
Optic nerve
What is the structure indicated by the Letter K
Optic disc (blind spot)
What is the structure indicated by the Letter L
Posterior segment Vitreous humor
What is the structure indicated by the Letter M
Olfactory bulb Olfactory I
What is the structure labeled "A"
Optic nerve (II)
What is the structure labeled "B"
Optic chiasma
What is the structure labeled "C"
Olfactory tract
What is the structure labeled "I"
Lacrimal gland
What is the structure labeled A
Excretory ducts of lacrimal glansd
What is the structure labeled B
Pupil
What is the structure labeled C
Iris
What is the structure labeled D
Sclera
What is the structure labeled E
Lacrimal sac
What is the structure labeled F
Zygomaticus Major
What muscle is highlighted
Zygomaticus minor
What muscle is highlighted
Brachioradialis Action: assists biceps brachii with forearm flexion
What muscle is highlighted and what is its action
Pupil (singular)
What part of the eye allows light to pass from the anterior segment into the posterior segment?
Ciliary Body and Suspensory Ligaments
What parts of the eyeball function to change the shape of the lens for focusing, near or far?
CRANIAL NERVE IV
Trochlear; primarily motor; movement of eyeball; SENSORY PART - Proprioception
False
True or False The sarcolemma covers the endomysium
False
True/False The structure that produces CSF are clearly visible in this illustration?
Scala vestibuli
Upper chamber of cochlear cavity that terminates at the oval window. Filled with perilymph.
CRANIAL NERVE X
Vagus; about equally mixed. Motor -- visceral motor control and swallowing movement Sensory -- sensations from internal organs innervated; proprioception
CRANIAL NERVE VIII
Vestibulocochlear; essentially entirely sensory. Cochlear branch -- hearing Vestibular branch -- equilibrium
Incus, stapes, malleus, Eustachian tube
What are the parts of the middle ear?
Temporalis
What bone is highlighted?
Production of cerebrospinal fluid
What is function of structure indicated with the letter F
Coccygeal spinal nerve
What is labeled F
Lumbar enlargement
What is the area labeled E
Spinal nerve
What is the area marked B
Dorsal root ganglion
What is the area marked F
Cerebral aqueduct
What is the cavity/passageway indicated with the Letter H
T1
What is the correct name for spinal nerve labeled B
Sensory
What is the function of the structure indicated with the arrow labeled E?
Sensory
What is the function of the structure indicated with the letter E
Dorsal median sulcus
What is the groove marked D called
Ventral median fissure
What is the groove marked F called
Sclera
What is the highlighted structure?
Pia mater
What is the meninges layer labeled A
Arachnoid mater
What is the meninges layer labeled B
Dura mater
What is the meninges layer labeled C
Medial rectus - moves eye medially III oculomotor
What is the muscle labeled A
Superior rectus - elevates eye and turns it medially III oculomotor
What is the muscle labeled B
Superior oblique - depresses eye and turns it laterally IV trochlear
What is the muscle labeled C
Lateral rectus - moves eye laterally VI abducens
What is the muscle labeled D
Inferior rectus - depresses eye and turns it medially III oculomotor
What is the muscle labeled E
Inferior oblique - elevates eye and turns it laterally III oculomotor
What is the muscle labeled F
Temporalis
What is the muscled labeled G.
Subarachnoid space
What is the name of hte space indicated with the arrow labeled with the letter E?
Cervical enlargement
What is the name of the area labeled D
Femur
Where does highlighted muscle originate
Optic chiasma
Where the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the other side.
Neuroglial cell
Which cell is highlighted?
B
Which letter in the diagram represents the facial nerve?
Facial nerve
Which nerve is highlighted
Vagus Nerve
Which nerve is highlighted
Schwann cell
Which neuroglial cell type forms the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
Auricle or pinna
Which structure is highlighted?
Malleus
Which structure is highlighted?
Myelin sheaths
Which structures are highlighted?
Neuroglial cell
Which type of cell is highlighted?
Macula lutea
Yellow spot - an area of high cone density directly posterior to the lens and lateral to the blind spot.