Praxis Practice Combined 2
An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke?
"They going over there today."
You just completed an assessment of an 8-year-old boy who stutters. When you are offering post-assessment counseling to the boy's parents, they ask you, "What do you think caused stuttering in our son?" How would you answer their question? Select the best among the alternatives given.
"We can't say for sure in individual cases, but both complex genetic susceptibility and environmental factors may be involved in its causation."
You are assessing a preschool child who comes from an AAE-speaking home. Which of the following utterances reflects typical patterns of AAE?
"You was helping me."
The recurrent laryngeal nerve also supplies all sensory information to what part of the larynx?
**Intrinsic Muscles
Name changes that girls and boys experience in voice during puberty..
*Girls' voices may lower 3-4 semitones. Boys' voices may lower by as much as an octave, may show pitch breaks, huskiness, and hoarseness.
A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant
/w/
"Donald Duck is John's favorite Disney character when he watches TV." Just count how many morphemes there are in the quote above.
12 morphemes
Patients with vocal fold nodules may present with lower pitch and breathy voice. Which of the following disorders also result in a breathy vocal quality?
A person who suffers Hysterical Aphonia. Someone who suffers Hyperkeratosis. A patient who has Multiple Sclerosis. Laryngectomees.
Select the statement that is not true.
A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is not a part of ataxic dysarthria. C**. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.
Damage to this artery may result in impaired judgment, problems concentrating, difficulties with reasoning, paralysis of the feet and legs
Anterior cerebral
Which area of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area?
Arcuate fasciculus
A father comes to you regarding his daughter, who is 8 months old. The daughter's hearing loss is bilateral, and she is profoundly deaf. The father states that he wishes for his daughter, as she grows older, to "fit in with children with normal hearing." He is interested in any possible amplification and says that he wants his daughter to lead a life that is "as normal as possible." Which training approach would best fit this father's wishes?
Aural/oral method
Why do you think that Ms. Jones needs to depend on visual cues to supplement amplification?
Because she has poor speech discrimination skills. Ms. Jones relies on visual cues such as gestures and lip reading to supplement her amplification since the hearing aid serves to enhance voice awareness but she must depend on visual cues to aid in speech discrimination.
Who suggested that stuttering is a response to tension and speech fragmentation
Bloodstein
Damage to the third convolution of the left hemisphere would result in damage to this area
Broca's
Results from injury to Broca's area (inferior portion of the premotor planning strip) Frequently associated with right hemiplegia/paresis May also have apraxia of speech (AOS)
Broca's Aphasia
Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements, what is true about the arteries that supply blood to the brain?
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are supplied by the middle cerebral artery.
Repetition of sounds and syllables, unusual errors of articulation, deviations in prosody, most difficulty with consonant clusters are all symptoms of ...
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Malocclusion that consists of a protruding maxilla and receded mandible
Class 2 malocclusion
Two or more sounds of different frequencies
Complex tones
A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claims that her test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?
Construct validity
What are cartilages that are cone shaped and located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called?
Cuneiforms
When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and later closes a cleft of the hard palate, it is known as
Delayed hard palate closure
Often times, clients with aphasia display discourse errors marked by all of the following, except
Errors in word order
In a therapy session with a clinician and 3-year old child with a language impairment, the child says "more juice." The clinician replies with "You want more of that tasty grape juice poured in your cup." The clinician has just used the technique of:
Extension
True/False: Cochlear implants are only used with people who have minimal or no hearing and cannot benefit from hearing aids.
False
Airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech and normal prosodic features are types of ______ stuttering procedure
Fluency-Shaping
What is the goal of Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment
Fluent stuttering
True of speech-language sampling
Frequently repeat what the child says.
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is
Fundamental frequency
A graduate school that bases its admission decisions on a student's GRE scores believes that
GRE scores have predictive validity
According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age?
Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal
James, a 4-year-old boy, attends your cleft palate center for a speech evaluation. James was born with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. He is unable to close his velopharyngeal port and, as a result, has difficulty producing non-nasal sounds. This patient's non-nasal speech sounds would have which of the following characteristics?
Hypernasality
Which of the following is a limitation of standardized speech-language tests?
Inadequate participant and response sampling
Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound?
Internal thyroarytenoids
Select the statement that applies to the normal distribution.
It is based on the arithmetic mean of scores or values.
Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis?
It states that two variables are causally related
In a voice evaluation, air pressure can be measured with a
Manometer
The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition is the....
Nativist theory of Chomsky
May be telegraphic May be slow or labored May have short, choppy phrases
Nonfluent output classification
DDK rate is used to evaluate
Oral-motor coordination
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals
Periodic waves
A client who stutters mentions that his social life is limited. He states, "no one will talk to me because I stutter" . This is an example of what defense mechanism
Rationalization
The phenomenon that is the result of a sound wave moving from one medium (air) to another (water), which causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation
Refraction
Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have
Retrocochlear disorder
The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic
Simple harmonic motion
Is Ms. Jones a possible candidate for a cochlear implant?
The correct answer is: Yes, due to the severity level of her hearing loss, she should be provided information about cochlear implants. Because of the severity and nature of her hearing loss, Ms. Jones should be provided with information on cochlear implants.
Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter
The demands and capacities model
What is one difficulty with cross-sectional studies?
The investigator observes differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature.
What is the level of impairment above 1000Hz in the right ear?
The patient has a 110 dB hearing loss above 1000Hz indicating a profound hearing loss.
Ethnographic Studies
They are mostly descriptive
Results from injury at the border of the temporal and occipital lobes or the superior region of the parietal lobe Similar presentation to Wernicke's, BUT repetition is intact May demonstrate echolalia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
True/False: When adults begin wearing hearing aids, it often alleviates much of their psychosocial difficulty.
True
Damage to this cranial nerve causes a mask-like appearance
VII
Which one of the following treatments would be most appropriate for an aphasic client with extremely poor comprehension, repetition, and verbal production?
Visual Action Therapy (VAT)
You receive a medical report that details white/grayish diffuse growths, bilaterally on the anterior portion of the vocal folds. This patient is likely to have:
Vocal Nodules
Which cranial nerve innervates the majority of the tongue muscles
XII - Hypoglossal nerve
The superior laryngeal, cricothyroid, and inferior laryngeal arteries
a. Which 2 branches of the vagus nerve innervate the larynx? *superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. b. What does the cover-body theory of phonation state? *the epithelium, the superficial layer of the lamina propria, and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria vibrate as "cover" on a relatively stationary "body". This body is composed of the remainder of the intermediate layer the deep layer, and the TA muscle. c. What are the three main arteries that provide blood to the larynx? *Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) d.Name the three layers of the vocal folds **superficial layer: a jelly-like substance, close to the surface intermediate layer: an elastic, fibrous substance, like rubber bands deep layer: a thread-like collagenous fiber layer
Factors that involve AT established risk are environmental factors, genetic background, and some disease related conditions such as early signs of behavioral disorders
a. irritability, withdrawal b. fetal alcohol syndrome c. memory problems d. memory problems
Factors that involve established risk are mostly biological or disease related. These factors include these types of neurological disorders
a. memory problems b. Down syndrome c. LOOK at NEW DSM 5 d. cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy
What are some postnatal factors that can cause ID?
a. use inappropriate register b. cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy c. white drawings on black background d. lead poisoning and rabies vaccine
Results from injury to the more superior/anterior portions of the left frontal lobe than Broca's area Similar presentation to Broca's aphasia but repetition skills and oral reading are significantly better than spontaneous output
a.Transcortical Motor Aphasia
intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when the patient tries to phonate -patient is occasionally aphonic, with breathy or whispered speech -treatment includes Botox, speech therapy for relaxation
abductor spasmodic dysphonia
The definition of stuttering as "speech that contains 5% or more disfluencies" is based on
certain listener evaluation studies.
A technique used by some speech-language pathologists during swallowing assessments, in which a stethoscope is placed over the thyroid cartilage to amplify sounds during swallowing, is called
cervical auscultation
Some researchers have claimed that stuttering may be an operant behavior, which is behavior that is
changed by its consequences.
You are taking a language sample from an 8-year-old child. One of his utterances is "I will go to school tomorrow if I am not sick." This is an example of a
complex sentence with an independent and a dependent clause.
Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called
complex tones
The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include
delayed or absent swallowing reflex
A patient complains of muscle fatigue in her larynx. She visits her local hospital, and the specialist decides to insert needle electrodes into the peripheral laryngeal muscles to directly measure laryngeal function. The specialist informs the patient that this procedure is used to study the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns. This procedure is called
electromyography
The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called
hearing level
Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called
impedance
A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube
may restrict laryngeal elevation
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss
hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss
Hearing loss that occurs when the middle ear and the inner ear are not functioning properly is known as
mixed hearing loss.
Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as
periodic waves
Delayed or absent swallowing reflex suggests dysphagia in what phase of the swallow?
pharyngeal
In the cortex, the primary motor area is situated in the:
precentral gyrus
To obtain a reliable measure of a child's language skills through language sampling, you should
repeat the language sample.
You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. You decide to use an emotion-oriented therapy by playing audio recordings of relatives of the patient. You believe that this approach will decrease the agitation and improve the well-being of the patient. This type of approach is called
simulated presence therapy (SPT)
Corniculate cartilage
small cone-shaped cartilages that sit on the apex of the arytenoids (think Candy Corn); these assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing.
The concept of adequate construct validity means that
test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations.
External validity may be threatened by
the Hawthorne Effect
The range in a distribution can be defined as
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
has internal and external branches; the internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle
the superior laryngeal nerve
Functional aphonia
there is no voice
Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because
they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner
Standardized tests are limited in their usefulness because
they sample participants (children) and responses in a limited manner.
nasometer
treatment of hypernasality
When acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument, it is called
tympanometry
the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation
vital capacity
Bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal folds suggest...
vocal nodules
When a vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) is substituted for a syllabic consonant (e.g., a child may say "bado" instead of "bottle," or "noodoo" instead of "noodle"), it is called...
vocalization
