Praxis II Art: Content Knowledge (5134)

Expressionism

- involves the projection of one's own consciousness into the object of perception creating a personal and subjective rendition - Van Gogh, Grunewald, Lipton

Watercolor

- is color pigment suspended in water, produces bright color and look transparent

Tempera

- made by mixing color pigment with egg yolk and water, produces pure clear color

Oil paint

- made of color pigments mixed with a drying oil (linseed or poppy), can produce a wide spectrum of light and color

Pastel

- made of dry, ground color pigments, chalk and a water based gum binder, used in stick or crayon form

Gesso

- made of ground chalk or plaster of Paris mixed with glue, used as base coat with other paints

Proximity

- objects and shapes which are close to one another tend to be grouped together

Planer-linear perspective

- occurs when objects closer to the point of sight appear bigger than those which are farther away

Three-point oblique perspective

- placement which causes three faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane and parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon

Angular perspective

- placement which causes two faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane; parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon

Open Edition

- prints usually printed on less expensive, lighter weight paper stock, usually smaller in size than limited edition - not signed, numbered or inspected personally by artist (posters are and example of an open edition)

Spherical perspcetive

- projection onto a spherical picture plan; similar to the effect created by a wide-angle lens where lines appear to be curved

Space

- refers to the distance or area around, above, between, below, or within something; can be flat, shallow, deep, open, closed, positive, negative, actual, ambiguous or illusory

Curvilinear or Panorama

- shows a picture like a panorama; picture plane itself may be a cylinder

Balance & Harmony

- state of equilibrium between parts that create a pleasant arrangement in the whole and depict a difference in dimension between opposing forces or influences 1.Symmetrical balance is a fixed arrangement of features on opposite sides of a center point - the body is symmetrical 2.Radial Symmetry is when all the parts revolve around a center point - snow flake or flower show radial symmetry 3.Asymmetry or asymmetrical balance is active and the opposite of symmetry, it implies dynamic, almost constant, change

Texture

- the "feel" of surface quality of an object such as its relative smoothness, roughness, softness, etc.; may be simulated or actual

Proportion

- the pleasing symmetry between objects or their parts with respect to comparative size, quantity or degree *ratio is defined as the relationship between two objects when comparing a small object to a larger object in the same way the large object relates to the whole - also referred to as the "Golden Mean" created by Greek architects *Scale relates to proportion but not the same- it is the relationship between an object and a constant - like the human figure *The Pyramids, Gothic churches, Islamic mosques, modern skyscrapers are all examples of the essential design concept of scale

Light

- the sensation or representation of light or a source of it; illumination or the awareness of it within a work

Outlines

- used to contain form, control shape and evoke a sense of mass; can be used to caricature the organic shape of an animal

Expressive line

- used to convey intensity, emotion and expressiveness

Contour lines

- used to describe form by flowing around it; not use to simulate nature

Welding

- variety of methods, is a permanent means of joining metal through high heat melting process

Acrylic

- water-soluble paint made from color pigments mixed with a resin binder

Moderately Risky Chemicals

- zinc chloride, sodium 2, 4, 5 trichorophenate, sodium ortho phenyl phenate, sodium fluroide, phenyl mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric chloride, mercuric chloride, magnesium silicofluoride, formalin, bleach and beta-naphthol

Tempering

-a method for altering the hardness and elasticity of a sheet or other piece of metal

Engraving

* the art of carving, cutting or etching a design on a wood or metal surface then inking the surface to print the image

Etching

* the art of cutting into a metal or glass surface (often coated with a ground) then bathing the surface in acid, then inking the plate to produce an image

Bisque

* the first firing of clay at point which water can no longer be added

Aperture

* the hole that adjust to let light into the camera

Art Directors and Media Artists

* the person who is responsible for developing ideas for various art projects. *supervises the making of an advertisement, how to arrange photographs, text, and any other visual aid to be used in magazines, newspapers, and billboards. * include animators and photographers, they usually work for television and movies - might work under the supervision of an Art Director

Naive

* used bold colors and simple perspective to portray every day scenes

Traditional Film Camera

* uses film to take pictures by capturing light on the film, must be developed chemically in a darkroom, emulsion is used to pull out the image on the film, creating a negative. The negative is then printed on photographic paper for final positive picture

Gouache

* uses opaque watercolor paints to produce a less transparent effect than regular watercolors

Orphism

* variation of cubism that combined the treatment of light, color and the sensation of movement - Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Duchamp, Kupka

Extrinsic

* view holds that art is an instrument for the recognition of a moral good or purpose - art is seen as an educational tool

Intrinsic

* view is that art has value unto itself - "art for arts' sake"

Texture as design element

* "texture" can be used to describe areas of a composition which have been treated in a decorative manner, such as using formal arrangements of linear patterns and decorative symbols *often artist incorporate the "textures" created in the process of creating their work to added to or enhance the work

Conceptual

* 1960s-1970s movement emphasized idea over object

Subtractive Primaries

* CMYK colors formed when any two additive primaries are combined: cyan, magenta, yellow and black created when white light is passed through all three subtractive primaries

Neoimpressionism

* Divisionism and Pointillism are interchangeable terms with Neoimpressionism - juxtaposed dabs of pure primary colors in an effort to create brighter, bolder secondary colors - viewer's eye had to mix the colors - Seurat

Oriental and Egyptian Influence on Greek Art

* Greek civilization participating in substantial international trade. *popularity and demand or something new, incorporation of Oriental motifs was rapid and pervasive. *use of curvilinear effects such as spirals, interlacing bands, rosettes, palmettes and scenes of animals in various styles of contention. *Statuary and painting work from 5th and 6th century have decidedly Egyptian appearance. Erect figures, clutched hands to side, proud sculpted pose, colorful, rigid, two-dimensional figures often depicted with implement or weapon in hand.

Additive Primaries

* RBG most commonly red, green, blue when all three are combined, white light is created, when any two of the three are combines a third or complimentary color is formed

Photography

* The art form which uses a camera to capture an image either on film or a memory device. Involves methods of developing photos in a darkroom or with a computer

Emulsion

* a chemical compound made up of a mixture of gelatin and silver, it is applied to one side of film and is sensitive to light, resulting in image capture when exposed to light

Purism

* a discipline, simplified form of art and architecture which rejected the decorative tendencies of Cubism - Le Corbusier

Darkroom

* a room where there is no light or a safelight is used to process photographs

Signed and Numbered

* abbreviated S/N and referred to a print which is both signed and numbered by the artist - often referred to as "limited edition" prints

Shade

* adding black to a color to make it darker

Drypoint

* an engraving technique that uses a sharp steel needle to create a rough edge, which produces soft, velvety lines

Psychology of Art

* an interdisciplinary field that studies the perception, cognition and characteristics of art and its production - is related to architectural and environmental psychology

Fresco - buon

* art of painting on moist plaster with water-based colors, when wet is called "freso" (fresh in Italian)

Romanesque

* art that was ornamental, stylized and and complex, founded in France 11th c.

Gothic

* began in France around 1200, had a graceful, elegant style with natural, more linear look than earlier work

Vorticism

* combined concerns of Futurism and stylistic attributes of Cubism - Wyndham Lewis

Folk

* depiction of regional scenes, homemade crafts and every day objects by artist with no formal art training

Illustrator

* generally make drawings to complement literature. *work appears in books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets etc... *main skill is the ability to draw. *work done for books, must be able to read and analyze the literature in order to depict the content meaningfully.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

* group of English artists in the mid-19th c. created colorful paintings of scenes found in nature

Propaganda

* has much in common with public information campaigns by governments. Intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior. * often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group - often political *In a social content art can serve to boost the public's morale. Art is often utilized to subtly influence popular conceptions or mood.

Frieze

* in architecture is a horizontal band of painted or sculpted decoration usually found at the top of a wall between the molding and the cornice

Symbolism

* influenced by literature of late 19th c., suggested themes of inner experience instead of depicting concrete objects - Gustav Klimt

Still life

* is a study of ordinary objects in an every day setting in a painting, drawing or photograph. can be created on a table top, bookcase or shadow box

Camera

* is a tool used by photographers to capture images. Lets in light to capture image on film by means of a lens. Lens components are aperture and shutter

Collage

* is made of separate pieces of various materials and other objects glued to a surface

Tripod

* is stand with three legs to support a camera, used to eliminate camera shake hence reducing blurriness due to shutter speed of unsteadiness

Aesthetic Perception

* is the ability to appreciate and understand the nature, beauty and validity of the fine arts

Impasto

* is the application of thick layers of paint, paint often sticks out from the canvas

Woodcut

* is the art of carving an image on a wood block then using ink or paint to pint the image

Macro Photography

* is the form of photography used to take close up pictures. Special lenses are required to focus on little objects

Panoramic Photography

* is the type of photography that produces photographs where the width of the photo is greater than the width of human vision, the photo is twice as wide as it is high. Past panoramic photos were taken in increments along the width of a scene then manually attached

Neoclassical

* late 18th and early 19th centuries, revived the elegant, graceful Greek and Roman style of order and harmony

Performance Art

* live art in which the artists personally delivers their artistic message through various tools with the main tool being their body. *many art forms can be components of a performance piece - poetry, sculpture, dance, or music. Many types of props are used, electronics, lights, and sound effects *in some instances the audience becomes part of the performance

Polychrome

* means a variety of colors

Secondary Market

* means of obtaining prints or canvases after the edition is sold out from the publisher - value and availability are based upon supply and demand

Monochrome

* means one color

Carving

* means to cut hard material such as stone, wood, or marble to create a form

Shutter

* mechanism for deciding how long film will be exposed to light

Digital

* newest form of photography, records and stores images onto a device such as a memory card or memory stick, electronically without film, pictures are downloaded onto a computer via memory device, then can be altered and printed

Synchromism

* originated Paris 1912, using pure color, often from opposite ends of the spectrum, to define shapes largely cubist in inspiration

Flash

* part of the camera that is used to artificially light up and area which has little ambient light to form an acceptable image on film

Fauvism

* produced some of the most vivid, energetic and colorful images of the 20th c., emphasized the formal aspects of image creation but employed color to control the composition, often with no regard for illusion of space or depth

Romantic

* reaction to neoclassicism, art was dramatic, used bold, bright colors and emphasized emotion over reason

Signed Only

* refers to an open edition print which has been signed by the artist but not numbered

Aerial/Atmospheric perspective

* refers to atmospheric effects on objects in space and can be seen as diminishing tones for objects which are receding from view

Advent of Official Roman Art

* reign of emperor Augustus, nobles-wealthy patrons began demanding sculpture and painting to commemorate individual or public events. *bore traditional influences of Greek Style in classical ideals. *it is during this time that copies and adaptions of Greek art become widely prolific. *Heavy classical influence falls out of favor, new category, imperial art arose with three distinctly identifiable categories: relief structure adoring Roman architecture, painting, and portrait sculpture.

Byzantine

* rigid, stylized form expression seen mainly in religious mosaics, manuscripts and panel paintings Byzantine Empire

Artist's Proof

* signed and numbered print bearing the pencil-written initials A/P - identical to signed and numbered prints with the exception their are generally fewer A/Ps created

Ebbo Gospels, Ultrecht Psalter and Lindau Gospels

* style revived under Charlemagne *Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims "Ebbo Gospels"written at Abby of Hautvilliers by Abbot Peter Depiction of St. Matthew seems filled with energy in motion reminiscent of the ornamentation seen in earlier Irish manuscripts. *considered most extraordinary of all Carolingian manuscripts, the Ultrecht psalter is stylistically similar to the Ebbo through its exhibition of a naturalistic and expressive style - entire manuscript is written and illustrated in brown ink through a continuous narrative form similar to a modern cartoon strip *Lindau Gospels described as masterful expression of the Dark Ages' Celtic-Germanic metalwork tradition adapted to Carolingian style

English artist Matthew Paris

* was a monk of St. Albans Abbey near London, he was keenly interested in the affairs of men *complied and kept an illustrated chronicle of the history of England which included a 1255 account of the presentation of an elephant to King Henry III from St. Louis (Paris was a witness0 *another major contribution "Lives of the Saints" series in full illustration targeted to lay readers such as - "Martyrdom of St. Alban" from "The Life of St. Alban" created 1240 *created romantic, illustrated versions of the Book of Revelation, one - the Douce Apocalypse - is a balanced rendition of naturalistic realism and surface decoration

Abstract

* was/is an artistic choice that gave rise to non-representational art which the traditionally formal elements of form, shape, color are intended to have meaning in themselves

Influential works from the early Renaissance

*"The Holy Trinity with Virgin and St. John" by Masaccio has largely credited the artist as the most responsible for establishing Renaissance painting in its popularly recognized form. *"The Tribute Money" a shared commission between Masaccio and Masolino 1427 - believed to have been commissioned by the wealthy Brancacci family - a political dispute over property tax depicts Christ and the Apostles in a local setting mediating a discussion *Masaccio's "The Expulsion of Adam and Eve," depicts emotionally distraught figures being expelled from the Garden of Eden. *Uccello's monochrome fresco "The Flood" effectively models light and shade through wind-blown draperies, and his "The Battle of San Romano" is rendered in highly distinctive, brilliantly colored style rare for this period *Filippo Lippi's "The Feast of Herod" displays extensive use of contemporary motifs such as the perspective tile floor, a landscape seen through arches and festoons of vases above a wall, his "Annunciation" is a masterful study in perspective and detial 1440 *Domenico Veneziano's "St. John the Baptist in the Desert" is a rare rendition of the saint entirely nude with a stylized outcropping of rock formations in the near and far distance

Mycenaean Tombs Artifacts

*"Treasury of Atreus just one of several tombs discovered *Rhyton in the Shape of a Lion's head notable for its stylistic departure from other forms. *golden "Vaphio Cups" very Mycenaean, replete with rendition of roped bulls struggling against the heel of highly stylized muscular herders. *fortress remnant "The Lion Gate" depicting two large muscular lions flanking a column over a gateway, bold militaristic style first example of monumental stone sculpture in early Greek art.

Thermae

*"baths" huge domes and groin vaults, were situated throughout the empire. *importance as centers of public life *grouped together, recreation rooms, playing fields, aulae, libraries, and picture galleries. *notable baths is that of Caracalla in Rome, consisted of three main rooms - frigidarium, tepidarium and domed caldarium. *placed symmetrically on either side of the central axis were cleansing basins, sweat, massage and anointing rooms

Earthenware

*"low-fire" clay needing to be glazed; porous and non-water proof

Baroque movement

*17th and 18th centuries movement - concept emphasized the unity of painting, sculpture and architecture in new spatial relationships meant to overwhelm the observer with ornately dramatic themes * started in Rome by the church *artist; Bernini, Caravaggio and Rubens *English and French works classic and restrained - American and central and southern European works exuberant and flamboyant *uses both real and illusionary spatial relationships to create interesting and spectacular visual effects meant to capture the observer physically and emotionally

Surrealism movement

*20th c. French movement - evolved from Cubism and Dadaism *explores spontaneous thoughts and the subconscious mind - portraying strange dream worlds using unexpected juxtapositions of unrelated objects *was greatly influenced by Freud's view of the subconscious as revealed in dreams *beginning of movement attributed to French poets and Italian painter Chirico *Artists: Salvador Dali, Yves Tanguy, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte, jean Miro and Andre Masson

Spatial Depth

*ADVANCING AND RECEDING COLOR - warmer (redder) colors are used to indicate an approach or relatively close proximity - cool (bluer) colors indicate farther away or recession *DIMINISHING DETAIL - objects in the foreground might be rendered with more distinct detail = though as objects recede into the background their clarity is diminished *OVERLAPPING PLANES - near figures and objects might be interposed over those intended to be behind or further back *POSITION IN THE PICTURE PLANE - objects intended to be close (foreground) are placed lower while distant objects are placed higher (background) on the picture plane *CONTRAST AND GRADATION IN SIZE - objects farther away are smaller than those intended to be closer as a viewer would expect from personal experience *AERIAL PERSPECTIVE OF COLOR - alters the appearance of an object by rendering the effect of intervening atmosphere; object may become paler or less distinct as distance increases *CONVERGING DIAGONALS - most effective when employed in angular or parallel perspective drawings such as a road or railroad tracks *TRANSPARENCY - occurs when all or part of an object is rendered in such a way as to allow underlying objects to be seen

Softwoods & Fruitwoods

*ALDER - reddish, soft easily workable *BEECH - light brown, unremarkable grain easily workable good finish *CEDAR - color varies from yellow to red and brown, close-grain easily workable *PINE - workable, cheap easy to obtain, prone to splitting and woodworm, poor choice for carving, color varies, yellow to dark orange, strong grain *APPLE - soft, easy to work reddish in color *LIME -also known as basswood, popular, sft easy to work few grain marks *PEAR - moderate hardwood, easy workability, even texture and close-grain, light reddish-brown in color *PLUM - easily worked, pink hardwood with distinct grain

Dangerous Pigments

*ANTIMONY BLACK - may react with stomach acid to create the highly toxic substance, hydrogen sulfide *CHROME ORANGE, YELLOW OR GREEN - extremely toxic, known carcinogen *CADMIUM RED -probable carcinogen *RED or WHITE LEAD - highly toxic *COBALT VIOLET - extremely toxic *ANTIMONY WHITE - probable carcinogen *STRONTIUM YELLOW - highly toxic, known carcinogen *ANTWERP BLUE - produces highly toxic cyanide gas when heated or exposed to ultraviolet radiation or acid

Types of Paint

*Acrylic, Gesso, Oil, Pastel, Tempera, Watercolor, Gouache

Multimedia Art

*combines elements of traditional visual art forms with art forms such as literature and music. *use of various materials is common *artists incorporate electronic elements and computer graphics and it is often characterized as combinations of art works such as film and graphics, digitally created.

Early European explorers influence on African Art

*Africa was thought by Europeans to be rich in resources such as gold, ivory, spices and slaves *art that was brought back to Europe at this time consisted of European objects rendered in ivory by African workmen *end-blown hunting horns decorated with wild game and eating utensils are most common *along with tusk ivory, elephant teeth were frequently used to create spoons - popularity of the objects was high and were bartered between European travelers *Christian missionaries are thought to have influenced some painting in sculpture given the appearance and clothing of figures *figureheads of European sailing ships are thought to be represented stylistically in a group of carvings representing the deceased members of a family

Well-known Watercolor Artists

*Albrecht Durer - first European to produce large works - landscape paintings - marked by the characteristic transparency of watercolor washes *John White - early English artist/draftsman during Sir Walter Raleigh's 1585 expedition, sometimes referred to as the father of English watercolor painting *Thomas Girtin - innovative artist, limited his palette to five basic colors, applied paint in characteristically thin washes *William Blake - developed method of painting on an impervious surface then pressing the surface onto his painting paper of effect *John Everett Millais - sold watercolor copies of his own oil paintings *Winslow Homer - early American artist

"The Art of Seeing"- Aldous Huxley

*Aldous Huxley theorized that SENSING occurs in the eyes and nervous system does not vary much from one individual to another *SELECTING is the process of narrowing one's focus to a single area or part of the total visual field *PERCEIVING is the mental activity that occurs between sensation and thought that gives meaning and significance to sensation *visual perception is the sensing which occurs as a function of the structure of the eye *memory can affect perception - the way the world appears to the individual is a factor of both sensing and recollection

Commemorative Relief Sculpture

*Alter of the Augustan peace is an early-notable example, exhibits elaborate allegorical panels and historical friezes in early 3-D relief. *Arch of Titus evokes a purposeful and realistic impression of movement. * Column of Trajan carved early 2nd century commemorates the campaigns of Dacian. *it has frank and factual style of continuous relief as an unbroken historical narrative.

Georgia O'Keeffe

*American painter studied at a number of art schools prior to being discovered by photographer Alfred Stieglitz *initially her style was mostly imitative and less original however, in the early 1920s this changed *common subjects in her work included enlarged views of skulls and other animal bones, shells, rocks and natural land forms *she imparted her own style of rhythmic outline and delicate color washes - ranging from symbolic to erotic and psychological *"Cow's Skull," "Black Iris," and "Red, White and Blue" are some of the most representative paintings embodying her style

Minimalism

*American style of painting and sculpture from 1960s, demanded strict adherence to pure form

Three Artists role in Day-to-Day Life

*Architects, Illustrators, Product Designers

Reign of Emperor Ashoka (273-232 BC)

*Ashoka commissioned the construction of a number of stone memorial columns depicting important events of Buddha's life *columns wee constructed of creme-colored chunar sandstone in a Persian-influenced style unique to the period *columns crowned by highly polished, bell-shaped capitals - one such depicts four stylized lions facing in each direction over a group of wheels and smaller, low relief sculptures - another depicts a Brahma bull *other work; numerous life-sized sandstone Yaksha and Yakshi figures, terracotta figurines representative of early Indian terracotta style emphasizing, in figure form fertility attributes

Basic Principles of Art

*BALANCE ,HARMONY, PROPORTION, UNITY & VARIETY

Primary phases of Stone Carving

*BOASTING - first stage where work is "roughed out"; hammer, pitcher and point *SHAPING - secondary stage after major areas have been defined; claw, chisels, mallets, rasps, files and rifflers *CARVING - most artistic stage where actual work is ultimately created; smaller chisels, gouges, hammers, saws and pneumatic tools *FINISHING - final stage where texture is defined; grinders and electric sanders

Oil Paint brushes

*BRIGHT- short-bristled brushes with square ends *FLAT - square-ended brushes with longer bristles than brights *ROUND - round-ended and ideal for thin paint *FILBERT - flat brushes with a rounded shape *BADGER HAIR & FAN - used to remove brush strokes and wet areas *generally made of hog's hair or sable, bristles attached to brush handle by use of a ferrule *brushes should be cleaned regularly with turpentine than rinsed in warm water

Characteristics of Byzantine Style

*Byzantine movement affected the style of every art form. *Architecture along with painting, sculpture and mosaics all bore distinctive characteristics of the era. *first time to a significant degree, domes, vaults and arches became primary aspects of construction rather than merely decorative effects. *highly stylized ornamentation and the temperance of figures in painting and mosaics served to differentiate the movement. *Ornate, multi-colored clothing with geometric designs, hair styles, facial features and the characteristically waif or slender bodily form exhibited distinct oriental influence. *10th century Virgin and Child with Constantine and Justinian at Sancta Sophia in Istanbul is Byzantine in every way.

Types of Geometric Projection

*CABINET - gives a good approximation of how an object will appear when finished and provides measurements in scale *ISOMETRIC - preferred when exact conception of scale and shape are required; all measurements are at the same scale and the object is rendered from a general perspective of being looked down upon *SCIENTIFIC - also known as "central projection" the center of the technique is any one eye or point of focus; object rendered in multiple positions

Wood carving tools

*CARVING - gouge and chisel, both tools available in various sizes and shapes - bent and curved, veiners and flutes or "V-shaped" gouges used for fine work *SHAPING - basic shapers: rifflers, files and rasps, files are finer than rasps - rifflers have a curved edge - surform shapers *CARPENTRY - half rip saws most popular ability to cut across the grain - bow saws for curved-cutting - fret saw for flat pieces - wooden mallets

Terracotta

*commonly used for ceramic sculpture, it is a brownish-orange earthenware clay

Hardwoods

*CHESTNUT - medium, light brown hardwood, distinct gain, durable, provides a good finish, prone to splitting *EBONY - exceptionally hard wood with distinct, fine grain, rich dark brown to black color *ELM - yellow to reddish brown with distinct grain, difficult to work *HOLLY - white wood, fine grain, smooth and easy to work *MAHOGANY - easy to work, reddish brown with variable grain *MAPLE - tight-grain, reddish brown finishes well *OAK - popular, very durable, easy to work, yellow to dark brown, distinct gain *ROSEWOOD - valued for its even texture and color varies from reddish brown to purple and black *WALNUT - easy to work, good finish, expensive, generally chocolate brown in color rich grain

Common modeling materials

*CLAY and TERRACOTTA - sensitive to fine detail and can be used in a variety of states from very firm to soft can be worked with a variety of tools *MODELING WAX - is of the microcrystalline variety and is a synthetic product, permits reshaping and alterations by remaining relativity pliable *PLASTER - water soluble material which hardens to shape, frequently built up on a wire netting or glass fiber matting *GLASS FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS - resins worked similarly to plaster in terms of underlying form preparation although unlike plaster, the desired result is generally achieved using a layering process

Shared theme

*CONNECTS diverse elements into an intricate mosaic that touches people everywhere, in every culture and every age

Working acrylic plastic sheets

*CUTTING - table saws lubricated with cutting wax or soap usually used *ANNEALING - tempering process intended to increase strength; use slow reduction of heat *HEAT FORMING - heating acrylic sheets to 250'F causing them to become soft and pliable *JOINING or GLUING - best done with solvent-based cement *WET SANDING - garnet or aluminum oxide sandpaper works best *LAMINATING - accomplished using good quality laminating cement *ENGRAVING - burr cutters and flexible shaft tools work best *POLISHING and CLEANING - mild soap and water are sufficient to clean acrylic sheets; non-scratch cloths or buffing machine used for final polish

Coronation Gospels

*Charlemagne Emperor - expressed an interest in reviving Imperial artistic traditions *portraits within Coronation Gospels demonstrate a style well-versed in Late Antique tradition *many painted on vellum stained purple in an impressionistic style - described as loose and free-flowing *imperial in every respect, rivaling the splendor of similar Roman works *figures depicted within the manuscript amidst landscapes rendered in an antique, naturalistic style *author or authors thought to be Greek

Jade Art Chou Period 600-222 BC

*Chou ruled China for almost 1000 years and are considered by many to have been the best jade workers in history, both from technical and stylistic perspective *intricately patterned designs were employed to render a wide variety of three-dimensional human and animal figurines *two dimensional plaques depict dragons and a tiger or similar creature in the characteristic "hook" of late Chou style *also rendered a variety of inanimate objects such as Ts'ungs (tubes) and Huangs (disks)

Types of Pens

*DIP PENS - cheap, readily available can be fitted to a variety of nib gauges *FOUNTAIN PENS _ marked by the fact that ink is drawn up through the nib via suction *RESERVOIR PENS - provides smooth flowing ink from a reservoir into which ink is poured - variety of nibs *STYLO TIP RESERVOIR PENS - marked by narrow metal tubular point which provides good drawing performance regardless og how pen is used *BRUSHES - for ink, typically sable, require careful cleaning

Ink Types

*DRAWING INK - typically waterproof, they dry to a gloss finish *NON-WATERPROOF INK - provides similar effect as watercolor, absorb into the paper and dry to a matte finish *some inks tend to fade with time, especially true of brown and sepia inks

Iconoclastic Age

*Depictions of saintly of divine form were prohibited by law during the years 730-787 and 815-843. *many existing depictions were destroyed during the time of the capital move to Constantinople in 330. *a few large scale mosaics and paintings survived from Justinian's reign due to the sheer number created do to his zealous patronage. *example St. Catherine's monastery on Mount Sinai *numerous smaller works survived from the centuries immediately following the prohibition.

Roman Portraiture

*Detailed realism, most striking aspect. *direct inspiration both of Hellenistic work desire of those whose visage was being carved to appear in sculpture as favorably as possible. *accuracy was of secondary importance * statue of Emperor Augustus from Villa of Livia at Prima Porta. *later work expressionistic style that altered facial expression, with features emphasizing experience and character

Rome influenced by Greek Art

*During Roman conquests Greek art in every form was brought to Rome and heralded triumphantly in military processions. *displayed in palaces and other important places following the conquest. Generals began commissioning commemorative works in either paint or sculpture for historical purposes *architecture influenced by Greek style

Dutch landscape painting

*Dutch were prolific______ artists working on a variety of subjects: 1. Panoramas - vast plains stretching into the distance; characteristic of dutch terrain 2. Woods- representations of entire forests variety of interpretations 3. Dunes and Country Roads- depictions of villages, trees, dunes, farms, and roads 4. Rivers and Canals- vast waterways that traversed Holland 5. Beaches- became popular late 17th c. 6. Winter- winter scenes, ice skating, fallen snow 7. Sea- features distant views of towns from sea, as well as nearby buildings and streets 8. Nocturnal Views- allowed for experimenting with various effects of night light, moonlight, fire and reflection, depicted people at night- fishing, walking 9. Views of Foreign Lands- Dutch were frequent travelers, created imaginary views - fanciful works intended to evoke a variety of moods

Universal theme

*ENCOMPASSES feelings, situations and characters that all people everywhere experience, no matter country, culture of age, every human being understands and relates

Early Civilization

*Egypt, the Middle and Near East and Crete shared a commonality in their complexes of temples, tombs, and palaces. *The Assyrian "Palace of Sargon II" at Khorsabad, monumental "Palace of Persepolis."

Pastel technique

*lay out pastels by color and tone *pastel tip may be adjusted to achieve various effects - sharpening or dulling *variations of applied pressure pastels can be forced in to the grain of the paper - effect is dependent upon the paper *varying contrast can be accomplished through the use of pastel material on a brush or torchon *shading is achieved via hatching and cross-hatching with different colors

Giotto

*Florentine painter and architect considered greatest and most innovative of early Italian painters *primarily responsible for introducing illusionary pictorial space *his contemporary Cennino Cennini referred to him as the individual most responsible for "translating the art of painting from Greek to Latin." *he was in great demand throughout Italy, yet few surviving works can be attributed to him - most do believe 1313 fresco in the Arena Chapel in Padua is his work *his panel painting, Ognissanti Madonna, is a masterful representation of his ability to render in the third dimension

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

*French painter who originally identified with the Impressionist movement *known for his figure painting, particularly of women and study of upper class Parisian society *1880 painting depicting two young women "At the Concert" study in the opulence and luxury common to a theater box *1818 "Luncheon of the Boating Party" view into an upper-crust dining experience of the time "Ball at the Moulin de la Galette" similar theme *1880's became immersed in a study of bathing nudes most notable example in pastel and was "Bather" *

Types of Pencils

*GRAPHITE - available in variety of hard and soft qualities on an 18 point scale - softest 8B to hardest 8H, or on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 being the softest *CHARCOAL AND CARBON - notable for high degree of blackness, similar to graphite pencils, available in variety of degrees of density and grades *COLORED - soft due to their constituent parts include filler, binder, lubricant and coloring - not erasable *CLUTCH - modified apparatus similar to a "mechanical" pencil with refillable 'lead' in range of sizes and thinknesses

11th and 12th century's German artistic tradition

*Germany enjoyed a large number of regional illumination schools during this period - most active centers Salzburg, Westphalia and Saxony *end of period Romanesque style was being abandoned in favor of a more naturalistic treatment of the space and volume characteristic of the human body - work from this period has been labeled as transitional *stain glass work becomes popular at this time, stylistically similar to the painting of the period *1140 work in the abbey of Saint-Denis, first Gothic building, considered milestone *size and complexity of stained glass work increases rapidly

Greek Archaic Period

*Herakles Strangling the Nemean Lion *Dionysis in a Boat *Lapith and Centaur *Female Figure *Standing Youth *Calf Bearer *The Rampin *limestone temple of Apollo at Corinth

Metal sculpturing metals

*IRON - not a favorable material due to its propensity for rust, though wrought iron is commonly favored due to its favorable working characteristics *COPPER - unaffected by water though prone to oxidize to a greenish patina, blends well with other metals, highly malleable *BRASS - an alloy of copper and zinc; polishes to a favorable finish is corrosion resistant *ALUMINUM - easily welded though difficult to model due to its inability to hold shape under heat *STEEL - available in a variety of forms, noted for its strength and ability to be cut and welded, though difficult to model

Working foamed plastics techniques

*JOINING and GLUING - PVA a non-solvent glue often used for polystyrene, while rubber contact types prove useful for polyurethane - drawing a hot wire between surfaces pressed together will join polystyrene *COLORING - caution when painting polystyrene as paints can contains solvents, anything containing acetone or turpentine should be avoided; safe paints include vinyl and acrylic - polyurethane is insoluble can use a variety of paints *HEATED TOOLS - ideal for polystyrene, avoid with polyurethane - hot wire (nickel-chrome) works well for cutting large or simple shapes, soldering irons, kitchen knives, heated needles or fine metal tools can also be used

Oil painting equipment

*KNIVES - palette knives, available in many shapes and sizes - thin, flexible steel, painting knives with delicate blades and long handles *PALETTES - typically oval or rectangular or wood, china or glass - paper versions have the advantage of being disposable *DIPPERS - small open topped cans made to hold oil and turpentine- clip on to palettes *MAHL STICKS - wooden/aluminum cane with chamois tip - rests on the canvas to steady the arm while painting *EASELS - tripod stands, vary in size and weight - often adjustable

Forms of common light sculpture

*LASER HOLOGRAPHY - highly technical method of using laser beans to create 3-D illusions - often very large scale *STROBE LIGHT - designed to give bright, pulsating flashes of light *NEON TUBE - glass tube filled with inert gas such as neon which is electrically charged, producing glow effect FLUORESCENT TUBES - argon-filled gas tube with an inner coating of fluorescent powder, glows when electrically charged *INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS - vacuum draw glass bulb consisting of a tungsten filament, glows when electrically charged

Basic Elements of Art

*LINE, SHAPE, SPACE, TEXTURE, COLOR

Italian painting during the mid 15th century

*Line drawing became the increasingly dominant style of design during this period *it is the liberal use of a broad spectrum of colors such as the depiction of pageantry that should be regarded as the most recognizable characteristic of this time *Benozzo Gozzoli's "The Journey of the Magi" 1459 depicts such characteristics - an animated procession winding its way around the walls of the private chapel of Medici Palace through diverse settings and landscapes and guided by a star on the ceiling. The ultimate destination is an alter piece Nativity by Filippo Lippi *Gozzoli's Old Testament frescos in the Campo Santo in Pisa are full of figures engaged in pursuits of the time in similar fashion to the chapel fresco *Castagno's "The Last Supper" is rendered ina colorful, three-dimensional style that included popular motifs of the period - Judas alone on the near side of the table and placing griffins on the ends o the benches

Pre-Shang Dynasty

*Lung-Shan culture of Cheng Tzu Yai produced for functional purposes elegant, thin black pottery reminiscent of "egg shell" porcelain *later Yang-Shao culture produced painted and red pottery as well as jade sculpture *pottery techniques may have spread via the Ancient trade routes in Asia *works depict intricate patterns of swirling geometric designs and symbols

Gospel Book of Otto III

*Reichenau monastery on an island in the Lake of Constance is considered the most important center of manuscript creativity during the 10th and 11th c. *considered the finest medieval masterpiece - depicts scene of Christ washing St. Peter's feet in the style of a colorful ancient painting, background is similar to the illusionism of a Graeco-Roman landscape *illustration is particularly notable as well for its depiction of the feet washing as more of a spiritual action than a physical one

Basic Elements of Sculpture Design

*MASS - most influential element in sculpture, can have a dramatic effect upon interpretation, light reflectivity and symmetry *SPACE - in a multi-piece sculpture is and element that can be manipulated to effect interpretation; respect to the relationship between pieces *PLANE - element with two-dimensions - length and width; plane thickness is usually minimized to provide the most dramatic differentiation between plane and volume *LINE - lends and element of space; vertical lines belie support and strength lending a monumental quality while horizontal lines are less dramatic, convex lines create tension while concave lines indicate either implied or real forces *MOVEMENT -an implied effect; often function of reflected light - kinetic *SCALE - relative size of a work;often product of manipulation of other elements such as mass *TEXTURE - surface quality of work; manipulated to either enhance or diminish light reflectivity and shadowing *COLOR - can add a sense of realism or a particular quality, such as age, to the work

Northumbria Monasteries

*Middle Ages region of northeast Britain *most art work produced came from - Hiberno-Saxon of Lindisfarne, Monkwearmouth and Jarrow *Jarrow home of the Venerable Bede who is considered the most important historian of the Dark Ages *Mediterranean tradition was preserved and re-established in the illustration of manuscripts created at Lindisfarne - Book of Durrow 7th c. *origins of the manuscript, Codex Amiatinus, were created at Monwearmouth - acompanying illustrations employed artistic principles based upon northern barbaric , Hiberno-Saxon animal patterns * decorative forms derivative - Irish-Celtic and Roman-Celtic people *The Book of Kells was produced here varied synthesis of many styles seen in earlier works

Romanesque Style introduced to England

*Norman conquest of 1066 saw the introduction to England of Norman abbots and overseas monks whose illuminated initials consisted of foliage containing human and animals figures. *this new style co-existed with the traditional one for almost a century, impacting architecture, sculpture, and painting *Viking influence of transforming human and animal forms into abstract patterns is seen during this period as well. *active centers during this time - Winchester, Canterbury, St. Albans and Bury St. Edmunds * the Bury Bible of the abbey of Bury St. Edmunds - considered one of the earliest known English books containing a number of Byzantine elements

Disposal of visual art making waste

*OILY RAGS - should be placed in appropriate containers *SOLVENTS - considered hazardous waste; do not dump down drain *PAINTS - considered hazardous waste by the EPA; do not dump down drains; latex/water-based paints can be disposed of in regular trash *BABY, LINSEED AND LUBRICATING OILS - baby oil no hazard; linseed oil combine with solvent or oil-based paint for disposal; lubricating oils are recyclable *CERAMIC GLAZE - should be rinsed in special basins which catch the sediments prior to drain *PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS - standard developers and rinses can be washed down drain; fixers contain high amounts of silver dispose of as hazardous waste; all other chemicals should be considered hazardous and dealt with accordingly *ACIDS AND BASES - general range for considering acids and bases as hazardous is between 2 and 12.5 on the pH scale *SHARP IMPLEMENTS - should be placed in a puncture proof container such as a glass jar and placed in regular trash *EMPTY CHEMICAL CONTAINERS - should be rinsed repeatedly and placed in regular trash

Printmaker's terms

*OPEN EDITION, SECONDARY MARKET, ARTIST'S PROOF, SIGNED ONLY, SINGED AND NUMBERED, LIMITED EDITION

Nike of Sumothrace and the Laocoon Group

*One of numerous so-called "victory monuments", the Nike depicts the Goddess Nike immediately upon her descent to the front of a ship. *partially airborne with drapery flowing, her wings spread majestically. *Laocoon Group of Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus of Rhodes was sculpted to depict a strong sense of tragedy. The three are seen in the midst of divine punishment, ensnared by a serpent.

Art Forms

*PAINTING, LITERATURE, MUSIC, SCULPTURE, THEATER, DRAMA, COMEDY, (dance)

Characteristics of Oil Paint

*PERMANENCE - paint should resist deterioration or decomposition under normal circumstances *PAINT FILM - once dry, paint should produce a 'film' which is flexible and continuous *STABILITY - paint should not effect adjacent paint, either on same or different layer *LIGHT FASTNESS paint should not change color or fade under normal light *DRYING RATE - should dry within about 2 to 20 days *CONSISTENCY - should be of a consistency so as to leave a characteristic brush stroke

Portraiture over Photography

*PHOTOGRAPHER can manipulate lighting, suggest attire or elicit facial expressions prior to using his camera but he/she must record what is present where as the: *PORTRAIT ARTIST can select essential attributes or features for emphasis or stylistic embellishment can imply expressions or contours into a cohesive and uniquely beautiful composition. Accuracy of likeness can either be primary or secondary concern, portrayal can be highly realistic or stylized and representational

Types of Perspective

*PLANER-LINEAR, ANGULAR, THREE-POINT OBLIQUE, CURVILINEAR, CYLINDRICAL OR PANORAMA, SPHERICAL

Foam Sculpting Plastics

*POLYSTYRENE - relatively safe, non-toxic member of the thermoplastics group, melts under heat and soluble when exposed to certain solvents - highly flammable - available in two basic forms - expanded, is used in packing and has an open cell texture and second is "Styrofoam" denser, closed-cell variety *POLYURETHANE - rigid, closed-cell material with variable density, not susceptible to melting, prone to release toxic fumes when heated *both are generally cheap, often used in large scale carved molds of cement and concrete sculpture - prove useful as lightweight core for sculpture

Forms of two-dimensional visual art

*Portrait, portraiture, self-portrait, landscape and still life

Modes of Perception

*REALISM, SUPER-REALISM, EXPRESSIONISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM

Early Christian Sculpture

*Ram Sarcophagus at Lateran Museum in Rome, is considered one of the earliest example of Christian sculpture. *features a carved ram on either end flanking a group which surrounds a female figure who is praying. exhibits realistic weighting and spacing with good proportion and balance. *other realistic renderings such as sarcophagus discovered at La Gayolle, France. *styles discovered include striated S shape, and bust portraits of the deceased surrounded by shells or medallions, scenes of prayer, and people reading from scrolls

Roman style verses Greek

*Roman architecture is constructed on a significantly larger scale than Greek *Greek architectural order used more as a decorative component of Roman architecture not for constructional support *Roman innovation produced a number of new methods of construction, composite capitals and bracket cornices, as well as employing a variety of new materials for the first time, brick, cast masonry (similar to concrete) and marble was used for facing *these new Roman technologies lead to the construction of structures such as aqueducts and bridges

Italian and Northern Europe Gothic Style

*Romanesque traditions persisted longer in Italy than in the north *satues in niches, small scale reliefs overlaying wall surfaces were common * delicate relief carvings are another distinguishing characteristic *the Last Judgement portrayed on the Orvieto facade is rendered more compassionately then the same scene would be in the north *same degree of importance was not placed on rendering Italian Gothic facades as those of France *Italian Gothics were astute church furniture builders, carving ornate designs into pulpits, screens, shrines and tombs *basic architectural style of churches varied from France to Italy affecting interior wall painting *end walls of the nave and transept in French churches were usually large displays of stain glass - wall shafts and vaulted ribs left little room for wall painting *Italian churches, windows were often kept small to leave abundant room for painting

"Old Masters" precept

*Rubens's "landscape-sunset" shows thin brushwork with thickly loaded lights - blaze of sun on the horizon is painted in such thick yellow it stands out from the canvas like relief - the twilight is conveyed by transparent shadowing *Rembrandt's work involved a technique of working over a monochrome under-painting to obtain a richness of light and shade, obtained by applying transparent glazes of a color darker than the areas to which they were applied - he applied extra touches of heavy impasto for the lighter areas seen in his "Man with the Golden helmet" *Cezanne is renowned for his use of enamel-like translucency and Van Gogh's brushwork displayed a remarkable relief appearance

Types of Easels

*SKETCH BOX EASEL - very compact, folding lightweight, suitable for traveling *TRADITIONAL ARTIST'S DONKEY - a large easel with a bench that some artists find useful for detailed work requiring an extended time in front of the canvas *TABLE EASEL - can be used on a high chair or low table, compact and easily stored *COLLAPSIBLE EASEL - preferred choice for most outdoor artists; legs with adjustable height *RADIAL EASEL - large, foldable easel, adjust to allow work at various angles *STUDIO EASEL - relatively non-portable but necessary for work on large canvases; most suitable for studio

Kinds of stone used in stone-carving

*SOAPSTONE - relatively soft, suitable for beginners, susceptible to moisture *SANDSTONE - quality is dependent upon quartz content but generally quite porous, poor performer for finishing *SLATE - readily available, polishes to a nice finish, can be difficult to work due to tendency to split *MARBLE - available in variety of colors, easy to carve and produces nice finish *LIMESTONE - available in a variety of densities and colors, Caen limestone from France considered the best for carving *GRANITE - very hard stone requires special tools, polishes to an exceptionally high finish - not suitable for detailed work *ALABASTER - characteristically smooth and translucent, relatively soft and workable, best for small pieces

Metal Sculpting Techniques

*SOLDERING, RIVETING, TEMPERING, WELDING

Types of Charcoal

*STICK - produced from willow or vine roughly 6" lengths available in variable degrees of thickness and hardness *COMPRESSED - made from powdered charcoal and a binder, relatively strong 3 to 4" lengths *CHARCOAL PENCIL - similar to graphite pencil with 'lead' being replaced with compressed charcoal, ideal for fine work *POWDERED CHARCOAL - used for tonal effects very hard KNEADED PUTTY ERASER - for error correction of fine detail

Surface Preparation

*SUPPORT - the material to which the paint, ink or other marking method is applied; common supports include canvas, hardboard and paper *SIZE - water-based preparation and glues used to isolate solvents and oils in paint from the underlying support; useful when minimal to no soaking is desired *GROUND - similar to 'primer' in non-artistic forms of painting, this is a layer of paint or film which provides the preferred surface for the application of the finish layer of paint; gesso is common ground used in various kinds of painting

Broad theme

*SUPPORTED by specific examples of feelings, situations, and characters that affect cultures, countries, and governments

Early 19th c. natural environment painters

*Samuel F.B. Morse, had studied in England, was an early influence on landscape style *but later it would be less well-known painters who accompanied westward travelers that established the attractiveness of the American wilderness as subject matter *New York painter Thomas Cole, trained as an engraver in England - meticulous treatment of trees and foliage in landscapes earned him the distinction as one of the greatest landscape painters of his time - Schroon Mountain is lauded for its grandiose treatment of the American wilderness *John James Audubon's objective scientific study together with his romantic treatment in colored engravings and watercolors earned him a landmark reputation *George Caleb Bingham effectively communicated the unique social and environmental circumstances of the frontier environment through his work such as in "Raftsmen Playing Cards"

Special Effects, Dubbing and Subtitles

*Special Effects - are images that are created primarily by computer graphics. Used in instances when an action is physically impossible for an actor to perform, to create fictitious creatures or create part of a set that would be to costly to build (buildings, alternate universe). Edited in as special effects *Dubbing - is a process that is usually done after a film is completed. Actor or person records dialogue to the film, sometime in a foreign language *Subtitles - is when dialogue is added in written form onto the film, is used to translate a film to a foreign language without the need to dub. Closed Captioning for the Deaf is a function of subtitles

Romanesque Architecture

*Strong walls and vaults exemplified the style. *external and internal walls were articulated by increased degrees through projections, niches and blind arcades *experimented with vaulting, round, pointed tunnel vaults, square and rectangular groin vaults and domical vaults. *supports generally half-columns and alternating piers, with few exceptions, the only arch style employed was the round arch. *walls were often adorned with sculpture. *most constructed with freestone or marble where available (Italy) and brick and wood employed. *from 11th century onward this style used to construct churches and monasteries.

Traditional, Full, and Limited Animation

*Traditional Animation - how animation began. Each frame separate drawing done manually and transferred onto a sheet of acetate. Backgrounds were drawn or painted, acetate was set on top of the background to be photographed by a camera called a rostrum. Once photographed an animated film could be produced *Limited Animation - one of the earliest forms of animation, very inexpensive to produce, was not expected to be representative of real life, was an outline made of figures and only small details were changed or added with very little movement *Full Animation - very costly, takes a lot of time to finish. This type of animation is very realistic. Much of this work is done using computer graphics

Representation of Space

*UNIFORM SIZE - the representation of figures or other elements of identical size which may be nearer or farther from the perspective of the viewer *DISPROPORTIONATE SIZE - purposefully rendering figures or other elements out of proportion for artistic effect or emphasis *SINGLE PLANE - eliminating illusions of depth, as when painting a three-dimensional object or working in a certain style such as Oriental portraiture *OMISSION of ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE - an artist employes atmospheric perspective to fade the distinctiveness or color of objects that normally occur in the distance *MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVE - used to represent a different perspective for the viewer of various elements; particularly with complex architectural scene *DIVERSIFIED IMAGES - done to reveal what might otherwise be hidden by limited perspective of a viewer: to reveal everything on a table full of objects *COMBINED IMAGES - useful for rendering a highly comprehensible figure, by drawing each portion in its most recognizable form *as an EMOTIONAL ELEMENT - to dramatize, for instance, the inconsequential element "smallness" of figures or objects within or near a massive environment

Four Themes used in all Fine Arts

*Universal, Broad, Timely, Shared

Importance of Themes in all Art Forms

*Universal, Timely, Broad, and Shared * help all artists of all disciplines organize ideas and concepts into a coherent whole *present a perspective beyond the individual *encourages recognition of and understanding for how similar the circumstances of human experience are * connect current events to historic happenings

Shape as pictorial devices

*VOLUMINAL SHAPE - blocking figures to study essential volume or characterize the mass and weight of an object *LINEAR SHAPE - used to convey action or focus purely on narrative in a more simplistic manner *ALL-OVER PATTERNS - used to fill space or for purely decorative purposes *CONFORMING PATTERNS - performed to fit subject matter into a particular space, such as how Greek painters painted a kylix (round plate) *VARIED PATTERNS - employed to convey, a busy scene of many jumbled shapes or objects; also used to enhance contrast within adjacent, similar-colored areas *GEOMETRIC DESIGNS - employed to add a sense of vitality to a scene of to integrate an otherwise unimportant background into its overall artistic meaning *DISTORTION for EMOTIONAL EFFECT - achieved by such as altering the shape of the head, arms or shoulders or a figure to emphasize its emotional disposition or to point to its interest

Roman Decorative Painting

*Very little survived to present day - most known of this period comes Herculaneum and Pompeii. *walls are made to appear as if they are constructed or multicolored marble slabs *Architecture, scenes and landscapes behind painted columns were common. *examples large frieze painting Odyssey landscapes on display in Vatican and Dionysiac rites in the Villa of the Mysteries of Pompeii

Ancient Greek Artistic History

*Virtually every major civilization since ancient Greece has adopted or incorporated some aspect of Greek style as its own. *This has spawned numerous copies of virtually every kind of art. *Greeks were prolific writers who documented their most important accomplishments in sculpture, paint and architecture.

Emergence of Romanesque Style in Europe

*Western and central Europe held strong artistic allegiance to what remained of Rome style had firm hold there whereas East and Southeast Europe remained under the influence of Byzantium *regional traditions and earlier styles persisted in some locations longer *style emerged from a number of different locations rather than from a single starting point of area *Romanesque painting and architecture largely arose from modifications of previous and varied traditions *Secular work is known to have existed, although most painting and architecture are religious in nature.

Constructivism movement

*a abstract movement founded by Vladimer Tatlin in early 20th c. Russia * creation of sculpture that was constructed rather than chiseled or modeled, machine-like in Appearance *reflected Soviet technological society - believed art should have a utilitarian purpose *Alexander Calder's mobiles are a good example *beginning the Soviet government supported the movement - by 1920s Constructivism and all other modern art movements officially labeled unsuitable *designs no longer served the government's propaganda purposes

Mixed media

*a broad term which describes the relatively awkward combination of a variety of different, often everyday, objects for effect *Dadaists, surrealists and futurists primary forerunners of mixed media *Tom Wesselmann early mixed media pop artist used 3-D objects protruding from painted canvas *French expressionist Marcel Duchamp's bicycle wheel mounted on a kitchen stool *American sculptor Claes Oldenburg's enormous environmental mixed media work, oversized objects (hamburgers, telephones, etc..) place outside *collage is a form of mixed media, often consists of combining photographs or other 2-D work into a single piece for effect

Italian Lorenzo Ghiberti

*a diverse and prolific artist who lived in Florence 1378-1455 - of all the forms in his repertoire, sculpture consumed the largest portion of his life *a commission was announce in 1401 to decorate the two large doors of the Baptistery in Florence - bronze works were submitted "Sacrifice of Isaac" by Ghiberti and another by Brunelleschi *Ghiberti won the commission in 1403 an spent the next 21 years of his life producing 28 bronze quatrefoils of the life of Christ, Evangelists, and Doctors of the Church *a second set of doors "Gates of Paradise" was commissioned in 1425 - 10 large square plaques of Old Testament scenes in pictorial relief making use of perspective in Renaissance motif *Ghiberti's workshop was a prolific designer of tombs, alters and stained glass *produced an autobiographical Commentary near the end of his life which is the first of its kind known to have been completed by an artist

Pinch Pots

*a process whereby an artist forms a pot by pinching the clay to create a center opening

Tassili African Painting

*a region in the mid-western Sahara desert that has yielded notable finds *true volume of work is evident in terms of numbers, artistic quality and variety of styles, the collection at Tassili is impressive with more than 30,000 paintings existing at this site * 30 styles have been determined which can be grouped into three basic divisions - cattle, horses, and camel *majority appear from an intermediate time between Bubalus and Cattle periods *symbols and masks are depicted in much of the work from the later period

Perspective

*a system of creating the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface

Landscape

*a work of art such as a painting or photograph that depicts natural scenery - valleys, mountains, trees, rivers, forests, etc...

Portrait

*a work that represents the likeness of a specific individual, group or animal

Black

*absence of all light

Acrylic paint

*acrylic paints are pigments in synthetic resin or polyvinyl acetate *characteristically similar to watercolor and tempera - water soluble emulsions that dry to a matte finish and lend themselves to layering *development of paint that was quick drying and stable in character was promoted to the unfavorable weather conditions for exposed works such as murals in Mexico during the 1920's

Tint

*adding white to a color to make it lighter

Art Project Materials for Children

*all adult materials should be avoided as these may contain toxic chemicals, including solvents, thinners, shellacs, acids, alkalis, bleaches, rubber cement and permanent markers *materials which are sprayed such as srapy paint should be avoided as well as most pottery glazes *any materials that require solvents for clean-up *limit quantities of materials handed out to very young children

Abstraction

*allows the artist to embellish his/her work with an expressive uniqueness or lend creative attributes to nature, man and man-made objects

Op Art

*also called Optical Painting *abstract style that used geometric forms to create an optical illusion *evolved from abstract impressionism and was prominent in the US and Europe in the 1950s-1960s *based on the effects of optical patterns and the use of vibrant, pulsating colors and concentric circles

Reduce risk of electric shock

*always inspect wiring and plugs prior to use *know how to operate all switches and circuit-breaker panels needed to shut off equipment *avoid use of extension cords and multi-plug adapters *keep electric equipment away from water and liquids *ensure electrical equipment is properly grounded and don't use plug adapters that defeat the grounding feature of a plug

Reading/Meaning Comprehension

*amount of practice that is require for fluency and automaticity in reading by children varies *on average, children need between 4 and 14 exposures to have automaticity in recognition of new words. *vital that children who are learning to read - read a large amount of text at their independent reading level, *format of the text provide practice that is specific to the skills being learned *fluency and automaticity in reading words - along with phonemic awareness and phonic skills - are necessary, but not sufficient, for constructing meaning from text *children must understand what is being read

Art Movement

*an art movement is a conceptual system of principles and methods developed by a group of artist using their intuition and talent to depict the world, to create works of human endeavor *reflects the events and activities of the era in which it develops. can also be a reaction to previous styles. post-impressionism grew out of dissatisfaction with restrictions of expressionism

Dadaism

*anti-art movement begun in Zurich Switzerland 1916 Cafe Voltaire last few years, cynical reaction to WWI - glorified the irrational, the absurd, the nihilistic and the nonsensical *arts reflected the disillusionment of the times *rejected conventional aesthetic standards and generally accepted behavior - embraced the absurd, celebrated the unpredictability found in artistic expression *Dadaism and Cubism were the foundations of Surrealism *artist of movement; Hugo Ball, Hannah Hoch, Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, George Grosz, Tristan Tzara, Man Ray

Hue

*any specific color

Color

*appearance of objects caused by different qualities of reflected light that involve hue, lightness, darkness, value and purity * is emotional and sensual: effects moods, thoughts, actions, and physical and mental health *usually refers to the light reflected from the surface of an object, but electric sources, white light and fire also create color

Tamamushi

*architectural model constructed of wood which is meant to enclose an image such as a painting *situated on a pedestal which rests on a base of four legs and has a height of about 7ft. *a scene is painted on each of the four sides - one depicts the earliest known painting of bamboo *the original Horyu-ji (temple) was destroyed by fire in the 7th century - it contained a Golden Hall which was reconstructed using the lines of the Nara Tamamushi as a model

Fresco

*are created through a chemical change process that occurs when water-diluted pigments are crystallized after being applied to a wall treated with lime and sand plaster *resulting images become a permanent part of the surface through the transformation of the underlying lime to calcium carbonate *frescos are worked outside demand durability *earliest frescos were created by Minoans in Crete, continued through Roman times and peaked during the Renaissance with work by, Giotto, Masaccio, Raphael and Michelangelo

Middle Ground

*area between the foreground and the background

Art Therapy

*art that is used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists *end product is not princile goal, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts *resultant piece of artwork may offer insight into troubles experienced by subject - may suggest approaches to be used

Chronology of African Rock Art

*chronology of rock art throughout Africa spans almost 7000 years *Tanzania art appears to span 1000 years or more *earliest finds are drawings in monochrome of animals painted in silhouette - later outlining was introduced showing more detail -following this, outline thickened and poses became more rigid - latest phase depicts human figures with geometric designs

Choosing wood

*artist choose a color and grain appropriate to the work planned *straight-grained woods are easier to work for beginners *new growth or sapwood, found near moist, outer part of tree lacks maturity of heartwood therefore is less desirable for carving, tends to split *moisture content can affect size and shape - wood needs to be property dried or "seasoned" *textures can vary widely among the different types of wood *softwoods are more prone to splitting *many hard woods have a coarse-grain while fruitwoods tend to have a finer grain

Airbrushes, spray cans and spray guns hazards and precautions

*artist should only spray paint when necessary *spray mists often contain additional hazardous chemicals such as solvents *aerosol sprays contain propellants such as propane or isobutene - highly flammable *airbrushing particularly hazardous since artist usually work in close proximity to the mist - hazard intensified when solvents used in conjunction with the paint *water-based inks and paints are much safe to spray *spray booths and downdraft rooms should be used when available, if not use a respirator or work outdoors

Cartooning

*artist specializing in drawing cartoons - cartoonist *term can also be applied to those who create comic books, manga, editorial cartoons, comic strips and those creating animation

Oil Paint

*artistic oil paint consists of dyes and pigments mixed with binders, which oxidize in the air to form a solid skin of uniformly distributed color particles *traditionally custom made now available ready-mixed in tubes *applied to support through a relatively straightforward process of layering *layering achieved by allowing underlying layers to dry prior to applying subsequent layers which usually contain more oil - technique is called "fat over lean." *varying amount of oil or adding mediums, varnishes, dryers, solvents or thinners can allow for different effects - more opaque, transparent or matte or gloss

Oil and water-based paint hazards

*avoid using sodium fluoride or phenol compounds as preservatives *acrylics can cause soft tissue irritation *always were goggles, gloves or protective aprons when use ammonia *avoid skin contact with solvents *most paint can be removed with baby-oil abd soapy water

Concept of Balance

*balance or equilibrium refers to a pleasant cohesiveness across the frame *becomes particularly important when the frame is dominated by one or two large objects in works of realism such as portraiture *directional lines, intensity of color, equal distribution of objects and proportionate areas allotted to the significant and secondary parts of the composition are all contributing factors *opposing attractions in a composition are controlled by an explicit central axis

Airbrush Effects

*basic effects include straight lines and vignetting *less difficult effects include graded or blended tones working form lightest to darkest *fine lines should be done using a ruler *splattering best achieved using special airbrush cap *masking is another useful technique *advanced effects - 3-D forms cubes, cylinders, pyramids and shapes which employ convex and concave lines or surface

Surrealism

*began as offspring of Dada and flourished for a short time as an alternative to the more mainstream formalistic Cubism *chief proponent Andre Breton 1924 "Surrealism is a means of reuniting the conscious with the unconscious realms of experience *influenced by Sigmund Freud's psychological theories *most notable surrealists Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Andre Masson, Rene Magritte, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dali, Pierre Roy, Paul Delvaux and Joan Miro *several artist employed techniques believed to evoke or promote psychic response

Paul Gauguin

*began earning a living as a partner of a successful brokerage firm in Paris *began as art collector and amateur painter *began painting full time - presented several works at the last Impressionist exhibition "Yellow Christ" which was noted as "primitive," both stylistically and in color choice *impoverishment convinced him to move to Tahiti, produced "Hina Te Fatou - The Moon and the Earth" and "Te aa no Areois - Queen of the Areois" which he displayed upon his return to Paris *back in Europe produced wood cuts in primitive tropical wood which he hand printed in color - technique that became an influential aspect of European printmaking

Chinese Painting

*began painting as we know it 3000 years ago *painted variety of surfaces, portable paintings - screens, hanging scrolls, hand scrolls, fans and albums *commonly employed materials - pigments or colors, silk, paper, ink and brush *much Chinese art is a combination of painting and line drawing *subject matter often landscapes - recorded virtually every aspect of Chinese terrain - produced using an array of calligraphy, subtle patterns and textures *less concerned for realism and more for the conveyance of feeling or spirit *produced portraits, recorded historical events, scenes of daily life and images of flowers and animals

Mid- 18th century publications

*began to appear around 1748 describing the sculptures, paintings and household furnishings discovered at Pompeii and Herculaneum *English architects James Stuart and Nicholas Revett visited Greece to study and sketch ancient ruins for their publication, "The Antiquities of Athens" *Robert Adam, English architect, visited Dalmatia where he made a study of the largest known example of surviving Roman domestic architecture, his publication "ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro" contains engravings of Roman decorative designs *these publications and others were common to the private libraries of the period, were instrumental in influencing patronage

Donatello

*began work under the direction of Lorenzo Ghiberti early 15th c. - by 1407 was an independent sculptor and within a year had his first commission *next 28 years produced series of works for the cathedral and niches of Orsanmichele *his style progressed in expression and emotion, the articulation and structure of his figures became more convincing and complex *infused his work with a style derived from classical and Gothic references *1456 Mary Magdalene, convincingly rendered in rags, and nude statue of David are stylistically unique for the conveyance of raw expressiveness in the former and overt sexuality in the latter *developed a technique of rendering fine detail in marble known as stiacciato, earliest example of this is the relief "St. George and the Dragon" beneath the 1417 St. George statue at Orsanmichele

Slab Built

*clay slabs are cut into shapes, and joined together with scoring and wet clay slip

Tone

*color made by adding gray

Complementary colors

*colors opposite one another on the color wheel

W. de Brailes

*believed to have worked in both manuscript illumination and stain glass *a manuscript page bears a striking similarity to stained glass in its compartmentalized arrangement of narrative scenes and patterns or foliage * recognized that the attention span of most manuscript readers was limited. His Psalters of brief Bibical histories in illustrated form were popular with wealthy laymen of the period *Odd details were frequently included as a further distinguishing characteristic of his style - it was typical for him to embellish religious themes with a strongly secular tone

Duccio di Buoninsegna

*best known for his two-sided Maesta or masterpiece adoring the high alter o the Siena Cathedral, completed 1308-1311 *is one of the largest and most well-known panel paintings ever made in Italy *front shows "The Virgin and Child Enthroned," Madonna holding Christ child surrounded by angels and patron saints of Siena *reverse side is painted in 26 scenes showing the Passion and Resurrection of Christ *"Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin" - landmark illustration of two figures enclosed in an architectural structure and is the first of its kind - work stands as proof of his mastery of perspective, his ability to render in the third dimension

Achromatic

*blacks, whites, and grays - art produced without color

Appreciating art and natural beauty

*both can be appreciated for their sensory appeal, unlike natural beauty, art cannot be fully experienced until it is fully understood - opinion of critics and philosophers *deliberately or unintentionally, art can both express emotion and represent reality in a way that allows for recognition of its meaning *art can also be thought of as having content - as having symbolism in feeling, ideas, objects or states of affairs *another distinguishing characteristic of art is the mystique it holds for a critical audience anxious to decipher its meaning

Acrylic paint brushing

*brush marks can be eliminated by applying a thin layer of diluted paint thoroughly into the canvas, follow with a dry rag to ensure full saturation of the weave *second coat can be applied to a varying shade of lightness or darkness *third coat is applied in traditional , even manner *acrylics are well-suited for intentional brush marking and some artists incorporate them into the overall effect *British artist Tom Phillips is known for his use of stippling, hatching and dry brushing to achieve various effect *acrylics are well suited for dry brushing techniques either in diluted or undiluted form

English influence on 11th and 12th century French Painters

*by this period, English painting had gained notoriety in mainland Europe. English books began to appear in France, with their illuminators *English style, evident in works as Life of Ste. Radegonde, influenced painting at the abbey of St. Bertin at Saint Omer and at other schools such as in Burgundy *Cluniacs and Cistercians painting styles *regional schools of Romanesque illumination also arose *Mosan, a school in Flanders, produced the Stavelot Bible, noteworthy for its combination of floral and figural motifs and its goldsmith work, enamel painting and manuscripts

Mid 15th century Sculpture

*by this time sculptors turned their attention to pulpits, tombs, altar furniture and domestic work such as reliefs and busts *portraiture busts and classicaly-styled tombs such as Chancellor Leonardo Bruni's tomb in Florence, it was richly decorated in classical ornament. *another classical bust -that of Piero de' Medici by Mino Da Fiesole displays hair and eyes that are decidedly antique in the classical style

Art Nouveau decorative art movement

*called the first stage of modern architecture *originated in 1880s London in reaction to the mid-nineteenth century emphasis on historical themes *characterized by its dreamy, exotic style, asymmetrical, curvaceous forms and frequently uses erotic symbols

Preparation process for canvas

*canvas can be purchased pre-stretched ready to paint, as un-primmed or already single or double-primed *can purchase bulk canvas in a variety of thicknesses, grades and materials *stretchers with keys or small wooden wedges for adjusting the tautness of the canvas are common and recommended *T-square or triangle should be used to ensure the truness of the stretched frame *subsequent moisture absorption through the back of the canvas can be prevented by priming with wax varnish or cover with shellac *cardboard as a backing retards effects of temperature and mositure

Fabric as support for oil painting

*canvas or stretched fabric is the most common support for oil painting *many materials have been used - linen and various weaves of cotton - unbleached calico, duck, twill, Hessian and some man-made fibers *linen considered the best - comes in variety of weaves and forms - finest knot weave considered the best *comes in various weights for different fabric types and are measured in ounces - heavier weight more absorbent

Suprematism

*carried elements of Futurism and Vorticism to extreme, reducing color to pure black and white and form to basic geometric shapes "White on White"- Malevich

Stone Carver's Material Selection

*carver must determine objective for the work *stone with distinctive characteristics may be favorable *freshly quarried stone is usually best as it lacks weathering *a stone's finished color can sometimes be determined by wetting *stone may contain various flaws such as cracks, flaws or weak layers *the sound a stone produces when tapped is often indicative of quality - a ring or pinging sound is usually good, a dull, thud-like sound from a stone suggest stone should be avoided

Dry drawing media dangers and precautions

*charcoals, pastels, oil pastels, pencils, and crayons *graphite dust is potentially hazardous as is charcoal dust, use with fan or similar ventilation *wet wipe up dust at end of each day *some oil pastels contain toxic materials, hazardous if ingested *any sort of sprayed paint, solvent, fixative is hazardous if used in closed room, use in well ventilated area or outside

Pastels

*chemically pure pigments bound by gum or resin and are much softer than their harder chalk crayon cousins *due to their nature durability is a primary concern *ability to correct mistakes is also limited *fairly recent addition to the arts, pastel work was pioneered by French artist in the 18th century - Quentin de la Tour, Jean-Baptiste Perroneau and Jean-Baptiste Chardin *others more recent are Odilon Redon and Mary Cassatt

Spectrum

*colors that are the result of a beam of white light broken by a form of prism into its hues

Henri Matisse

*considered by many to be the most accomplished artist of the Expressionist era - strongly associated with Fauvism *one of earliest works "The Joy of Life" large oil 1905, depicts a dancing circle of nude revelers in a broad spectrum of colors - red, blue, green, and violet *two years later completed "Blue Nude - Souvenir of Biskra" notable for the fact it is drawn in color using an aesthetic style oblivious to how the subject might be viewed in normal, real life

Frank Lloyd Wright

*considered one of the greatest American architects of all times *didn't study architecture initially but studied engineering instead *became interested in searching for an appropriate Midwestern architecture - the resulting style came to be known as "Prairie School" *widely recognized for its radical approach to modern home building - using mass=produced materials and equipment and was marked by roomy living areas and perimeter heating *first work completed was house for W.H. Winslow later works Jacobs house 1937 in Westmoreland, WI and Winckler-Goetsch house 1939 at Okemos, MH

Francisco Goya

*considered one of the greatest Romantic painters in history *forced to abandon theater and music due to illness that left him deaf in 1792 *interest in portraiture continued although the illness is thought to have affected his style toward a greater concern for the character than the appearance *was familiar with Rococo and knew many of the great European Baroque masters *"Queen Maria Luisa of Spain" seen as a brutal but accurate rendition of a regal if plump, toothless woman who seems uncomfortable in her position as a sitter *developed the technique of aquatint and with etching published set of eighty socially critical prints titled, "Los caprichos" 1799

Jacques-Louis David

*considered one of the greatest masters of Neoclassical painting *educated at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts school in Paris under the Rococo tradition *historically-based paintings, "The Oath of the Horatii", "The Death of Socrates" and "The Lictors Bringing to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons" - depict qualities of virtue and valor in a style consistent with paintings from earlier eras *these served to influence public opinion regarding civic failures of the ancients *David's figures are rendered in crisp relief against simplistic backgrounds. Their draperies are depicted in uniform hues such as greens, blues, reds, and purples that enhance the intended dramatic effects *later works "Marat Assassination"

Albrecht Durer

*considered the greatest artist of the northern Renaissance *a prolific engraver and printmaker who, like da Vinci, had a fascination with all aspects of nature *was a notable watercolor painter one such made later in his career, "a Young hare" completed 1502, another "The Piece of Turf" 1503 *interest in the Lutheran reformation prompted the work, "The Four Apostles" 1526 - depicts saints have been interpreted as personification of the four temperaments *notable paintings, "The Adoration of the Magi" and "The Adoration of the Trinity" - each stylistically colorful and fanciful *woodcut "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", expresses the prevailing sentiment and growing disquiet within the church of the period *Durer wrote treatises on measurement and human proportion

German Painter Cimabue

*considered the last great Italian artist of Byzantine style and the first painter of "modern times." *known to have adhered closely to the formal style of the Byzantine tradition, *his stylistic methods were not strictly limited to renditions of the human form, he is considered among the first artists to return to a close observation of nature *"The Virgin and Child Enthroned with Angels and prophets" Church of Santa Trinita in Florence retains Byzantine style while encompassing a different method of shaded multi-colorings and thin pliant draperies *he influenced other artists including Giotto and Duccio 14th century

Visual Literacy

*considered the set of skills involved in the interpretation and criticism of images *concept is the ability to create and use images to communicate *field of study in academia, drawing on art history and criticism, psychology, semiotics, philosophy, information design and graphic design *basic skills include the vocabualry of concepts necessary for understanding and discussing images and visual symbols

"Church of the Holy Wisdom"

*considered to be the most important monument remaining from the reign of Justinian *was constructed over a span of 5 years beginning in 532 - renowned as architectural wonder *Anthemius of Trelles and Isidorus of Miletus were the principle designers *structure embodies unique architectural design - while retaining the characteristic longitudinal axis of earlier basilicas, embellishes the square central nave with abutted half-domes on either end. *central nave is capped by a large, crowning dome resting on four arches beneath pendentives

Varnishes for oil painting

*consist of various resins suspended in solvents and are primarily for glazing and protection *specific uses - protective coating, retouching, over-painting and correction *compositions - Damar, shellac and synthetics *Damar- ready-made replaces mastic and sandarac varieties of varnish 8synthetic gels are relatively new and can be mixed with tube paint

Craft from Fine Art

*craft, by definition is a technique or skill considered apart from the aesthetic aspects of a creation often involving constructive manual activity *craftsman were considered only creators of a finished product - however, such craft has been found to evoke comparable aesthetic response from the viewer *"Fine Art" is still to frequently reserved for the Classic modes of painting, architecture and sculpture - this view is changing becoming one of common opinion and subjectivity

Still Life

*created by painting inanimate, common subjects such as food, flowers, vessels, books, and clothing

Decline of Roman Empire

*decline happened relatively slowly over the course of two centuries. *as invaders threatened their prosperity, Roman people turned to new forms of religion. *this shift in priorities gave rise to the adoption of Christianity which initially as a movement was not concerned with art and culture in a classical sense. *Early Christian art did exist at this time however, it was mostly hidden in crypts, subterranean caves and corridors of tombs.

Value

*degree of lightness or darkness of a color - shadows, darkness, contrast and light

Linear perspective

*describes a process of seeing lines on objects from various angles converge and diverge

Akhenaten Style of Egyptian Art

*notable for its exquisite realism *shifts from the rigidity of the past to a more relaxed expressiveness. *Daughters of Akhenaten mural from Tell el 'Amarna depicts playful gesture and informal pose *Queen Nefertiti considered masterpiece for exquisite realism and beauty.

pre-Columbian art

*describes art produced by various civilizations that existed in the Americas prior to Spanish conquest of 16th c. *art primarily consists of masks, fabrics, vessels and similar artifacts often depicting animals and human forms *snakes, condors, and jaguars frequently depicted *Mochica and Chimu portrait-like faces of animals and human figures *Nazca stunning color and bold ornamentation *Maya vases convey complex imagery *pre-Columbian artistic world divided into two parts based on geography - Central and South America *three basic chronological periods - pre-Classic (2000 BC - 300 AD), Classic (300 AD - 900 AD) and post-Classic (900 AD - 1519 AD)

Expressionist style

*description of certain French artists who made use of emphatic drawing and bold colors in a manner dissimilar to traditional Impressionism *style first appeared a few years earlier in both France and Germany through work of Matisse and Marquet *marked by the color, line and shape elements of pictorial design that are manipulated according to the artist's emotion and the work's intended impact on the viewer *it was this stylistic difference rather than a marked change in subject matter that most exemplified Expressionism *small community of Expressionist painters emerged - Matisse Marquet, Dufy, Friesz, Derain, de Vlaminck

Michelangelo

*despite popularity and success was tormented by failure that kept his spirit in piety *began is career at the age of 13, apprenticed as painter under Ghirlandaio in Florence *Republican government of Florence commissioned him in 1501 to sculpt the now famous "David" *1505 Pope Julius II asked him to Rome to work on the Popes mausoleum, of the 40 figures originally planed few were completed, this would consume much of his life *1508 began work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1513 he returned to work on the Pope's tomb but Julius II died and the new Pope, put him to work on the facade of S. Lorenzo in Florence *1534 back in Rome work on "The last Judgement" for altar wall of Sistine Chapel *1546, at 71, he was appointed architect of St. Peters

Rococo

*developed during time of French King Louis XV *was the asymmetrical arrangement of ornate curves used in interior architecture, decorative arts and exterior gardens *designers, painters, tapestry weavers, cabinetmakers, engravers and bronze workers used elegant, refined and very decorative forms to create their work *French painters, Watteau, Boucher and Fragonard, Tiepolo was Italian Rococo artist and Thomas Chippendale created furniture using rococo style

Diluents

*diluents or thinners and solvents are commonly used to alter the consistency of oils to achieve desired applications *turpentine, acetone and refined petroleum products such as benzol are common *chosen for its ability to mix thoroughly, dry evenly and not react chemically with other constituents *most often are flammable *turpentine - derivative of the pine tree - most common thinner *mineral spirits and gasoline have fallen out of use in the studio

Chronology of African Sculpture

*discovered mostly in the woodlands of the Congo basin and in West africa forests *due to deterioration, surviving wood carvings are rare - majority of finds have been either in terracotta or copper alloy casting of brass or bronze *terracotta sculptures of various kinds have been discovered throughout the continent, these are on an individual basis and do not indicate any kind of continuous or evolving tradition *the exception is in West Africa where two traditions are thought to have occurred over the course of 2500 years *large numbers of terracotta human and animal figures have been found in tin mines near the village of Nok in North Central State of Nigeria *discovered with remnants of iron working industry

Categorize Rock Engravings

*divided into four distinct categories or periods based on subject matter and style * BUBALUS PERIOD is the first and earliest period represents hunting - is marked by engravings of larger non-domesticated animals such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, antelopes, rhinoceros and ostriches - naturalistic, large and substantial detail - human figures depicted hunting animals and are armed with variety of weapons though by definition of category never with spears *CATTLE PERIOD second, as name implies, cattle represent the majority of the subject matter other animals occasionally represented - detail is noticeably absent and much of the work is smaller in size - hunters carry bows *HORSE PERIOD third is divided into two sub categories 1. CHARIOT SUB-PERIOD - depicts larger animals, some domesticated animals such as dogs and chariots of basic design 2. HORSEMAN SUB-PERIOD - represents horses being ridden *CAMEL PERIOD is considered the latest which includes engravings and paintings by many of the area's modern inhabitants

Liquid drawing media hazards and precautions

*do not inhale permanent markers *avoid working for extended periods of time at close range in poorly ventilated area *use water-based materials whenever possible *avoid accidental or intentional skin contact *use only body specific paint ofr painting body or face painting

Baroque Tradition and Style

*dominated European art and architecture throughout the 17th c. *combined elements of realism, illusion and ornate forms *principle aim of the style was to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses *attempt by the Catholic church to draw more people into the church *Caravaggio considered the first Baroque artist *Gianlorenzo Bernini considered the artist responsible for producing the style in is purest form - fusing architecture and sculpture to produce a sense of immediacy in light and space *Italian Baroque often in fresco form - illusionary ceiling decoration designed to compliment nearby carved cornices and elaborate moldings *later Baroque painters - Rubens his Christian themes and Rembrandt, Jan Vermeer and Franz Hals, produced works based on contemporary subjects

Modern drawing techniques

*drawing techniques practiced in America and Europe today developed from changes begun in the 15th c. during the Renaissance *paper became cheaper and more widely available *artist expanded their models to include items found in the real world *artist had to learn how to transfer the details of what they saw to a canvas and turn a flat surface into a two dimensional work of art *they had to figure out perspective and how to apply the basic elements of art *this meant numerous sketches toward the development of a project

Post-Cubist Picasso

*during WWI following peak of Cubist experimentation between 1910-1920, Picasso joined a group of eclectic artist in the traveling production of Parade - work about a circus sideshow *1920's became immersed in New Mediterraneanism and collaborated with the Ballet Russes to produce designs for stage backdrop *1928 started working iron and sheet metal into sculpture, later worked in plaster *1940's worked in ceramics and by 1950's became interested in political ideology and painted two panels titled "War" and "Peace" used to adorn the Temple of Peace in Vallauris

Non-movement painting from 1900-1940

*during early 20th century a number of artists who were intimately familiar with the current state of European modernism sought to express a new style that would adequately record life in the US *noted artists of this style - John Sloan, George Luks and George Belows sought to depict city life in a style closely resembling photography, was largely a result of a general contempt for arranged academic studios and beautiful landscapes *William Glackens' work lacks the rigid style of recorded sittings from earlier portraiture *Arthur B. Davies infused his style with dreamlike qualities such as his rendition of a nude woman in "Dream" 1908

Influence of Religious belief on Artistic Convention

*during the Middle Ages in particular, western civilization dominated by an ascetic ideal - forsaking worldly pleasures for the joy of the spiritual *entire lives spent in various states of imagination - the unseen became more real than what was normally experienced *direct result was the creation of unnatural or supernatural forms of expression *majority of artist at this time were affiliated with religious institutions - this work set the standard for the period *biblical text significant on a number of levels - lacking descriptive embellishment *retelling of biblical stories and depicting biblical scenes more frequent as population began to embrace Christianity - time reformation

Sculpting safety precautions

*dust mask and goggles should be owrn at all times *body part casts, avoid using plaster dierctly on skin *avoid stones that contain asbestos *power tools should have portable exhaust systems and be properly grounded *when carving with hand tools always carve away form body *store solvents away from heat sources *keep tools in good working order, replace broken tools, take frequent breaks when working with power tools

High Renaissance of the early 16th c.

*early 16th c. is considered the greatest period of artistic achievement in Italy *many art historians have divided the Christian age into two distinct eras - per-Renaissance and post-Renaissance *between late 15th and early 16th centuries seen as the pivotal point in-between where achievement in the visual arts reached a climax of sophistication, refinement and quality *renewal of classic traditions was consequence of the Pope and church of the time *Venice began and persisted as an artistic center, but Rome became the new seat of activity for those schooled in the Florentine tradition *Michelangelo, Da Vinci and Raffaello Sanzio, most well known artist of the time *classic style taken to new heights, revival of existing antique models and discovery of new ones (excavation of Greek-Roman antiquity happening at this time) *merging of innovation with the mastery of craft emphasized this period

Cubism

*early 20th c. French art movement - radical departure and intellectual revolt from the traditional two dimensional, realistic representation of the subject *mostly still-life form introduced by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque *analytical vision by emphasizing fragmented, abstract objects with multiple viewpoints - disregarding the time-honored elements *used geometric, fragmented forms, redefined them on a shallow surface of placed the forms in many interlocking and frequently transparent surfaces

Early Christian Art

*early Roman Christian art has been found in the sculpture and pictorial decoration of tombs, catacombs, crypts and other burial places. *skills varied, aesthetics were of secondary importance to rendering of the subject itself. *examples - scene of the heavenly Jerusalem in the burial chamber of the Aurelii in Rome and the caricature of Adam and Eve from the San Pietro and San Marcellino catacomb in Rome.

da Vinci work in oil

*early collaboration with his master, Verrocchio, "The Baptism of the Christ" graceful representation abundant in da Vinci style and Florentine influence *"Adoration of the Magi" introduced the sfumato borderless tonal blending technique, is a study in his preference to work from dark to light by successive layering in oil *"The Virgin of the Rocks" is a tonal blending masterwork of light effects and quiet expression "Mona Lisa" has become the most recognizable painting of all time *"The last Supper" a failed experiment in oil-tempera paint mix, though much has been lost enough remains to grasp the emotion and style it conveys

Modeling

*early examples found in Egyptian tombs, Greeks fashioned dolls and figurines from wax, Romans made death masks, Chinese known to have produced bronze vases *clay modeling has been found from virtually every historical era throughout the world *terracotta modeling was used as early as the Greek, roman and Etruscan eras, then popular during the Renaissance *notable terracotta modeling has been discovered from Pre-Columbian era - Zacatenco and Tlatilco

Charcoal

*early production was achieved by charring bundles of twigs in airtight clay pots - modern charcoal is kiln produced *regarded as the oldest drawing medium and has changed little since first use pre-historic times *widely used on frescos during Renaissance, remains popular today for preparatory work for oil painting

Wood as a Medium

*early users included primitive peoples from Africa, Mexico, Polynesia and Australasia *the Egyptians, then Greeks, Romans and on into the Renaissance wood work was popular, eventually taking root in England *wood carvers eventually broke from working along side architects and cabinet makers to create fine sculpture *woods available in different areas became the popular wood for the area - Linden wood in Germany, poplar in Italy, oak in Denmark, walnut in southern France

Byzantine Style

*economic and political decline of the empire as a whole contributed to a decline within the arts. *proved fertile ground for the emergence of new ideas and styles. *Transition was not abrupt, most agree Byzantine form didn't fully appear until the reign of Justinian in the 6th century. *The Church of San Vitale at Ravenna, St. Sergius and St. Bacchus in Constantinople, and the Cathedral of Sancta Sophia are notable for either their start or completion during this period.

Archaic Greek Style

*emerged during 7th century BC as enhancement of the previous Oriental and Geometric periods. *painting figures were frequently silhouetted in black over red clay. *painting done on circular surfaces with the design of elements incorporated accordingly. *new style of sculpting the human form, awkward rigidity, free-standing, life-size figures.

Gouache Painting

*gouache is opaque watercolor painting *lacks the transparency of watercolor *applied similarly to brush oils but dries faster *reflective by the power of the materials in the pigment itself rather than relying on grounds for such property *often used for color reproduction work *technique was first developed by European Monks 14th century who added zinc white to watercolor *Albrecht Durer noted watercolor artist was early user of the gouache technique

Abstract Expressionism movement

*emerged in NY in the mid 1940s as the first important American art movement that broke from European style and influenced art on other continents *artist of the movement: Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Mark Rothko, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner *each artist interpreted the movement in his/her own way, but certain characteristics are basic to this movement: 1. using huge canvases and focusing on brushstroke and texture 2. all areas of the canvas play an equal role 3. using painting accidents as part of the whole 4. emphasizing the act of painting as a means of communication 5. striving to convey pure emotion directly onto the canvas

Winslow Homer

*employed by Harper's Weekly during the Civil Was where he made hastened sketches of life behind the front *after the war work for Harpers some of what are considered to be the best illustrations ever published as wood engravings in the US - 1874 wood engraving "Waiting for a Bite" depicts several young men fishing on a pond, and oil on canvas "Snap the whip" characteristic of his work of the period *later turned his attention toward life at sea - 1855 "The Fog Warning" aptly conveys the concern on the part of a fisherman of an impending storm on the horizon *later years spent near Portland, Maine - painted larger scenes and seascapes such as 1902 "Early Morning after a Storm at Sea"

Material and Tools used in Film and Animation

*essential of all the tools needed for any kind of film-making, camera and roll of film on which movie is recorded *projectors necessary for viewing film and for tracing in animation *lighting important aspect and tool used in films to convey certan moods or emphasize a particular person of object *computers have huge role in both film and animation *editing, applying and creating special effect, can animate an entire film just using computer graphics *traditionally in animation the tools used include - pencil, paper, paint and acetate sheets

Salvador Dali

*experimented with a number of different styles while still an art student - at this time began to read the works of Freud *Dali's association with the existing surrealists in Paris of the 1930's influenced his style and his development of a hallucinatory process he termed "paranoiac critical" *produced a number of works from 1929-1937 earning him the reputation of being the world's foremost surrealist *1931 "The Persistence of Memory" characteristic of his interest in depicting everyday scenes in bizarre and irrational juxtaposition *1930's to 1950's briefly embraced Renaissance painter Raphael - then designed jewelery , the interior of shops and theater sets *later years 1950-1970 spent working in a religious context as well as erotic subjects

Renaissance

*extremely influential movement, lasted from 1400 to 1600, art emphasized classic forms, a realistic presentation of space and secular, rather that religious subjects

Honore' Daumier

*fascinated by the various struggles and conditions of man *work depicts discomforts, intellectual limitations, social pretensions and affections of the middle classes of the time *also painter and watercolorists - "Six Months of Marriage" depicts a bored, yawning couple seated in a living room in parody-like style *following an 1832 imprisonment was barred from political commentary for the next 38 years *last works were a series of commentary prints from 1870-1873 began to show signs of his failing eyesight - "The Fall of the Empire," "Birth of the Third Republic"

Timely theme

*feelings, situations and characters that people have experienced throughout RECORDED HISTORY that would relate just the same as does the current population

Buddha at Anuradhapura

*figure is a 79 inch dolomite statue dating from the 6th or 7th century AD *its pose, treatment and curled hair are characteristic of Gupta style although exhibits a rare austerity and lack of sensuality *rendered in a meditation pose, effectively conveys an intense degree of concentration, more convincing due to cues of facial structure - pronounced cheekbones and jaw *sternness of appearance differs stylistically from Gupta work, notably "lack of prettiness." *stylistic departure from "prettiness" and "sensuality" are consistent with the conservative doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism

Expressionistic Style

*figures on the column of Marcus Aurelius feature exaggerated gestures and distorted features. Intended to evoke a sense of emotion or horror, as expected from those engaged in war. *Philosopher Sarcophagus, meticulously carves, emphasis clearly on the figures, who appear consumed by contemplative, hopeful thought. *Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus dramatically illustrates triumph and tragedy of war

Types of Photography film

*film is a sheet of material that produces an image when is is chemically altered with emulsion after exposure to light *first type of film was black & white *today most use film is color *slide film is a positive picture that is transparent and must be viewed via a projector *print film is the most common film, also known as negative film as the lightness and darkness of the image is revered from the real picture *print film photos must be printed in a darkroom on photographic paper for positive image to appear

Film as Fine Art

*film theory seeks to develop concise, systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art *started by Ricciotto Canudo's "The Birth of the Sixth Art" *film differs from reality so can be considered a valid fine art

Fixing woodwork

*firm bench of 2 inches in depth makes a ideal platform *vices or clamps useful for fixing work to platform *three-dimensional carving demands that wood be firmly fixed at a convenient angle for working with sufficient room to view the piece from all directions

Tempera painting

*firm materials best surface and support - chipboard, Masonite and hard boards *surfaces prepared with fine sandpaper and methyl alcohol prior to painting *if of a sufficiently tight weave and properly stretched canvas works well glued to a hard board and sized *sizing is best accomplished using rabbit skin glue (expensive) or gelatin makes a suitable substitute *gesso grounds should be applied when tempera painting - if using canvas zinc white should be added to gesso prior to application

Early life of Pablo Picasso

*first caricatures of his friends were recognized by his father who was an academy professor in Barcelona *cubist style did not develop until a few years into his career *1900-1905 frequent visits to Paris - later known as his "Blue Period" - painted the lower elements of humanity sunken in their despair - "Boy with Pipe" 1905 characteristic of his pre-Cubist style *immediately following "Blue period" is referred to as his "Pink Period" when he became interested in the circus, using it as the subject matter of many of his pieces *by winter 1906-07 began experimenting with angular figures and distorted proportions "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" example

Shunga Period Sculpture

*first century BC carving depicts fine detail and Vedic deities of pre-Buddha Indian religion *thought to be a stylistic derivation of wood sculpture intentionally carved to suggest the appearance of wood *representational of the imitation of wood construction in stone was common to era *Bharhut stupa - pillar relief of Chulakoka Yakshi in red sandstone depicts her bejeweled and bare-breasted, atop an elephant clinging to a fruit producing tree *Great Stupa of Sanchi representative illustration of sculptural subject matter and style from this period - north gate ornately decorated in three-dimensional figurines and low relief

Castle Construction

*first structures thought of in an architectural sense were constructed beginning in the 9th c. *their intended purpose unlike most other Middle Ages architecture was predominately secular *most were constructed with single purpose of defense with a few exceptions *combined functions of defense, palace and monastery in single complex

Watercolor, brush, water and support structure selection

*flat or chisel brushes of fine quality hair such as sable or, more recently, Chinese hog's hair which is more suitable for delicate work *squirrel and ox hair brushes are less expensive and synthetics are generally avoided by serious artist *brush sizes range from 1 to 12 *most watercolorists prefer to work close to their work for going the traditional easel *distilled water should be used whenever

Two dimensional

*flat space art such as drawings and photography, limited to height and width so artist must use perspective to create illusion of depth

Italian Renaissance Sculpture

*flourished at beginning of 15th c. economic and social prosperity of Florence, translated into abundant patronage for local artists *wealthy merchants and guilds sought to reflect the per-eminence of their city in art *renewed interest with rendering the human form in sculpture, with a decidedly stylistic flair consistent with the culture and religious beliefs of the day *Della Qeurcia's "Great Door of S. Petronio" in Bologna and Di Banco's "Four Martys Saints" at Orsanmichele reflect the style of the period. *church of Orsanmichele, once a granary, had 14 niches around its exterior that were allocated to leading guilds 1414 - sculptures such as Ghiberti, Donatello, and Del Verrocchio competed with one another to produce the best work to fill the niches. *Roman models and classical Roman style are seen throughout

The Classic Revival

*followed the demise of Baroque and Rococo styles *began as a resurrection of Roman architectural form, later replaced with Greek style *entire movement was promoted by continued archeological discovery of ancient Greek and Roman ruins *works of the period exhibit a blend of both fact and Romantic idealism - Doric Temple at Hagley Park, Worcestershire, England appears designed as if already in a state of ruin *ruinous appearance of ancient structures served as an inspiration for otherwise unrelated works

Vincent Van Gogh's later years

*following altercation with Gauguin, Van Gogh entered the asylum of Saint-Remy near Arles *produced a version of "Pieta" by Delacroix while at the asylum, substituting his own features and hair for that of Christ *leaving the asylum moved north to Paris to be near his brother Theo - believed this would help hi mental and physical torment painted o ne of last works "Crows Flying over a Cornfield" Impressionistic rendering of a symbolic scene believed to be consistent with his impending sense of doom *most prolific years were the decade before his death by self inflected gun shot July 27th 1890 *entire body of work consisted of over 700 drawings and 800 oil paintings - sold one painting during his entire lifetime

Form and Content

*form becomes the vehicle by which content is presented *form without content ceases to be art, becoming something else *content without form is knowledge without an expressive conduit, ceases to be art

Kinetic art

*form of art involving time and motion or a combination of the two; water pumps, air currents, electro-mechanical and magnetic devices have all been used successfully as part of kinetic displays *HANGING MOBILES - paper, metal, mirror, plastic or fabric objects suspended from lengths of cord - usually suspended from the ceiling *PENDULUM EFFECT - example ball-bearing model where metal balls are suspended next to each other on thin wires so one or more ball-bearings can be pulled away and dropped against the other bearings to produce perpetual swing

Ashcan School of Art and the Group of Eight

*formed in 1980 in NY in opposition to the closed, and stifling world of academia's approach to and vision of art *artist who started the school became known as the group of eight - A. B. Davis, M. Prendergast, E. Lawson, W. Glackens, E. Shinn, R. Henri, J. Sloan and G. Luks *in 1913 they were responsible for the introduction of modern European art to a shocked American public with the opening of the Armory Show *depicted scenes of ordinary urban life, focused on the gritty, ugly, facts of life, portrayed scenes found in real life instead of posed, idealized view of world

Bauhaus Art School

*founded by architect Walter Gropius at Weimer, Germany in 1919 *interested in studying how modern materials and science could be directed toward improved aesthetics and functionality *basic course at the school consisted of training through art that - a)involved all the senses, b) combined thinking and feeling and c) included problem solving through direct experience *ultimately, the theories and curriculum developed at the school proved influential to the industrial design of many products form automobiles, kitchen appliances and architecture

"Giclee"

*french term meaning "fine spray" * or Iris prints are created with high performance digital inkjet printers that produce more than four million water-based ink droplets per second *entire process is based upon complex computer-controlled calculations - use over 500 shades of ink *precise duplicates of scanned originals are possible using this process *technically simpler than offset printing as requires no films or plates

Protective apparel

*gloves, long sleeves, long pants and boots or shoes -no sandals- helps prevent chemical burns *garments should be only for use in the studio and washed in separate wash frequently *eye wash station, sink area for rinsing skin *ear protection for power tools machinery *refrain from wearing jewelery, tie long hair back, do not work when tired and wash hands before ingesting food or drink

Origin of the Pencil

*graphite discovered in Bavaria in 1400 - 1662 first implement resembling a modern pencil developed *many artist successfully exploited the pencil for portrait work (Delacroix) *Cezanne and Renoir made notable pencil drawings *pencil has been a favorite medium of war artists throughout recent history - Henry Lovie one of the most famous war artists during the Civil War

Haniwa

*had their origin in the practical need to strengthen grave mounds against erosion and washouts *simplest form resemble a cylinder height of a picket fence - more often they are 24 to 26" in height and portray warriors, coy ladies, human figures singing in chorus, animals, houses and birds *figurine Haniwa were produced from tubes, ribbons or slabs of clay in a manner that emphasized the clay itself *Haniwa are distinct from tomb figurines which demonstrated a greater emphasis on the style of the individual artist *their simplified geometric styling are considered to be among the more interesting examples of ancient sculpture from a stylistic perspective

Greenware

*hardened but unfired clay; can be made wet and turned back to useable material

Indian Pallava Sculpture

*has its origins in the Buddhist sculpture and stupas at Amaravati - predominate style of early Medieval art in Southern India *Pallava figures exhibit a roundness or curvaceous fluidity - often depicted in exaggerated poses accentuating movement *ex: seen in the Raths at Mahamallapuram - figures represented include elephants in large high relief, bears, lions, angels, men and various Hindu gods *fanciful "dancing Shiva of Rameshvara" and the enormous Ravana Ka Ki at Elura are two significant examples of the style

Differentiate art from cartoon

*has much to do with complexity - a good illustration is the difference between how a cartoonist might render motion or movement as opposed to the artist *cartoonist frequently employs line indicating motion - artist uses more sophisticated technique such as afterimage, or a pose that would be unnatural if the figure were still *another dimension has to do with intent - the cartoonist illustrates to lend assistance to a narrative, while the artist's work is the narrative

Ceramic safety precautions

*hazards associated with using clay mixers - inhaling clay dust - use good ventilation, wear dust mask or respirator *wear protective clothing - coveralls and gloves *working with glazes - choose lead-free or sodium based choose sodium carbonate over sodium chloride *don't use lead glazes for food vessels *using kiln use goggles, welding shields and appropreately heavy gloves, be certain of good ventilation and allow ceramic to cool completely before handling

Jackson Pollock

*held his first one-man exhibition in New York in 1943 *was attempting to create a new style devoid of the Cubist and geometrical precedents of previous artists *battled alcoholism and mental instability in the late 1930's but managed to produce a number of works during this time *had a characteristic interest in boldly and freely projecting abstract imagery on a monumental scale *was a very physical painter, his brushstrokes were often performed with his entire arm - would sometimes drip liquid paint from a brush or can directly on the canvas or spatter it with a stick *work shows signs of sand or pebbles being spread across the surface - achieved his style through a highly complex series of rhythmic gestures *was influenced by Native American sandpainting

Finishing Wood work

*helps protect wood from discoloration and fingerprinting- minimizing the effects of dry or damp atmosphere *common finishing method is wax polishing - made by melting lumps of beeswax with turpentine and linseed oil *finishing demands of wood vary dependent upon where the work will reside *outdoor sculpture demands proper sealing against the elements

Altamira Bison

*highly regarded for its color and expression - painted on roof of caves in Spain *Lascaux caves of France 1940, limestone Gravettian sculpture "The Venus of Willendorf" *believed creators of these works were tribal, nomadic hunters, little more is known.

Michelangelo's famous works

*his most celebrated successes were his sculptures, his true love was sculpture of which he considered superior to drawing and painting *most famous sculpture is the larger-than-life rendition of David, 1504 *the 1449 Vatican Pieta is considered a masterful union of Christian emotion with classical form *Moses, 1513 is a massive, muscle-bound, bearded figure of strange proportions thought by many to have been influenced by Donatello *Dying Slave is evocative of the torment many felt over the passing of Julius II *"The Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici" embodies the Active and Contemplative Principles of a popular Neoplatonic allegory of the day *notable paintings - ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, "The Crucifixion of St. Peter" and "The Last Judgement"

Raphael's paintings

*his work is marked by the subtley and elegance of the figures he painted. *rendered the female form in sweet feminine beauty, particularly faces *"The Sistine Madonna" is considered the greatest achievement of all his Madonna works, with its Byzantine-like color and grandeur *his effective use of color is clearly evident in "The School of Athens" which is considered to be the first "historical" painting *"The Triumph of Galatea" is exquisitely classical in many respects, exhibiting dramatic movement in all its figures

Silverpoint

*implement resembling a pencil was employed prior to advent of the modern pencil *is a silver (or similar metal) stylus for drawing on special paper *has a tendency to tarnish over time which usually alters the effect to advantage by providing greater definition *historically, Leonardo Da Vinci produced silverpoint "Virgin of the Rocks" - Albrecht Durer was accomplished silverpoint artist and Rembrandt "Saskia in a Straw Hat"

Kinetic art - abstract expression of movement

*implication of time-motion through abstractive techniques by including real motion as a tangible entity in a work *OPTICAL PHENOMENA - occurs when apparent or actual movement of an object or the observer produces a sensation of change or motion *TRANSFORMATIONS - occurs when rapid movement seems to dematerialize an object or movement invokes a recognizable change in an object's appearance *MOVABLE WORKS - encourages the rearrangement or alteration of a painting or sculpture by the observer, interactive *MACHINES - motorized apparatuses equipped with gears, cranks, camshafts and levers that lift, turn, push and pull *LIGHT-PLAY - dependent upon movement of either the light source or the viewer *MOVEMENT ITSELF - with self-effacing mechanics and economy of means

Mosaic on the cupola of the baptistery at San Giovanni Church

*in Fonte, Naples - cupola contains a crown at the top with a chrismon or sacred monogram set in a star-filled sky *work is divided into sections depicting New Testament scenes, Evangelical symbols and figures of saints. *due to different styles of the various sections, assumed that a variety of artists from disparate traditions participated in the work

Old Kingdom Egyptian Sculpture

*slate palette of King Narmer dated 3100 BC oldest surviving artifact. *Great Sphinx most famous sculpture very prolific era of art in Egypt. *painted limestone relief, "Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt" 2400BC.

Light & Dark

*in western culture, Light and Dark arouses strong primitive emotions *light suggest goodness, intelligence, wholesomeness *dark expresses mystery, ignorance, evil *contrasting these opposites in a work of art conveys feeling and can have a powerful psychological impact *they can depict space and enhance form in two and three dimensional - by use of CHIAROSCURO *light and shadow can cause sculptures and architecture to have more definition and enhance to work

Personal Qualities

*individual variation is unavoidable whether properly schooled in "art appreciation" or not *INDEPENDENCE of judgement occurs when one maintains his/her own personal judgement despite the contrary opinion of others *TOLERANCE of complexity requires a resignation that not every individual element or technique at its most elementary structure must be understood to engage in an understanding or genuine appreciation of the work *a SENSE of RECREATION or an ability to break from the normal rigors of adult life in necessary in order to engage one's appreciative faculties

Barbizon School of landscape painting

*influenced by 17th c. Dutch painters Ruisdael, Cuyp and Hobbema - their realistic portrayals of nature were popular with late 19th and early 20th century Americans *artist most closely associated with this movement - Theodore Rousseau *was a reaction to the idealized, formal landscape painting of earlier periods *artists painted an informal, realistic study of nature, painted exactly what they saw *movement was integral in the development of impressionism

Botticelli

*infused his work with a distinctive gracefulness and personality *"Primavera" is a celebration of Spring depicting mythological figures such as the wind-god Zephyr in pursuit of the nymph Chloris - the work's festive, dreamlike quality is romantic in it overall nature *his and his patronage's fascination with the Goddess Venus extends to his later work such as, "The Birth of Venus" and "Abundance" both depict a fair-haired, tall beauty in an enchanted, dreamlike gaze toward the foreground *also known for his exquisite portrait work and pen drawings, such as those executed for Dante's "Divine Comedy"

Rayonism

*inspired by cubism in Russia - pure abstraction; employed linear "rays" of light that produced facets of color and light on the canvas

Claymation

*is a form of stop animation - the animator has to stop between the recording of each frame to move and change the object in the scene - clay is a favorite material for stop animation

Process of Drypoint

*is an intaglio printing process where a copper or zinc plate is directly inscribed with a pointed steel needle or jewel *incising process is marked by a ragged edge or burr *printed the effect is one of softness *as print multiple, prints, begin to lose print quality due to "wearing-down" which means the burr is diminished *used on metal plate with as much ease and flexibility as pencil on paper *has been used since Rembrandt's time combined with other printing techniques

Cutout Animation

*is similar to claymation, but uses fabric, paper, or any other material that is flat and can be cut

Classicism

*is the admiration and imitation of the harmony, balance, proportion, simplicity and serenity of Greek and Roman art *term implies classic, simple, elegant, symmetrical forms produced by strict attention to detail and represents accepted standards of beauty in relation to specific academic tenets *during Renaissance renewed interest in Greek/Roman culture - Mantegna, Raphael and Michelangelo *discovery of Pompeii in 18th c. renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome - known as neoclassicism and was started with the Romantic movement *revival associated with American and French revolutions

Encaustic painting

*is the art or technique of painting with hot wax colors that are fused into a homogeneous layer after application and fixed with heat to a support *developed by the ancient Greeks though no examples remain, its use is well-documented in Greek and Roman writing *colors created by mixing resin and melted beeswax *mixture kept fluid on hot plate and applied with brush or spatula *colors applied to canvas then fused by using a heat source such as a therapeutic heat lamp, heat gun or hair dryer

Center-of-vision

*is the point on the horizon immediately opposite the eye

Composition

*is the summation of all means by which a painter arrives at unifying his/her intended overall effect

Rotoscoping

*is the type of animation done by tracing frames from a real film. The rotoscope is the machine that projects the film onto another surface allowing it to be traced

Chronology of Christian Catacomb Painting

*isn't known exactly when first catacomb paintings were made, but agreed one of earliest tomb paintings is of the Ampliatus crypt in the Domitilla catacombs, on the Via Ardeatina inlay. *Urania cubicle paintings - Praetextatus catacombs in Rome - show New Testament scenes - late 2nd century. *paintings illustrating characteristic New Testament scenes - breaking bread, the fish symbol, and Holy Eucharist - as seen in the Lucina and Callixtus catacombs in Rome. *Arenarium Madonna and child in Cappella Greca of the Priscilla catacomb in Rome, earliest known rendition of the virgin mother.

Abstract Art

*known as "nonrepresentational" or "nonobjective" art, its chief characteristic is its lack of specific reference to natural objects and situations

Impressionism

*late 19th century French movement - was an aesthetic revolution that greatly affected future painters *was not well received when first introduced *group of artist who rejected rigid academic tenets as well as the use of imagination in art *focused on reproducing accurate pictures of nature - emphasis was on the play of light and color as it changed throughout the day *attempts to portray a natural realism using highly stylized methods, refused to portray literary and anecdotal subjects, avoided the vulgar and ugly *impressionist painters: Monet, Renoir, Manet, Sisley, Cezanne, Degas,

Resurgence of Classicism

*latter part of 18th c. classicism overshadowed by rise of romantic period in Germany *French Ecole des Beaux-Arts kept classicism alive in art and architecture in Europe - its curriculum was exported to America and other parts of the world *20th c. America and Europe again became interested in classics especially Greek literature *Paul Cezanne and Pablo Picasso used abstract classical elements in their work

Grounds

*layer between the sizing or surface preparation coat and the paint - layer is not intended to alter the artistic paint layers so is usually white *commercially available and some artist prepare their own *Gesso, a traditional ground with glue components, is suitable for hard surfaces but cracks into fine lines once dry - less then ideal for canvas *Emulsion grounds are oil-based mixtures that are both faster drying than purely oil solutions and more flexible than gesso *acrylic grounds are more recent product that does not require size

Line as design element

*line is fundamental to expression of movement and mass - to suggest converging planes and three-dimensional volume or mass *field of drawing is based upon the fundamental component of line - it can be divided into three distinct groups 1.contour drawing consist of process of careful selection and deliberate omission in order to both clarify and define subject matter 2. calligraphy enables the capture of expressive gesture, suggesting feelings and temperament more emotionally 3. tonal - enables attention to be placed on surface quality rather than outline through the use of gradations of shading with accents

Horizontal line

*lines that are painted across the picture plane (90' degrees from straight up and down)

Vertical line

*lines that are painted straight up and down

Andrea Mantegna

*love of classical antiquity is evident throughout much of his body of work. *most famous work "Camera degli Sposi" used the entire corner of a large room at the Ducal Palace, from floor to ceiling, covered in fanciful fresco of the classic, secular world - look up to see a portal with cherubs looking down *his "The Martyrdom of St. Christopher" is rich in color, ambitious in perspective and profuse in archaeological detail *nine large canvasses that comprise "The Triumph of Caesar"- full of imagery from classic antiquity - "St. Sebastian" innovative for its use of cut-off figures in the foreground

Watercolor Paint selection

*low-cost watercolors for children generally avoided by serious artist - acquire paints labeled "Artists Colors" *artists colors are superior in transparency and permanency although less expensive "student colors' work well *paints can be obtained in semi-moist, half-pan form, tube form, pencil form and liquid *most watercolor artists work from a small palette of colors at most 12 colors and many masters use no more than 5 or 6

Toxic Pigments

*manufacturer from a variety of sources can contain a variety of compounds *most toxic are the inorganic variety with high exotic metals content - such as flake white may contain lead *cobalt, cadmium or manganese may also be harmful *chromate-based pigments can cause rashes or allergic reactions *use proper masking and ventilation when spraying, heating, sanding, or mixing dry pigments *dedicate utensils and dishes for pigment mixing and storage *use alternate, non-toxic pigments when possible *always check labeling of pigments if you unsure

Watercolor painting

*marked by a transparent, soft characteristic where portion of the underlying white or lighter color paper is left mostly bare *ability to work watercolor is limited, errors can be difficult to correct, it is a less-forgiving medium that oil paint *it is composed of finely ground pigment with gum arabic or senegal used as a binder - gum acts as varnish enhancing brightness and sheen *water is the diluent and medium

Creative Expression

*means the ability to produce or bring into existence a work of art that is original and imaginative *to express something is to convey an idea, emotion or opinion

Coiling

*method of building vessels from log ropes or coils of clay

Realism movement

*mid-19th c. French movement *reaction to and rejection of idealized, academic, stylized representation *goal - to depict contemporary customs, ideas and appearances by using common objects in every day settings *artist wanted to portray life as they saw it: Gustave Courbet, J.F. Millet and Honore Daumier *term also means a plain, unexaggerated rendering of objects in their natural form - come to mean the presentation of objects and materials as themselves

Exterior Wall Painting

*modern, artistic exterior wall painting has primarily arisen from community or populist social movements *greatest consideration in wall painting is the atmospheric attack the work will suffer *wall should be cleaned *sources of moisture identified *per-existing paint removed *should be rendered or primed, with a sand/cement mixture prior to beginning work *outdoor emulsion or silicone-based paints work well *overcoats such as clear varnish or polyurethane should be avoided

3rd and 4th century Christian Mosaic Art

*mosaic was a highly popular Christian art form during this period. * seems inspired by Greek Hellenism. *almost always associated with architecture, displayed on of near arches, cupolas and in various places within basilicas, baptisteries and mausoleums. *many are heavily encrusted with jewels and vibrant with color. and exception to this trend is mosaic of Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter and St. Peter Receiving the Law *later works 5th century, depicted scenes from the New Testament and show the influence of Oriental or classical Roman art.

6th century ideal of the human form and clothing

*mosaics of the S. Vitale church in Ravenna depict figures which are radically different in appearance to those of earlier centuries. *tall, slender forms adorned in exquisitely decorated clothing became fashionable, as did smallish feet and faces, long spindly fingers and large haunting eyes perpetually fixed in an everlasting gaze *seems intended to evoke the "divine authority" of the byzantine emperor and his court *clothing adorning figures is used as an illustrative element -Justinian's empress Theodora is depicted in an S. Vitale mosaic wearing an elaborately embroidered mantle with a design that clearly shows the infant Jesus and the three Magi carrying their gifts to Mary

Museum purchasing

*most Museums have a budget from which to work *when purchasing a foremost consideration is one of quality *quality is often a factor of the degree of imagination and skill employed by the artist. *Aesthetic merit is not always the only consideration *important consideration is the need of the current collection and the relationship of the potential purchase *museum must determine what it needs must to expand on its currant collection *price is another consideration, as are condition and certainty of authenticity

Installation Art

*this Art is similar to site specific art and some is in fact site specific, biggest difference between the two is that Site Specific Art is usually a long term fixture, whereas this art form can generally be done in assorted locations.

Techniques of Printmaking

*most basic form of printmaking is the RELIEF PRINT - has its origins in the Far East *consists of removing specific areas of material from a block of wood or similar source in order to leave raised images of what is intended to be printed - surface is then coated with ink or paint and pressed onto a suitable surface *alternative form of relief printing is method whereby the paper is brought into contact with ink in the depressed, ink saturated areas of printing block - ink is first removed from the raised areas - Intaglio *Lithography and planographic techniques involve printmaking from a flat surface such as a metal sheet through a combination of ink suspended in a grease mixture and water *Screenprinting involves printing through a stencil

People depicted in African rock art

*most figures appear to be from indigenous groups such as Bushmen who are typically represented with short statures carrying bows and arrows - they're often painted in yellow, red or brown appearing around the Southeastern portion of the continent *Hottentots frequently appear very much like the Bushmen except in scenes which depict both - in such, the Hottentots are depicted as taller *Bantu are usually painted in black and depicted with ornaments on their arms and legs - many shown carrying spears and shields *more recent paintings depicting Europeans are easily recognized due to their clothing, guns and horses

African Art

*most knowledge of the history of African art has come from archeological expeditions *African rock paintings discovered earlier than those in Europe *first reported animal paintings discovered in Mozambique 1721 *first primitive European paintings discovered in Altamira in 1878 *first discovery of animal engravings reported in 1847 - depictions of elephants, antelopes, lions, ostriches, bovids, gazelles and humans armed with bows and arrows *Heinrich Barth found animal engravings in Fezzan during 1850 excursion across Sahara

Minoan Artistic Style

*most notable find is the terracotta statuette "Snake goddess" from 1600 BC *snakes not found on this island influenced by outside cultures *the mural 'cat Stalking Pheasant" seem to belie Egyptian influence *Octopus Vase from Palaikastro in Crete is an ornate and accurate rendering of the octopus. *produced the Palace of Minos at Knossos.

Leonardo da Vinci

*most well-known artist of his time, lived from 1452 - 1519, his artistic genius as a painter had already surpassed his contemporaries by 1480 *learned much from Verrocchio, his first master *his works demonstrated a concern for the expression of emotion through subtle elements such as the eyes *his interests were wide and varied: religious depictions, landscapes, anatomical functions, engineering concepts and even self-portraits *he drew, sketched and worked in oils. Was a prolific drawer, creating numerous works on varied subjects *his paintings have achieved an enduring , legendary status, though the majority of his work was never finished

Fauvism

*movement only last three years, but had a major impact on the evolution of 20th century art in Europe and America *characterized by spontaneous style, distorted forms and bold colors *means "wild beast" in French *Matisse artist most associated with this style

Early Roman Interior Decorative Painting

*multi-colored marble slabs were often arranged to imitate the appearance of masonry *early style formed the basis for more sophisticated work emphasizing landscapes and architecture during Pompeii *assortment of motifs preserved - still-life, portraits, figures, landscapes with figures, panels and friezes. *landscape work seems to be from a high panoramic view point, showing use of linear and aerial perspective.

Polyptych

*multiple scenes hinged together, diptych has two panels, triptych has three panels

Animation

*must have drawing skills whether by hand or computer - computer animation begins with sketches and storyboards. * must be observant of movement, reactions, cause and effect, and gravity in real life, in order to create realistic animation. *basic art concepts such as light and color are important to animation.

Trinity at Horyu-ji

*named for an aristocratic lady who gave it to Horyu-ji in the late 7th or early 8th century *constructed of gilded bronze and housed in a wooden tabernacle, it is just over 2 1/2 ft. tall - consists of three major units -flat base -a triptych for a background screen -three main sculptural images either sitting or standing on lotuses that rise from a bronze base *gestures of the frontal figures are gracious and naturalistic - the painting-influenced triptych behind is rendered in intricate low relief of as little as a sixteenth of an inch in relief

Jade in Chinese Art

*no other culture is known to have worked jade for artistic purposes in such a consistent and unbroken tradition as the Chinese *earliest jade objects recovered from China are tools and disks with central circular orifices

Art and Creative Materials Institute (ACMI)

*non-profit association of art supply manufacturers concerned with the safe use of their products by the artistic community *has evaluated and certified over 60,000 products *evaluates products based on several factors 1. ingredients and their quality 2. ingredient interaction with other ingredients and substances with may be in common use 3. potential acute and chronic harm to the human body including the potential for allergic reaction 4. how a product is commonly used or misused 5. product size and packaging 6. US national and state labeling regualtions

Abstract Expressionism

*non-representational painting that combines expressionist emotional value an abstract form *consisted of a variety of styles *characterized by bold, forcefulness and large size - colors are typically strident and accidental effects are a common feature *Jackson Pollock best known Abstract Expressionist as well as, Willem Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell and Mark Rothko

12th and 13th century Spanish Visual Arts

*northern Italian artistic style became increasingly influential in Spain through trading and pilgrim routes that included France *local traditions based on Muslim and Christian art persisted despite outside influence - so-called Mozarabic style is still seen in work of this period

Mosaic Tradition of Imperial Rome

*notable early Roman mosaic work painting - Alexander from the house of the Faun at Pompeii. *carpet patterns exhibiting geometric designs, some incorporating figures became common *fashion of 4th century AD wall and ceiling work inspired Christian and Byzantine era art. *mosaics are considered to be the most spectacular and prolific of all Roman remains in Britain

Forum at Pompeii

*noted for its adherence to space and mass *built as a regular elongated rectangle with surrounding colonnades. *Temple of Zeus situated precisely on axis at northern end. *Basilica situated in the southwest corner, roofed as a vast enclosed space *court represented a systematic concentration of stoas which were deliberately placed around the agora (marketplace)

Self-Portrait

*occurs when an artist represents him/herself as the principle subject within a work; often accomplished with mirrors

Realism

*occurs when the artist perceives his world and the objects it contains as objective facts and attempts to render what is seen as exactly as possible - Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael, Botticelli

Vanishing point

*occurs where two parallel lines converge

Innovation of Oil Painting

*oil and pigments are known to have been mixed for painting many years prior to the 15th c. *but not until 1420 did Flemish painter Jan Van Eyck develop a method which eventually evolved into their Renaissance-era use * disillusioned with the fact that tempera paintings were cracking as they dried in the sun *mixed a variety of Bruges White Varnish Turpentine with linseed oil and successful developed a varnish for tempera. *initially mixing varnish with egg yolk, but later added raw pigments directly to the varnish *mixture was found to dry successfully in the shade without cracking, was also able to apply colors in transparent layers and correct shading without altering original brightness

Drying process for oil painting

*oil painting can take several months to dry prior to application of finishing varnish *pigments containing siccatives or metallic salts act as drying elements - lead, cobalt and manganese *linseed oil is most common and is relatively quick-drying, other oil can be used when variation of flow, texture and drying rate are desired *Stand linseed oil can slow drying process *Cole-pressed oils provide greater transparency can slow the drying process *cracking and discoloration have historically been problems with drying, but modern constituents and techniques have alleviated this problem

Giovanni Bellini

*one of artists instrumental in making Venice an artistic center to rival the more established Florence *his masterpiece was indisputably the S. Zaccaria altarpiece of 1505 -"The Virgin and Child with Saints" -truly monumental study in lighting and the depiction of a classical architectural frame, its sheer quality and depiction of tender emotion have few rivals *the S. Giobbe altarpiece of 1490 another work of the finest quality with a flawless rendering of figures and architecture *Bellini's integration of figures and landscapes is considered another great strength

Vincent Van Gogh

*one of four sons of a rural Dutch clergyman - brothers were art dealers in Amsterdam and The Hague *alternated between an interest in art and theological studies - until age of 24 decided to become a painter *interest in expressing a compassion for the downtrodden and humble members of humanity *early drawings of family home exhibited lack of technical skill and were criticized as being crude and clumsy *style began to emerge and solidify inoil with 1885 'Still Life with Apples," "Two Pumpkins" and "Fishing Boats at Saintes-Maries-de-Mer" 1888 *during this time Vincet's health began to deteriorate due to overindulgence in alcohol and tobacco *moved to Arles formed a small artistic community with Gauguin of who Van Gogh had befriended - two men's personalities clashed and during heated discussion Vincent attacked Gauguin with a knife, mutilating his own ear

Pen and Ink

*one of the least demanding art forms in terms of equipment required. *simply need the addition of virtually any kind of paper *historically, medieval monks employed pen and ink on prepared animal skins using quills of goose feathers *pen use continued during the Renaissance and gained even more widespread use during the Post-Renaissance era -Rubens, Van Dyck *20th century pen and ink luminaries - Matisse, Pascin and Picasso

Rogier van der Weyden

*one of the most dominate Netherlandish painters of the 15th c. *believed he began his career under the tutelage of Robert Campin - 1427 *his style reflects an interest in the religious sentiment of the common people - similar to Campin - "The Deposition", scene of Christ being removed from the cross is rendered in a weighty, tragic, emotional style *"The Last Judgement" an enormous work completed 1450 depicts the archangel Michael advancing with the scales of judgment as the saved are separated from the damned - believed this work was a challenge to Van Eyck's Ghent alter piece *one of his most notable portraiture works "A Young Woman" 1440 - apparently depicts a Burgundian noble replete with head-dress in a clam, respectful gaze

Jan Van Eyck

*one of the most prolific artist of his time and is credited as the inventor of modern oil painting *"The Arnolfini Marriage" - one of the most famous paintings in Western art, - wealthy merchant Giovanni Arnolfini is convincingly rendered in wool attire amidst the backdrop of a domestic interior. *Giovanna, who appears pregnant, is painted in beautiful green attire amongst convincing fine detail *"A Man in a Turban" 1433, is thought to be a self-portrait, inscribed with Van Eyck's motto: "Als Ich Kan - As I Can (but not as I would)" *"The Madona with Chancellor Rolin" - this work appears to be built up slowly in thin glazes intended to evoke subtle modeling and atmospheric luminosity

Secondary colors

*orange, green and violet - combination of two primary colors

Buddha Image

*origin or the Buddha image fostered no shortage of debate among scholars *one says the image originated in Gandhara and that it shows the influence of the Apollo visage common to Hellenistic art *another argues that the image had a wholly Indian origin derived from that of the Yaksha *historians concluded that both are correct - image clearly demonstrates Classical as well as Indian elements *most significant fact is that its develpment occurred under a foreign dynasty - the Kushan

Futurism

*originated 20th c. Italy, optimism about future, rejected nostalgia , content was stressed over form and the dynamic interaction of objects in motion and space was articulated in "forced lines" *goal was to glorify the beauty of technology *celebrated danger, war and machines - different forms of motion at the same time *artists' intention was to attack universities, museums and establishment strongholds of aesthetic principles *was a strong influence on Russian Constructivism - many believe movement encouraged fascism

Site Specific Art

*this art is art made exclusively for the location - can be outside and composed of any art ranging from sculpture to landscape to architecture of a building if it is unique to that particular building and site.

Dada Style

*origins in the gatherings of politically minded individuals at the Cafe' Voltaire in Zurich 1916 *performers dressed in elaborate costume and shouted nonsensical verse (first performance art) *first began being applied to the visual art of Jean Arp's collages "Square Arranged According to the laws of Chance" *Marcel Duchamp's "Nude Descending a Staircase" considered proto-dada style

Kiln

*oven or furnace used to fire ceramics

Fresco - secco

*painting on dry plaster

Watercolor Support

*paper is the support of choice for all serious watercolor work - manufactured in variety of weights and textures *Hot pressed - very smooth used for line and wash (not suggested for beginners) *Cold pressed - good general purpose paper suitable for most work -rougher surface than hot pressed 9better for beginners) *Rough - produces a sparkling effect which is ideal for rending light effects on water (should not be used by beginners)

Pastel Artist equipment

*paper selection is crucial as the underlying support is a significant factor in the finished work *specialty pastel papers are available with adequate 'tooth' to pull the pigment from the pastel as it moves across the paper *some artist use canvas secured to card or wallboard *easels and drawing boards preferred work surface *employ dusters, torchon and chamois stumps for blending effects *kept sharp with glass or sandpaper

Paper sculpting

*paper thickness is of primary consideration - still drawing paper, card or cartridge paper suitable - also wallpaper and metallic papers are used - all suitable for hand or spray painting *basic technique for working paper involves cutting, curving, folding and bending *free-standing work begins as a basic shape - pyramid, cube, cone, pleat, etc.. *larger work supported by inner wood frame *cutting is critical to good paper sculpting - sharpest blades and knives available produce the best effects

Foreground

*part of the scene intended to be nearest the viewer

Background

*part of the scene intended to be the most distant from the viewer's perspective

Pastel availability and selection

*pastels can not be mixed to obtain other colors *over 600 tints commercially made *three basic qualities of pastels available - soft, medium and hard *softs provide the widest range of colors, generally easier to work *colors marketed on a scale from 0 to 8 which indicates the relative lightness or darkness of the tone *oil pastels suitable for sketching or for drawing an underlying design on a canvas prior to beginning an oil painting

Shang Dynasty Art

*people of Shang Dynasty developed a written language as well as hunting and agricultural techniques *expressed themselves artistically on practical objects such as axes, weapons, urns, kettles and other forms of pottery *prolific and accomplished bronze artisans - intricately designed bronze animal figurines in the form of tigers, buffalo, owls and mythical beasts (e.g. - dragons) *also produced objects in jade, such as ceremonial Kuang vessels, animal designs in the form of stylized fish, bears and elephants

Super-REalism

*perception occurs when objects of visual origin are rendered in an independent reality sometimes creating "unreal" relationships or juxtapositions - Dali, Chagall, Rene' Magritte and Georgia O'Keeffe

Protecting Pastel Wrok

*permanence is a factor of paper and pastel quality - best materials should always be used *when framing under glass avoid contact with glass surface *when store place in a stack with paper tissue, greaseproof paper or cellophane between layers *use only a flour or starch glue if must affix to mount *fixatives can cause dulling and distortion - fast drying fixatives are best

Genre movement

*portray ordinary scenes of every day life *nothing hidden in painting what you see is what is meant *means "type" in French, style of painting has been found in ancient Pompeii, and art created in the Middle Ages *not officially excepted as a legitimate movement until the 16th century in Flanders *Dutch painter Peter Bruegel popularized the style and it was hugely successful in 17th century Holland via works by Ter Borch, Brouwer, Metsu, De Hooch and Vermeer

Point-of-sight

*position from which an object is seen and drawn

Aesthetic Sensitivity

*possessing a child-like sense of wonder can open a broader avenue of discovery - a "freedom of observation" allows for the fullest experience *open-mindedness requires an ability or willingness to assimilate the unfamiliar - should occur for the purpose of being receptive to artistic intent *view's role becomes creative - processing the observation to form a cognitive or emotional conclusion about the work *concentration of attention to eliminate spurious influences that can affect the process of aesthetic conclusion - viewer can isolate their attention upon the work

Japanese Neolithic pre-Bronze age style

*pottery of the Jomon period shows influences by imported work from Manchuria - Neolithic Japanese were prolific, accomplished potters *Jomon phase derived from the corded pattern on pottery - designs were simple cord patterns relatively low relief *later produced intricate, high-relief corded patterns and knotting such as that of a Dotaku (bell) from the Yayoi phase *figurines of the era depict similar, corded styling and knotting - female figurines are embellished with cues indicating fertility which is consistent with the numerous stone phallic objects recovered from the middle period

Casting

*premise behind technique is to either copy and object using the same material as the original or to create a reproduction of an object in a different material *in its simplest form, the casting material is poured over the object and allowed to dry - once dry, it is removed, from the object creating a mold *mold is then filled with the material chosen for the new object, allowed to cool, cure and dry, then the cast is removed *the lost wax process also know as cire perdue, is a more complex process

19th century Gothic Revival

*primarily centered in Europe - particularly in England *House of Parliament in London, Rathaus (Town Hall) and Votive Church in Vienna and Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam *Trinity Church in New York, Smithsonian Institution in D. C. and St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York *government buildings in Ottawa, Canada - especially the polygonal library and the entrance tower

Soldering

- a joint created using low heat and a soldering compound of soft metal; easy to perform, weak in strength

Pen and Ink application techniques

*primary technique is "line and dot" due to the ability to produce an almost limitless number of textures *arm movement is critical *shadow and tonal variations are achieved through various methods such as -stippling, hatching, cross-hatching, toothbrush spattering and scribbling *watercolor may be used in combination with ink

Palaeologue revival

*prior to this era, art had a distinctly heavy tone and hierarchical approach. *palaeological renaissance marked a transition toward renewed freshness in the treatment of artistic subjects *everyday life became viable subject matter *1125 work, "Our Lady of Vladimir", is regarded for its humanity and intimate, tender, character *Sancta Sophia mosaic in Constantinople, Deesis - depicts Christ between the Virgin and St. John the Baptist in an intercessory theme *subsequent works mostly in paint - much exhibits the humanity of its predecessors

Handling chemical spills

*prior to using ensure that a sufficient quantity of absorbents or other materials are on hand to clean up spill *immediately alert all others in the studio that spill has occurred *flush skin that has come in to contact with spill and launder all clothing *place spill socks or absorbents around all drains which may allow for environmental release and clean up spills per instructions *distribute loose absorbents across the entire area working from the outside in *use bulk absorbents and spill pillows if available *make note of color change indicators for neutralizers used on acids and alkaline spills *place absorbed spill materials in a suitable container and dispose in accordance with local ordinance

Firing

*process of heating clay at high temperatures to fuse its particles

Carolingian Period Architecture

*produced a lasting architectural heritage and revival throughout Europe. *first time in many centuries architects became concerned with matching the importance and grand style of late Rome and Early Christian construction. *result of Charlemagne's desire to transform his growing French empire. *Gate-hall of the Monastery of Lorsch is an example of his intended Style, application of Roman orders is evident likely modeled on a Roman triumphal arch. *consists of three tunnel-vaulted passages framed by Corinthian half-columns, walls are covered by a variety of colored tiles and a row of ionic pilasters sits above the frieze-band.

Trompe l'oeil

*produces the illusion of three dimensional reality on a flat plane. French term means "to fool the eye."

da Vinci non-oil work

*prolific drawer *completed pen and ink of the Arno valley near Florence titled, "Landscape" 1473 *"Sexual Intercourse" 1492 illustrates his diverse curiosity that reached beyond traditional artistic themes - "Flying Machine" arose from his fascination with birds in flight "Helicopter" *black calk work, "The Virgin and Child with St. Anne" is a cartoon study in pyramidal composition *"The Battle of Anghiari" brilliantly depicts soldiers on horseback in a beautifully meshed, complex design full of movement

Western tradition drawing history

*radical changes in drawing began in the 15th century during the Renaissance *before drawings/sketches done one of three forms: as ideas recorded in model books, underdrawings beneath frescos/panel paintings, or sketches produced on wax tablets , pieces of plaster or pottery *dawn of Renaissance brought better availability to paper *artist began developing more complex ideas - more preparatory sketches toward finished project

High Gothic

*reached its pinnacle with construction of Amiens Cathedral in 1220 *maximizing height and translucency primary concerns *architects were consumed with the technical and aesthetic challenges of constructing tall structures in a skeletal fashion, minimizing the detracting bulk of supports *membrane-like thinness of vaults combined with an expanded window a *Reims Cathedral similar "High Gothic" structure, portals are projected forward as gabled porches, not recessed in as in earlier structures, windows replace tympanums above doorways and lavish sculptural decoration adorned the exterior as well as facade and flanks *monumental in every way, made possible by donations from every level of French society

Faience, blown glass, and jewelry

*referred to as minor arts though each has long history beginning in Egypt *Involves firing and glazing of terracotta to produce a permanent material. Most blue-green in color to correspond with precious gemstones - lapis lazuli and malachite *Uncertain where glass blowing originated.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

*refers to - gloves, lab coats, safety glasses, chemical splash goggles, respirators, hard hats, safety shoes, disposable or cloth overalls and other protective gear designed to protect the wearer from hazards

Psychedelic Art

*refers to decorative and abstract art allegedly inspired by the colors and shapes experienced by persons under the influence of hallucinatory drugs *became a "formal" style in the US in 1966 *characterized by hard-edged areas of flat color in swirls and swelling curves resembling art nouveau in appearance *characteristics include melanges of rectangles and pointed shapes as well as, splotches resembling fireworks - colors soft and high key, mauves and greens *a special calligraphy of swelling, curvilinear style evolved from art nouveau *mostly popular as an accompaniment to certain types of rock music

Portraiture

*refers to the field of portrait making

Figure/Ground Relationship

*refers to the relationship of an object to its background - artist will use various techniques to achieve a desired effect to alter how the relationship is perceived *AREA - as a closed region becomes smaller, the more it is seen as a figure *DEGREE of CLOSE - closed contour areas appear more as figures than open contour areas *PROXIMITY - objects and shapes which are close to one another tend to be grouped together *CONTINUATION - the ground or figure drawing the most attention tends to be that with the fewest changes or interruptions in straight or gently curving lines *SYMMETRY - symmetrical regions that are closed tend to be seen more as figures

Metaphorical Art

*refers to using visual images in ways that imply a poetic or symbolic interpretation *combines a variety of images in one composition *similar to collage art *shows a relationship between disparate visual or verbal sources where one kind of object, idea or image is used in place of another to suggest a likeness of analogy between them

Line

- a mark that has length and direction; often used to define a space or silhouette, create and outline, contour, pattern or movement

Paul Cezanne

*remained influenced by Impressionism more that other Postimpressionist artists due to his relationships with these artists *drew attention with his painting "The House of the Hanged Man of Auvers" - which he displayed at the first Impressionist convention *had a reputation for painstaking observation of naturalistic subject matter prior to painting, "Mont Ste-Victoire with Viaduct" is a study in his painstaking observational style *"The Basket of Apples" presents his conception of space as being a product of the interrelation of objects contained within it *completed number of figure paintings - known for being slow to complete work - portraits conveyed personality through clothing and posture as much as more traditional methods like facial expression

Limited Edition

*reproduction of an original painting that has been S/N by the artist - are considered collectables - sometimes referred to as lithographs

Gothic Sculpture

*rising popularity of Christianity in latter part of 13th c. required more approachable and recognizable artistic style *intent of Gothic sculptor was to embellish traditional Christian themes with greater emotional appeal *new imagery, often portrayed in Pieta - Latin term for "piety or pious" *Faces are stylized in over-accentuated grief and Christ's wounds are inflated for effect *Realism in some sense was not entirely forsaken at the expense of maximizing emotional impact *work of Claus Sluter "Portal of the Charteuse de Champmol and The Moses Well depict figures in lifelike emotional realism.

Animation Techniques

*rotoscoping, claymation, cutout animation

Flammable or combustible artistic chemicals and materials storage

*safety cans are special purpose containers designed to provide a rigid, spill-resistant vessel and venting mechanism on some to alleviate pressurized build-up of combustible fumes *flammable materials storage cabinets are specifically designed to protect the contents from fire *limit quantities on-hand of what is actually needed *never store flammable materials near exits or windows *keep flammable materials away from direct sunlight and sources of heat *keep containers sealed when not in use

Bronze Age Art

*saw advent of agriculture and metallurgical techniques. *painted pottery and female figurines both popular, very stylized. *terracotta Cycladic vase in the shape of a bear, Kamares style jug. * jewelry, bowls and vases were made in vast quantities, clay first being thrown on wheel.

Sculpture - Byzantine Period

*sculpture that had so characterized the pre-Byzantine Christian movement had all but disappeared by the 4th c. *4th and 5th c. work was mostly abstract in form, such as the stylized portraiture of Justinian's Empress Theodora, or diptych of Rufus Germadius Orestes -530 *low relief ornamental sculpture took on heightened popularity during the Iconoclastic prohibition. *tomb enclosure slabs decorated in fanciful geometric patterns and stylized animal reliefs were common *Oriental influence was pervasive throughout Byzantine art, a substantial amount of works were inspired by imported textiles

Nok Finds

*sculpture vary in size from the smallest of just a few inches to the largest at over four feet *much of the sculpture is human figures and heads of various levels of detail and proportion rendered stylistically *limbs and bodies of human figures are usually rendered quite simplistically as tubes ornamented with strings of beads *head shapes vary widely - from cylindrical to spherical and conical - many depict elaborate head-dresses and ears in various positions - piercings of ears, lips and nostrils are common *carvers apparently fearful of being accused of witchcraft which may explain the stylistic representations of human faces *actual individuals were seldom carved with realism for this reason *head dress and clothing depicted appears to have persisted to present day among groups indigenous to the area *animal sculpture are less stylistic than human ones and are often naturalistic in form

Photography Safety Concerns

*serious health risks involved in the processing of negatives and prints. *chemicals and solvents are toxic if consumed. *containers holding chemicals and solvents should be labeled and stored in a safe place. *they cause irritation if come in contact with eyes or skin, so it is important to wear goggles and gloves. *fumes given off by chemical baths can cause unpleasant side affects. the darkroom should be well ventilated. *baths and solvents must be disposed of as if they were hazardous waste.

Drawing Principles

*shape is an aspect of form which constitutes the individual masses, groupings or aesthetics that artist uses to render the overall work *form combined with content constitutes the basis of the art work itself *proportion refers to the symmetrical three-dimensionality or solidity of a work *mathematical concept of the "Golden Mean" is often employed either purposely or incidentally when rendering proportion - smaller part to the larger part of a whole is equal to that of the larger part to the whole

Postimpressionism

*sharp, irreconcilable distinction between Impressionism proper of the 1860s through 1870s and style that followed began during 1880s *four artist primarily responsible for fostering new style - Cezanne, Seurat, Van Gogh and Gauguin *all major revisions of future movements can be traced to their influence *1886 Impressionist convention was the last which was mostly dominated by young artists *one main criticism hastened demise of Impressionism- promoted by Renoir - the style did not impose a rigid discipline of design or adequately account for "the multiplicity of states of mind" - tho, Renoir, like Monet remained planted in Impressionist style *movement in literature "symbolism" began at this time and influenced the painting world, eventually served to label the work of Van Gogh ad Gauguin

Atmospheric/Aerial perspective

*shows distant objects with fewer details than closer ones, distant shapes are higher on the picture plane while closer are lower

Evolution of Christian Sarcophagi Style

*simple style of the early sculpture gives way to busier, multi-scene frieze, not exclusively religious. *some rural or pastoral in nature with majority continuing to depict variety of New Testament and to a lesser extent Old Testament. *Structural form of sarcophagus influenced subject matter such as the scene of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead. *by 4th century carving style appears to have progressed form soft, rounded forms to hard angles and dramatic contrasts of light and shadow, perhaps from refined use of the chisel. *Faces are often depicted with placid, peaceful expressions, bodily forms appear beneath clothing gently sculpted with a particular concern for rendering an appearance of dignity and health.

Riveting

- a suitable method for permanently joining relatively thin pieces of metal

Greek Civilization

*slowly rose through a hard won confluence of military, social and political struggle, blossoming around 800 BC *Around 2500 to 2000 BC various tribes began to enter the Greek peninsula, contributing their own uniqueness to the indigenous culture. * consideration for physical excellence and health, giving rise to the Olympic games in 776 BC

Sumerian Art

*softly swelling cheeks and large, oversize eyes are trademark features . *Rounded marble statues from the Abu Temple in Tell Asmar depicted raised, folded hands and oversized eyes, convey sense of placidity and dignity *royal portrait of Akkadian ruler in bronze from Ninevah considered one of the more important artifacts

Three dimensional

*space has height, width and depth is found in sculpture and architecture

Mannerism

*started in the early 16th c. as a reaction to the harmony, equilibrium and proportion typical of the Renaissance *eventually gave way to Baroque *featured elongated, distorted human figures in contorted, uncomfortable poses bathed in harsh color and light *artists deliberately confused scale and spatial connections - themes often complicated, obscure allegories *primarily Italian movement: Pontormo, Bronzino, IL Rosso, Parmigianino, Tintoretto, and El Greco in Spain

Principles of Screen Printing

*stenciling comprised the majority of early crude screenprinting *Fijian islanders poured vegetable dies on to bark clothe through holes in banana leaves - middle ages, wood block stencils were used to decorate recreational items, also used as embellishments to religious pictures and manuscripts *flocked wallpaper created by stenciling was popular in England while stenciled walls and furniture was desirable in America in the 18th century *first silk screen process was developed in the early 20th century *screenprinting apparatus consists of a stencil fitted under a fabric mesh which has been stretched to a frame *initially silk was the preferred screening material, but has been supplanted by synthetics such as nylon

Stretching Watercolor Paper

*stretching prevents lighter weight (140 lbs. weight) papers from bucking when color washed *weight is an important consideration when selecting paper 480 sheets is a ream (some say 500 sheets is a ream) *heavier papers are often just clipped to a support *common method to soak paper is to place it in a water tray then on a drawing board - attaching edges with gummed brown paper tape

Pop Art

*strong reaction to the seriousness of abstract art *attempt to introduce ordinary people to the fine arts *revived representational art by using familiar, tangible objects such as soup cans and soda bottles *used images from popular culture to portray formal relationships, often in ironic and/or sarcastic manner *Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Claes Oldenberg

Hagia Sofia - Interior

*structure as a whole is designed to evoke maximum sense of space from perspective of interior viewer. *no supporting columns or similar pieces anywhere near the center *interior of central dome is well-lit by virtue of a ring of windows around its lower circumference, remaining interior liberally lighted due to the generous placement of windows throughout *moldings and capitals are ornamentally detailed with striking clarity in the tradition of classical architecture *ornate mosaics were originally a substantial aspect of the interior, however, many were altered, covered or destroyed after Turkish invasion *some mosaics survived including the lunette above the south doorway depicts Justinian presenting a model of the church to the Virgin and her child *rendition of the Virgin and her child decorates the conch of the sanctuary apse

Stoneware

*sturdier than earthenware, "high-fire", is waterproof even without being glazed

Gothic Style

*style arose as part of an increased urbanization of northern France bishops and popes became interested in raising the standard of living as well as serving the needs of more people - including laymen and clerics *religion and daily affairs were inextricably linked through the local church - Notre Dame at Chartres was a cultural center whose cost was shared by all members of the local society - nobility, royalty, and townspeople * cathedrals were lavishly constructed both inside and out *rows of sculptures honoring figures within Christendom and sculptured scenes illustrating the history and doctrine of the Christian faith were universal

Sasanian Dynasty

*successfully wrested independence and control of Mesopotamia from Roman dominance *ruler at time Shapur I had great political and artistic ambition **first act was to commemorate his victory over Roman opposition in a large rock relief sculpture at Naksh-i-Rustam near Persepolis - demonstrated a blend of Roman and Near-Eastern elements - similarly was Shapur's Palace *metalwork and textiles became legendary during the latter centuries of Sasanian rule *bronzes and ornate woven silks were exported in vast quantities throughout Christian civilization - these silks would later heavily influence art throughout the region during the Middle Ages

Pencil Artists materials and equipment

*surface choice is important *depending on the work harder leads on rougher surfaces achieves favorable results *serious pencil draftsmen and artist avoid mechanical sharpeners - sharpen with scalpels or knives *erasers though viable for pencil work should be employed minimally *pencil work lends itself well to use of fixatives

Stenciling

*technique applying paint or ink to forms cut out of cardboard, metal, plastic, paper or other flat materials to create or transfer an image

Chiaroscuro

*technique used to block light by different parts of a form and cast a shadow, causing figure in work to seem alive

Assyrian Art

*tended to work in more dramatic and symbolic themes than the Sumerians *Assyrian kings lived in lavishly appointed palaces full of paintings and relief sculpture *the Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad - facade was decorated with multicolored tiles on an exterior surrounding its gateway entrance protected by powerfully expressive man-headed bulls *decorating the entrance and gateway of brick structures with massive slab stone in low relief was a common -the painted Cretan "Torreador Fresco" 1500 BC and the 650 BC limestone "Dying Lioness" are examples

Architectural Order

*term applied to Greek architecture. *three distinct categories *DORIC - marked by 3 main divisions, stepped platform, columns and entablature - Artemis at Corfu considered textbook Doric. *IONIC - similar to Doric in divisions, differs in its entablature and column design. Capitals more ornate with curved volutes and slimmer tapered shafts. *CORINTHIAN - most ornate and largest capital of the three orders. Capital in shape of acanthus plant, inverted bell shape

Art Deco style

*term first used in the 1960s - grew out of the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts *style first seen in French luxury goods before WWI *popular all over the world 1920s-1930s and influenced art, architecture, decorative, graphic and industrial arts *characteristics: sleek, straight, thin lines; long, slender forms; curved surfaces and geometric patterns *thought to represent the machine age - used in skyscrapers, ocean liners, furniture and domestic goods

Modern Primitives or Popular Masters

*terms used to describe art that is relatively primitive in appearance or that has been executed with obvious cues of naivety *many such artist are self-taught *for many academics and critics, such art appears faulty or crude *conventions of perspective are either ignored or erroneously flaunted and figures are frequently rendered out-of-proportion - overall effect is highly unrealistic *within such work important aesthetic accomplishment and obvious feeling for design is evident *French artist Henri Rousseau is considered one of the foremost popular masters *well-known American primitives include John Kane, Edward Hicks and Grandma Moses

Paestum and Olympia

*the "Temple of Poseidon" is considered the best preserved of all Greek temples. *6 columns wide and 4 columns long, double row of two-sided columns divides the cella into a main and two narrower aisles. *The "Temple of Zeus" situated on the Greek mainland dates to 470 to 450 BC. *constructed of stucco limestone and consists of 6 columns in width and 13 in length. Olympia is considered the academic pinnacle of the Doric order.

Early Flemish school

*the Van Eyck brothers innovative development of oil paint occurred slowly *oil was first used as a finale glaze over tempera paintings until oil replaced tempera *instead of pigments being suspended within the oil glaze, they rested under with the glaze providing protection *Flemish methods were well-suited to portraits and interior subjects on a small scale, but larger scale required substantially different treatment - due to the use of rendering a variety of texture, to model in light and shade and to convey space and distance *exploitation of the transparent and opaque qualities of oil paint and the techniques of successive glazing required more sophisticated methods yet developed within the early Flemish technique

Aesthetic Awareness

*the act of appreciating visual art is, one of simply deriving satisfaction or pleasure from observing the beauty given to it by its creator *appreciating aesthetically pleasing art is present within every individual to a varying degree due to the untrained ability to recognize artistic mastery with respect to technique or style *anyone can appreciate art, but true "art appreciation" requires some understanding of the creative process involved in production and the thoughts and feelings of the artist

Point-of-view

*the angle from which the viewer is observing the work

Design

*the arrangement of the elements of a picture

Negative

*the film strip or frame that has picked up an image after being exposed to light. Called a negative because the light and dark areas on the negative are opposite of the actual light and dark areas on the real subject

Chroma

*the intensity, strength and purity of a color

Horizon

*the line where sky and earth meet; also referred to as "ground line"

Binders

*the medium into which the paint pigment is suspended *dries to form a type of "skin" which allows an even distribution of paint to form on the surface *linseed oil is the most common binder - cold-pressed flax seed makes the most suitable binder for painting *mid-tone oils are considered ideal *Stand oil is a variant of linseed oil used as a base in which to grind pigment for glazing *poppy seed oil often used instead of linseed oil or as a modifier of linseed oil *Cold-pressed walnut oil is a good fast drying alternative, though very expensive and has a short shelf-life

"nude art" vs porn

*the pornographer creates a rendition or view intended to maximize sexual arousal on the part of the viewer *"nude art"particularly naturalistic "nude art" often attempts to convey the delicacy and softness of the feminine form

Airbrushing with Acrylic paint

*the process of paint application where paint is suspended in compressed air to create an aerosol *airbrushes range in size from smallest -atomizer to largest - spray gun *with a variety of nozzles produces various brushing techniques - graded tone, spattering and mottling effects *masking is another technique both to protect areas and to produce intricate patterns and fine lines *forms of masking - taping, stenciling, latex-based masking fluids and pieces of absorbent cotton or cloth *variety of supports are suitable for acrylic airbrushing - canvas, boards, metal sheets and walls

Wheel Thrown

*the process of spinning clay on a potter's wheel

Negative space

*the space behind and around an object

Picasso and Braque collaboration-relationship

*the two men worked closely together from 1909-1912 developing a style that would later be known as Analytical Cubism *this was in response to critics of Cubism who said is was basically geometric art rather that an entirely new style of expressionism *two artist believed that in terms of perspective and illusion they were creating an entirely new form *Picasso's landscapes "Factory at Horta de Ebro" were a study in the fracture of objects and space as well as light and shadow *1910 portraits "Ambrose Vollard and Daniel Henry Kahnweiler" and other between 1911-1912 display merging of objects, figures and space into a recognizable grid *neither artist desired to completely leave cubist style for total abstraction - chose to experiment with collage

Fashion Design

*they dream up and create new styles of clothing. *they must be able to make sketches of their ideas so the ability to draw is essential. *must know how to use computer graphics as an instrument for creating patterns and images for new designs - Sewing by hand or with a machine is a crucial skill. * knowledge of different fabrics, knowing how materials will fit and fall on the human form, which fabrics are most practical for everyday wear, how to care for fabrics.

Environmental Art

*this Art can be described as art that is created using objects and materials found in nature, or using materials that will not harm the natural environment - may use setting it is in as part of the art itself, in this respect it can also be referred to as site specific art.

Fine Artists vs. Craft Artists

*this artist uses all sorts of tools and materials such as paint, charcoal, and clay to create their art. *Painters and sculptures are examples of such artists. *these artists use their skills to create art that is considered more functional. *craft objects made by hand using a variety of materials and techniques - usually produce their art to be sold, such as candles, jewelry, and pottery.

Indus Valley of Northwest India

*this civilization is thought to have peaked between 2200-1800 BC in two principal cities - Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa *believed a relatively high degree of social and political sophistication developed prior to the demise of the culture *predominate art form of the period was functional sculpture *pieces recovered tend to either be of a very formal or naturalistic nature - works in sandstone, copper, and limestone *work reveals a fairly intelligent study of the human body *ex: naturalistic male "torso" in red sandstone from Harappa - stylized, copper rendition of a nude negro-features "dancing girl" from Mohenjo-Daro

International Gothic period 1375 to 1425

*this period saw an increasingly ostentatious style on the part of sophisticated, cosmopolitan types in the feudal courts of Europe *one of the more important works is the Wilton diptych - depicts individual likenesses of John the Baptist, Edward the Confessor, St. Edmund and King Richard II gazing across at a blue-adorned gathering of the Madonna and child with a group of angles - though subject matter is English the artist is unknown *the 1423 "Adoration of the Magi" by Gentile da Fabriano described as courtly and chivalric in its finery and rendering of light. *Italian artist Pisanello is known for his countless fascinations with men, women, animals, and costume - his 1435 "St. George and the Princess" is a fanciful through historical account of hanged men - was also internationally known for his gold, bronze and silver medallion work *Stefano da Verona's "Virgin in a Rose Garden" is a detailed and colorful stylization of the Immaculate Conception

Masaccio's "The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John"

*thought to have been completed during final years of his short 27 year life under the patronage of the Lenzi family *depicts the crucifixion within a classical frame of Corinthian pilasters supported by a coffered vault *The entire image is fully plotted in geometrically exact perspective designed with the intent to be viewed at eye-level *The painted architecture is quite convincing, owing to the exacting geometric precision of the entire work *though influenced by Donatello and Brunelleschi, the use of direct lighting is all Masaccio

Dichotomy of Stylization

*through patronage and preference of Emperor Justinian, style was transitioning from purely classical to Byzantium. *architecture, interior decoration in the form of painting, mosaics, and sculpture, and a proliferation of arches and domes demonstrate elements of both styles as the artistic community transitioned. *Justinian and Theodora in San Vitale, Ravenna displays a youthful, bearded Christ, contrasting with the caricature depiction in the mosaic at church St. Cosmas and St Damian in Rome.

Tone as design element

*tone is the representation of the shifting variable qualities of light through its presence, intensity and direction of flow *in painting it is used to indicate the passage from light to deep shadow *tonal values can indicate the nature of a mass or surface and often are an indication of the three-dimensional volume of an object *tone is very useful in monochrome work

Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel

*took four years to complete, best understood as a series of narrative strips *central narrative os nie scenes from the book of Genesis *commissioned by Julius II to demonstrate his independence, and leadership of Christian faith *project was physically demanding, Michelangelo worked upside down on self-designed scaffolding for successive days and months in a remarkable feat of endurance as yet equaled

Jerome Bosch's "Garden of Earthly Delights"

*took more than 5 years to complete work begun in 1505 and is considered one of the last great per-Renaissance paintings *over two meters in height, large triptych which begins, when closed, with a depiction of the world as a flat plane within a crystal sphere on the third day of creation *opens to a view of Adam and the newly created Eve in a garden setting with Christ in the middle *large central painting depicts numerous, perhaps hundreds of entirely nude men and women frolicking about in a garden-like setting *the entire depiction is quite fanciful and imaginative *right side of the triptych depicts a disquieting nighttime or, hellish scene where some have been felled by wild animals or drunkenness

Application process of tempera painting

*traditionally created by mixing pigment and distilled water with the yolk of fresh hen's eggs *quality of the paint and resulting effect can be altered by the addition of wax, oils or gum arabic *some pigments require the addition of alcohol to aid in the paste's longevity - pre-mixing makes paint easier to work *extremely fast drying and known for its ability to retain its original, fresh pigment color over time

Safe Klean

*turpentine substitute *can be used 1:1 substitute for turpentine *is the trade name of a product manufactured by Union Rubber *suitable a a paint thinner, brush cleaner and damar crystal dissolver *non-toxic, non-flammable, hypoallergenic and environmentally safe

Ready-made paint

*two basic grades available - artist and student -student usually contains lower quality pigments *types - watercolor, oils, gouache, tempera and acrylic *all are available commercially *excess oil is sometimes added to extend the shelf-life of many commercial paints

Good Paper Selection

*two basic reasons for selecting the best quality paper *FIRST - better quality paper selected for its particular characteristics helps ensure that the artist has the most satisfactory surface to work on *SECOND - artists tend to sell their work so need to produce a high quality item with good longevity that is reasonably resistant to fading and other deteriorating characteristics *environmental factors which affect durability include heat, cold, moisture, mold, mildew, sunlight and the acidity inherent of the paper itself *fading is the greatest risk papers have a finite shelf life - for this reason artist should only keep a modest quantity of paper on hand

Shape

- an enclosed space defined by other elements such as texture, color, value and line; can be a three-dimensional quality represented using two-dimensional rendering techniques for length and width

Calligraphic lines

- artist wishes to convey the beauty of lines with little or no regard for representation

Great 19th c. panorama painters

*two greats - Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran - both trained at the Hudson River School - created extensive and enormous views of the Rocky Mountains and numerous areas that would later become national parks. *dramatic natural elements were trademark characteristics of their work - glaciers, Indian encampments and thunderstorms *Frederic Edwin Church's deep wilderness travels to mountains of Mexico and South America provided him a perspective of the innocence of untamed wilderness he conveyed in his work *his vast collection displayed in his unique home "Olana" earned it a reputation as the quintessential Romantic artist's dwelling *George Inness began painting landscapes under the influence of both Romanticism and the naturalistic qualities of Impressionism - ongoing infatuation with Italian scenery can be seen in hi work "On the Delaware"

Two Dimensional Art

*type of art whether a drawing, painting, photograph or any image on a flat surface, is an active relationship between the elements of art (line, shape, space, texture and color) and the organizing principles of balance, harmony, variety, unity, scale and proportion

Claude Monet

*unequivocal master and promoter of French Impressionist style *spent much of his youth along the shores of Normandy immersed in the sea environment and ts weather *friendship with Eugene Boudin introduced him to the practice of open air painting an enduring attribute of his work *significant paintings completed prior to the development of his signature brush stoke began 1870's "Women in the Garden" and "The Beach at St. Andresse" *worked with Renoir late 1850's at resort in Bougival were produced the last of his pre-Impressionist paintings *Impressionism for which his best known began in earnest 1870"s "Poppies" and "Sunrise" while living in Seine near Paris *began to paint non-traditional Impressionist subjects during the late 1870's with work such as"Arrival of the Normandy Train" *1890's painted a series "Stacks of Wheat" notable from this period

Unity & Variety

*unity is the state of being in accord and having a continuity of purpose or action - variety is its partner which is diversity in a collection that has specific characteristics

Persian Artistic Tradition

*until recent history, the inhabitants of what is now modern day Iran were tribal, nomadic people *much of what is known about Persian art comes from objects buried with the dead *decorative employment of animal motifs was particularly common *examples include the bronze Pole Top ornament from Luristan 8th century BC and the chased gold stage from Kostromskaya 650 BC *the Persepolis palace begun in 518 BC by Darius I is grand in every way. the structure is marked by huge columns as well as vast numbers of halls, rooms and courts assembled on a huge raised platform

Manipulation of Computer generated Art and Photography

*use of graphic tablets, use an instrument called a stylus, in place of computer mouse, can draw on a surface similar to mouse pad - one way computer graphics are made and manipulated *photo editing can be done using a graphic tablet and specialized software *manipulation of photographs can be basic - adjusting contrast, light, cropping and removing red eye - or complicated - images added, colors changed, final outcome looks nothing like original photo. *photographs do not have to be digital to be altered - use a scanner, scan image into computer, anything that can be done to a digital photo can be done to a scanned image

Ceramics

*used to describe the shaping, finishing and firing of clay

Form

*used to describe two and three dimensional works of art - it is the shape and structure of an object and HAS BOTH MASS AND VOLUME

Expressionism movement

*uses distorted rather than exact representation of nature to communicate the vision of the artist *warped lines, deformed shapes and exaggerated color transforms nature instead of imitating - provides emotional impact *Van Gogh, Gauguin, Ensor and Munch considered the fathers of Expressionism

Genre Painting

*uses ordinary objects to create still life scenes that portray every day activities as opposed to religious or historical themes

Safety Concerns related to Art in New Genres

*using any chemicals or solvents artists need to be mindful of fumes and potential side effects of physical contact with liquid or powders. *gloves and goggles should always be worn - work in well ventilated area. *working with metal or stone, need to be careful of sharp tools, edges of the materials. *clothing and surrounding work environment must be flame resistant *proper equipment and lifting techniques must be used when installing large works. *performance and multi-media artist need to be mindful of electronic equipment - no fire hazards. *performance art, particular body art, raises safety concerns.

Artistic Airbrush

*variety of sizes are available and modern artistic airbrushes all work on the same principle *compressed air is forced through a progressively narrowed space to form a vacuum - paint drawn from a reservior combines with the airflow to produce a mixture which passes through a special aperture called an atomizer

Harmony or Discord of color

*viewer's reaction to color is purely sensuous *individual colors have an inherent ability to evoke emotion and/or provide cues *red tends to be an exhilarating or warm color that can be made to evoke a more somber or sullen emotion by the darkening of its tone *blue normally tends toward coolness and has recessive characteristics but it can be used for warmth and dominance *yellow is generally sunny and light but it can be mixed down to convey a more sickly emotion

Basic Fresco Technique

*wall must be properly prepared and clean *no evidence of moisture or possible seepage in the future *brick or tile work well but avoid concrete *create a quality fresco plaster - takes two years using highest quality fired white quicklime, pure sand from freshwater or clear stream source - pure water is periodically flooded through lime and mixed well *plaster is applied in three successively thinner layers *paint selection is important - only certain pigments will react chemically with the lime

Slightly Hazardous materials

- boric acid, borax, ethyl parabens, methyl parabens, propyl parabens, sodium benzoate, thymol and zinc napthenate

High Risk Materials

- chromated copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol and phenol

Constructivism

- forsakes imitative elements in favor of attempting to evoke an aesthetic response on the part of the viewer by manipulating the formal relationships of space, mass, color and sound - Pollack, de Rivera, Reinhardt, Albers

Napoleon commissioned architectural works

*wanted Paris to be the most beautiful city in the world *interested in expressing imperial ideals through a cleaner, more masculine military style, devoid of earlier Baroque and Rococo influences *church of St. Mary Magdalene begun 1806 as a temple honoring Napoleon's armies, later converted to a church - exhibits complete Corinthian colonnade on four sides *Palais Bourbon across from church, was altered with twelve Corinthian columns *The Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, consists of massive piers supporting a large arch, piers exhibit dramatic scenes of carved relief below an ornamented attic *much of Napoleon's architect's work would serve as inspiration later for both Europe and the USA

Ravenna, Italy

*was a naval station on the Adriatic at beginning of the 5th c. when became capitol of Western Roman emperors *Constantinople came under repeated attacks over the centuries, much work of Byzantine aer was destroyed. *Ravenna was an exception perhaps due to its isolation and lack of strategic importance remain relatively undisturbed *Galla Placidia mausoleum built for the sister of Emperor Honorius mid 5th c. and S. Vitale church constructed in early 6th c., both are richly lavished in New Testament themed mosaics

Relief

*when a form protrudes from the background, depending on how far, is known as high or low (bas-relief). In a painting or drawing object appears to project out from the flat surface

Wax

*when added to oil varnish produces a matte surface, rubbing makes matte surface smooth and shiny *popular artistic wax is beeswax - mix with thick paint for impasto or into thin paint for glazing *in oil medium form used as a drying element *often discolors pigments mixed with it *Maroger's medium (commercial wax medium product) consists of boiled linseed oil , mastic varnish, gum arabic and water

Overlapping

*when one object partially covers another

Gouache Artists materials

*will adhere to most surfaces provided free of oil or grease *cardboard, wood, composition board and cloth (stretched) work well, but paper is the preferred support *rough papers yield better results *brush choices are similar to those of watercolor *opacity can be varied and adjusted via addition of chalk *plastic or porcelain palettes are used due to their non-absorbent nature

Wood carving and engraving

*wood carving is an ancient art - subtractive form - limited set of tools required *engraving more refined with much detail work - several varieties of wood can be used but Boxwood is preferred *to create an engraving block wood is sawn cross-grain resulting in a block with both a tighter grain and better shape holding ability - uses a more specific set of tools

Non-canvas supports for oil painting

*wood has long history of use and makes a good support provided properly seasoned and treated *chipboard is another alternative when properly primed *metal less common support and should be roughened prior to application in order to hold paint

New Realism of Early Netherlandish Art

*work from this period often contains symbolic meaning in naturalistic forms - fruits, plants, furniture and buildings imbued with religious significance "Master of Flemalle." - the Annunciation is depicted in a contemporary interior that aptly relates the experience of an ordinary individual, - Campin *fine detail and obscure symbolism are characteristically evident in Van Eyck's work *Van Eyck's fine coloring and exquisite detail on the "Adoration of the Lamb" central panel of the Ghent alter piece are characteristic of the realism from this period

Byzantine Craftsmen

*worked in a variety of remote locations from Russia in the north to Sicily in the south. *often performed by monastic monks rather than professional artists *Russian painters often under the tutelage of Byzantine artists, all under the direction of Greek masters. *works such as Sancta Sophia at Kiev show distinct Byzantine influence

Piero della Francesca

*worked primarily in the provincial centers of southern Tuscany *had a keen interest in mathematics from a young age, wrote a treatises on it and perspective in his later years *his "Madonna della Misericordia" shows heavy influence of the rigid geometric characteristics of Masaccio *"The Victory of Khosroes" and "The Resurrection" are both brilliantly colorful, The Resurrection is regarded as an accomplished study in foreshortening *major commission of his career at the Ducal Palace in Urbino - fresco cycle on the theme - "The History of the True Cross", story taken from "The Golden Legend," stories of lives of the Saints divided into ten episodes

Lithography

*works off the basis that grease and water do not mix *flat or planographic images are produced on plates through a process of drawing, chemical etching and washing *historically, limestone was preferred as a surface due to its combination of rigidity and porosity *modern, commercial lithography is performed using flexible plates of aluminum, zinc or in case of "offset" printing a rubber roller *the basic process involves light etching of the surface such that only the design itself will hold the printing ink

Byzantine Art - Macedonian Renaissance

*years 867 through 1059 known for both the quality and beauty of work produced *illustration of manuscripts created during this period are considered of exceptional quality *ex: "Paris Psalter" and "Homilies of St, Gregory Naziazus" *trend setting decoration of mosaics seen in church of Great Palace of Constantinople 843 *decorative system formed the basis for subsequent works - mosaics of church of Hosios Lukas in Phocis, the Church of the Dormition, Daphni near Athens and Nea Moni on Chios 11th c.

Cuts in Film

1. Early cut - very first cut made in a film, contains multiple shots of many scenes, these scenes are kept in as backup until the director decides which ones are satisfactory for the final product. 2. Rough cut - is made when the backup scenes from the early cut are taken out, at this point, all the scenes that will be in the movie are chosen 3. First cut - is when the scenes are edited to flow easily 4. Final cut - when all the scenes transition smoothly and the film is ready to have sound added

Film Shots

1. Master shot - is one continuous scene that is shot without interruption, done mainly for action scenes and are often taken later in the filming process 2. Cover shot - are short takes such as panning shots and close-ups, can be edited into master shots to show emotion and significance in a scene 3.Close-up shot - is a technique used by filmmakers to show the audience certain details that may go unnoticed. They emphasize who important characters are, also a way to depicted feeling and intensity 4. Aerial shot - created using cameras that are attached to equipment that can be suspended over the scene from a distance. Done to show panoramic views of setting, to get footage of character on a mountain of building, Techniques used to show weakness in a character, their tiny part of the the big picture.